Water, 60. Glycerin, 30. Glycerin, IO. Finish percolation with alcohol, I, water, 2. Finish percolation with alcohol, 2, water, 5. Macerate with a mixture with I volume of glycerin and 2 volumes of water. Finish the percolation with a mixture of 17 volumes of alcohol and 3 volumes of water. Evaporate the weak percolate to a soft extract; dissolve this in the reserved portion, and add enough menstruum to make the whole measure 1000 C.c. Percolate the triticum with boiling water until exhausted; evap orate to 750 C.c., add 250 C.c. alcohol, filter and add enough of a mixture of 1 volume of alcohol with 3 volumes of water to make the whole measure 1000 C.c. Macerate the castanea with boiling water, express; percolate residue to exhaustion; mix liquids; evaporate; when cool add alcohol, decant, filter remainder, evaporate united liquids to 700 C.c., add 100 C.c. glycerin and 200 C.c. alcohol. "It will be seen that according to the U. S. Pharmacopoeia of 1870, 3110.4 Gm. (100 troy ounces) of drug yielded 2956.4 C.c. (100 fluid ounces) of fluid extract, instead of 3110.4 C.c. as the present Pharmacopoeia requires; hence there is a difference of 154 C.c. in the proportion of volume to drug, which renders our present fluid extracts about 5 per cent. weaker as compared with those based on troy weight and fluidounces, and which is certainly a point in their favor."Coblentz's Handbook of Pharmacy. ETHEREAL LIQUIDS MADE BY PERCOLATION. What are Oleoresinæ, or Oleoresins? The oleoresins are official liquid preparations, consisting principally of natural oils and resins extracted from vegetable substances by percolation with stronger ether. They are the strongest liquid preparations of drugs produced. Give a general formula for their preparation. Percolate the powdered drug, in a cylindrical percolator provided with a cover and receptacle suitable for volatile liquids, with stronger ether, until exhausted, recovering the greater part of the ether by distillation, and exposing the residue, in a capsule, to spontaneous evaporation until the remaining ether has evaporated. There are six official oleoresins : What are Aceta, or Vinegars? Medicated vinegars are solutions of the active principles of drugs in diluted acetic acid, the latter being chosen as a menstruum because acetic acid is not only a good solvent, but also possesses antiseptic properties. Their use dates from the time of Hippocrates. Acetic Acid is also of value as a menstruum, as it produces soluble salts with the alkaloidal principles existing in plants. What menstruum is used for their preparation? The official diluted Acetic Acid, containing 6 p. c. by weight of absolute Acetic Acid. There are two official vinegars : Acetum Opii (Vinegar of Opium) [Black Drop]. Opium 10 p. c. Sedative. Dose 0.3-1 C.c. (2 to 15 m). Acetum Scillæ (Vinegar of Squill). 10 p. c. Squill. Expectorant. Dose 1-3 C.C. (4 to 34 fl. dr.). SOLIDS. SOLID PREPARATIONS MADE BY PERCOLATION OR MACERATION. What are Extracta, or Extracts? "Extracts are solid or semi-solid preparations, produced by evaporating solutions of vegetable substances.' -(Remington.) 1. WITH ALCOHOLIC MENSTRUA (19). General Formula.- -" Percolate the powdered drug with the menstruum directed, until it is exhausted; reserve the first third of the percolate, and DR. GEORGE LEE EATEN 323 QARY ST SOLINE PRACTICIOCO 53 evaporate the remainder, at a temperature not exceeding 50° C. (122° F.), until it weighs io p. c. of the weight of the drug. Mix this with the reserved portion, and evaporate both, at the above temperature, to a pilular consistence. Or, instead of reserving part of the percolate, the whole quantity is distilled until the alcohol is recovered, and the residue is evaporated to a pilular consistence. In the case of these extracts, which are apt to become hard, five p. c. of glycerin is added, to enable them to retain their consistence." Directions for making Extract of Aconite, as directed by the U. S. Pharmacopoeia, illustrating the method for manufacturing Alcoholic Extracts: Extractum Aconiti-Extract of Aconite. Aconite, in No. 60 powder, 1000 Moisten the powder with four hundred (400) cubic centimetres of alcohol, and pack it firmly in a cylindrical percolator; then add enough alcohol to saturate the powder and leave a stratum above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator, close the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator, macerate for forty-eight hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed, gradually adding alcohol until three thousand cubic centimetres (3000) of tincture are obtained, or the aconite is exhausted. Reserve the first nine hundred cubic centimetres of the percolate, evaporate the remainder in a porcelain capsule, at a temperature not exceeding 50° C. (122° F.), to one hundred cubic centimetres, add the reserved portion, and evaporate at or below the above-mentioned temperature, until an extract of pilular consistency remains. Rule in regard to yield: The more aqueous the menstruum, the greater is the yield of extract; the more alcoholic the menstruum, the smaller the yield. Rule in regard to strength: This is not founded on amount of extract yielded by a given menstruum, but on amount of active constituents present in the finished product. Solid extracts are prepared either— From the dried and powdered drug, by extraction with a solvent, or (6) From the fresh, moist drug, by expression alone. Two degrees of consistency recognized by U. S. P.-The soft, or pilular, and the hard extract. The latter admit of being reduced to powder. There are thirty-two official Extracts which may be classed according to menstrua employed, as follows: Substance, previously reduced, if necessary, to a moderately fine powder, in a mortar; add an equal bulk of Sugar of Milk, mix well by means of a spatula, and triturate them thoroughly together. Add fresh portions of the Sugar of Milk, from time to time, until the whole is added, and continue the trituration until the Substance is intimately mixed with the Sugar of Milk, and reduced to a fine powder. There is one official trituration : Trituratio Elaterina. Elaterin, 10 Gm.; Sug. Milk, 90 Gm. Dose, 0.03-0.04 Gm. (1⁄2 to % gr.). MASSE-MASSES. What are Massæ, or Masses? Pill masses are official under this name. They are kept in bulk by pharmacists. There are three official masses : Massa Copaibæ. 94 Gm. Cop. ; 6 Gm. Mag. (recently prepared): mix intimately and set aside until it concretes. Dose 0.5–2 Gm. (8 to 60 grs.). Ferri Carbonatis. 100 Gm. Sulph. Iron; 100 Gm. Carb. Sod.; 38 Gm. Clarif. Honey; 25 Gm. Sugar; syrup and distilled water, each q.s. Syrup is added to the ferrous sulphate solution and the wash water, to protect the ferrous salt against the absorption of oxygen. Boiling distilled water is employed to avoid the oxidizing action of the air which is contained in the unboiled water. "" (Coblentz.) Dose 0.2-0.5 Gm. (3 to 5 gr.). Hydrargyri. 33 Gm. Hg.; 5 Gm. Glycyrr.; 25 Gm. Althæa; 3 Gm. Glycerin; Honey of Rose, 34 Gm. Triturate the Hg with Honey of Rose and Glycerin until it is extinguished. Add, gradually the Glycyrrhiza and Althæa, and continue trituration till globules of Hg cease to be visible. Dose 0.02-0.05 Gm. (3 to 8 gr.). CONFECTIONES-CONFECTIONS. What are Confectiones, or Confections? Confections are saccharine, soft solids, in which one or more medicinal substances are incorporated, with the object of affording an agreeable form for their administration and a convenient method for their preservation. Old names, conserves and electuaries, under which they have been in use for centuries. There are two official confections: Confectio Rosa.-R. Rose, 80 Gm.; P. Sugar, 640 Gm.; Clar. Honey, 120 Gm.; Rose W., 160 Gm. Sennæ.-Sen., 100 Gm. ; Ol. Coriander, 5 Gm.; Cas. Fist., 160 Gm. ; Tamarind, 100 Gm.; Prune, 70 Gm.; Fig, 120 Gm.; P. Sug., 555 Gm.; Water, to make 1000 Gm. PILULE-PILLS. What are Pilulæ, or Pills? 66 Pills are small, solid bodies, of a globular, ovoid, or lenticular shape, which are intended to be swallowed, and thereby produce medical action.-(Remington.) Of what is a pill mass composed, and what is required of it? It is composed of ingredients and excipients. It is required that the mass be 1, adhesive; 2, firm; 3, plastic. How are excipients divided? Give a list of the principal excipients and directions when they should be used. Excipients are liquid or solid. |