magnum opus. The four volumes, as he planned them, were to bear the following titles:

I. "Der Antichrist: Versuch einer Kritik des Christenthums" ("The Anti-Christ: an Attempt at a Criticism of Christianity").

2.

"Der freie Geist: Kritik der Philosophie als einer nihilistichen Bewegung " ("The Free Spirit: a Criticism of Philosophy as a Nihilistic Movement ").

3. "Der Immoralist: Kritik der verhängnissvollsten Art von Unwissenheit, der Moral" ("The Immoralist a Criticism of That Fatal Species of

4.

Ignorance, Morality").

Dionysus, Philosophie der ewigen Wiederkunft" ("Dionysus, the Philosophy of Eternal Recurrence").

This work was to be published under the general title of "Der Wille zur Macht: Versuch einer Umwerthung aller Werthe" ("The Will to Power: an Attempt at a Transvaluation of all Values"), but Nietzsche got no further than the first book, "Der Antichrist." This he wrote at great speed, between September 3rd and September 30th, 1888, but it was not published until 1895 — six years after the author had laid down his work forever.

In this same year C. G. Naumann, the great Leipsic publisher, began the issue of a definitive eight-volume edition of the philosopher's works, under the editorship of Frau Förster-Nietzsche, Peter Gast, Dr. Fritz Koegel and other friends and disciples.. Later on his notes for various books, both completed and projected, were published in six additional volumes. His early essays upon

philological themes and a great variety of memoranda were included. This collection is of interest to the student who desires to make an exhaustive study of the origin and development of Nietzsche's ideas, but it is unfortunate that the editors chose to print so much inconsequential matter. More of his early notes are in his sister's biography. The philosopher, back in the 80's, began a sort of introspective autobiography under the title of "Ecce Homo!" but so far it has not been put into type.

In January, 1889, at Turin, after a severe attack of migraine, Nietzsche became hopelessly insane and was confined in a private asylum. In the summer of 1890 he recovered sufficiently to be taken to his old home at Naumburg, and when his mother died, in 1897, his sister removed him to Weimar, where she bought a villa called "Silberblick" ("Silver View "), in the suburbs. This villa had a garden overlooking the hills and the lazy river Ilm and a wide, sheltered veranda for the invalid's couch. 1 But his mind never became clear enough for him to resume work. He had to grope for words, slowly and painfully, and his physical strength left him.

This is something poignantly pathetic in the picture of this valiant fighter- this arrogant Ja-sager - this foe of men, gods and devils — being nursed and coddled like a little child. His old fierce pride and courage disappeared and he became docile and gentle. "You and I, my sister - we are happy!" he would say and then his

museum.

'The house now shelters the Nietzsche-Archiv, a sort of library and To the more enthusiastic Nietzscheans of Germany it bears the aspect of a holy shrine. Frau Förster-Nietzsche is in charge of it.

hand would slip out from his bed-clothes and grasp that of the tender and loving Lisbeth. Once she mentioned Wagner to him. "Den habe ich sehr geliebt!" he said. All his old fighting spirit was gone: he remembered only the glad days and the dreams of his youth.

Nietzsche died on August 25th, 1900, in the gray of the early morning.

V

THE PHILOSOPHER AND THE MAN

"My brother," says Frau Förster-Nietzsche, in her biography, "was stockily and broadly built and was anything but thin. He had a rather dark, healthy, ruddy complexion. In all things he was tidy and orderly, in speech he was soft-spoken, and in general, he was inclined to be serene under all circumstances. All in all, he was the very antithesis of a nervous man.

"In the fall of 1888, he said of himself, in a reminiscent memorandum: 'My blood moves slowly. A doctor who treated me a long while for what was at first diagnosed as a nervous affection said: "No, your trouble cannot be in your nerves. I myself am much more nervous than you.",

"My brother, both before and after his long illness seized him, was a believer in natural methods of healing. He took cold baths, rubbed down every morning and was quite faithful in continuing light, bed-room gymnastics."

At one time, she says, Nietzsche became a violent vegetarian and afflicted his friends with the ancient vegetarian horror of making a sarcophagus of one's stomach. It seems surprising that a man so quick to perceive errors,

saw none in the silly argument that, because an ape's organs are designed for a vegetarian diet, a man's are so planned also. An acquaintance with elementary anatomy and physiology would have shown him the absurdity of this, but apparently he knew little about the human body, despite his uncanny skill at unearthing the secrets of the human mind. Nietzsche had read Emerson in his youth, and those Emersonian seeds which have come to full flower in the United States as the so-called New Thought movement with Christian Science, osteopathy, mental telepathy, occultism, pseudo-psychology and that grand lodge of credulous comiques, the Society for Psychical Research, as its final blossoms-all of this probably made its mark on the philosopher of the superman, too.

Frau Förster-Nietzsche, in her biography, seeks to prove the impossible thesis that her brother, despite his constant illness, was ever well-balanced in mind. It is but fair to charge that her own evidence is against her. From his youth onward, Nietzsche was undoubtedly a neurasthenic, and after the Franco-Prussian war he was a constant sufferer from all sorts of terrible ills - some imaginary, no doubt, but others real enough. In many ways, his own account of his symptoms recalls vividly the long catalogue of aches and pains given by Herbert Spencer in his autobiography. Spencer had queer pains in his head and so did Nietzsche. Spencer roved about all his life in search of health and so did Nietzsche. Spencer's working hours were limited and so were Nietzsche's. The latter tells us himself that, in a single year, 1878, he was disabled 118 days by headaches and pains in the eyes.

Dr. Gould, the prophet of eye-strain, would have us be