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1. Water; use only when ingredients possess inherent adhesiveness that water will develop.

2. Syrup: adhesive.

3. Syrup Acacia: more adhesive.

4. Mucilage Acacia: most adhesive. Pills are liable to become hard and insoluble if acacia in any form is used as excipient.

5. Glycerin: somewhat adhesive. It is hygroscopic and keeps pills soft.

6. Glucose: very adhesive.

temperature. Very valuable.

Colorless, and non-volatile at ordinary

7. Honey: Good substitute for glucose, but colors white pills.

8. Extract of Malt: advantages of glucose, but possesses the disadvantage of dark color.

9. Glycerite of Starch: Glycerin-adhesiveness of starch and jelly. Thickness sometimes an objectionable feature.

10. Glycerite of Tragacanth: Similar to above.

11. Remington's general excipient: Glucose, 4 oz. av.; Glycerin, I oz. av.; Acacia (pulv.), 90 grains; Benzoic Acid, I grain. Dissolve benzoic acid in the glycerin, stir in acacia, then the glucose, and let stand till dissolved. Moderate heat may be used.

SOLID EXCIPIENTS.

1. Confection of Rose: Useful when it is desired to dilute active ingredients and increase bulk.

2. Bread Crumb: Used in making pills to contain croton oil, volatile oils, etc.

3. Powdered Althæa: too bulky for ordinary use. 4. Soap: valuable for resinous substances.

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Not only makes excellent

5. Resin Cerate: for oxidizable substances, resins, etc.
6. Cacao Butter: for pills of permanganate of potassium, etc.

7. Petrolatum: for oxidizable substances as above.

How would you divide the mass? On a graduated pill tile, or a pill machine. The former is made of porcelain, but preferably of plate glass. In either case the pill-mass is rolled into a cylinder. In the former the mass is divided into the required number of portions with a spatula. In the latter it is divided by laying it upon the grooves of the lower board in the pill machine; the upper board is applied so that the cutting surfaces correspond with those on the lower board, and " by a slight backward and forward motion, with downward pressure, the mass is divided."

How would you finish pills and keep them from adhering together? Finish them either by rolling between the thumb and finger, or rotate them under an adjustable pill finisher. To prevent them from adhering together, dust with rice flour, powdered magnesium carbonate, lycopodium, powdered althæa, or powdered liquorice root.

How may pills be coated? Pills may be coated with various substances. With gold or silver, "by first placing a drop of syrup of acacia in a mortar, and after carefully spreading it over the surface with the end

of the finger, dropping in the pills, rotating them so that they shall be uniformerly coated with a very thin layer of mucilage, and then dropping them into the gold or silver leaf contained in the coater-" a smooth, globular box, opening in the middle.' An ordinary pill box will answer the purpose. With gelatin, by a simply constructed machine, in which the pills, arranged automatically in rows, are impaled on a system of pins, afterward dipped in a hot solution of gelatin, twirled gently until the coating is set, and rapidly dried by rotating on a wheel, after which they are removed from the pins. This can be accomplished in fifteen minutes. With sugar, by rotating them with a mixture of sugar and starch in a pill coater, which consists of a caldron-shaped copper vessel, revolving at an incline, and heated by steam. The process can only be accomplished economically on the large scale.

How are compressed pills manufactured? On the small scale, by Remington's compressed pill machine. It is made of cast steel, and has at the base two countersunk depressions, with a short post in the centre of each; a lenticular depression is made in the upper surface of each post. Steel cylinders fit over the posts, and plungers fit in the cylinders, with lenticular depressions to correspond with those on the posts. The powder is compressed into pills between the lenticular surfaces by blows on the plungers with a mallet; the pills are removed by lifting the cylinders. On the large scale by power presses, working on a similar principle. There are fifteen official pills:

PILULE.
Aloes.

Title.

Aloes et Asafoetidæ.
Aloes et Ferri.

Aloes et Mastiches
(Aloes and Mastic.
Lady Webster Din-
ner Pills).
Aloes et Myrrhæ.

Antimonii Compositæ (Plummer's Pills).

Asafoetida.

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Aloes and Soap, each 13 Gm., As a laxative, 1, 2, or 3
in 100 pills.

Aloes, Asafetida, and Soap,
each 9 Gm., in 100 pills.
Aloes Dried Sulph. Iron, and
Aromat. Powder, each 7
Gm.; Confect. Rose, q. s., in
100 pills.

Aloes, 13 Gm.; Mastic, 4 Gm.;
Red Rose, 3 Gm.; in 100
pills.

Aloes, 13 Gm.; Myrrh, 6 Gm.;
Aromat. Powd., 4 Gm.;
Syrup, q. s., 100 pills.
Sulphurated Ant., 4 Gm.;
Calomel, 4 Gm.; Guaiac., 8
Gm.; Castor Oil, q. s., 100
pills.

As., 20 Gm.; Soap, 6 Gm.; 100
pills.

Catharticæ Com- Ext. Col. Comp., 80 Gm.;

positæ.

Calomel, 60 Gm.; Jalap
(extract), 30 Gm.; Gamboge,
15 Gm.; 1000 pills.

Catharticæ Vege Ext. Col. Comp., 60 Gm.;

tabilis.

Ext. Hyoscyam., 30 Gm.;
Ext. Jalap, 30 Gm.; Ext.
Leptandra, 15 Gm.; Resin
Podophyllum, 15 Gm.; Oil
of Peppermint, 8 C.c.; in
1000 pills.

pills at bedtime; as a purge, 5 pills.

From 2 to 5 pills.

1 to 3 pills.

One of them may be
given as a laxative at
bedtime or before a
meal.
From 3 to 6 pills.

1 to 2 pills or more may be given morning and evening.

3

of the pills are a medium dose for an adult.

3 pills, and they may be given in place of compound cathartic pills.

PILULE.

Title.

Ferri Carbonatis (Fer-
ruginous Pills,
Chalybeate Pills.
Biaud's Pills.

Ferri Iodidi.

Opii.
Phosphori.

Rhei.

Rhei Compositæ.

SOLIDS-TROCHES.

Constituents.

Ferrous Sulphate, 16 Gm.:
Potass. Carb., 8 Gm.; Sugar,
4 Gm.; Tragacanth, 1 Gm.;
Althæa, 1 Gm.; Glycerin,
q. s., in 100 pills.
Reduced Iron, 4 Gm.; Iodine,
5 Gm.; P. Glycyrr., 4 Gm. ;
Sugar, 4 Gm.; Ext. Glycyrr.,
I Gm.; Acacia, 1 Gm.; q. s.
each Water, Bals., Tolu, and
Ether. (See U. S. P.)
Opium, 6.5 Gm.; Soap, 2.0
Gm.; 100 pills.
Phos., 0.06 Gm.; Althæa, 6.00
Gm.; Acaciæ, 6.00 Gm.;
Phosphorus dissolved in 5
C.c. Chloroform, and made
into a pill with about 4 C.c.
of a mixture of 2 vol. Gly-
cerin, I vol. Water. Coated
with 10 Gm. Bals. Tolu dis-
solved in 15 C.c. Ether.
Rhubarb, 20 Gm.; Soap, 6
Gm., in 100 pills.
Rhubarb, 13 Gm.; Aloes, 10
Gm.; Myrrh, 6 Gm.; Ol.
Pep., 0.5 Gm., in 100 pills.

TROCHISCI-TROCHES.

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What are Trochisci, or Troches? Troches, or lozenges, are solid, discoid, or cylindrical masses, consisting chiefly of medicinal powders, sugar, and mucilage. They are prepared by making the ingredients into a mass which is rolled into a thin sheet, and cut into proper shape with a lozenge cutter.

TABLE OF TROCHES.

(From Coblentz's "Handbook of Pharmacy.")

The U. S. Pharmacopoeia recognizes 15 formulas for Troches.

Title.

TROCHISCI
Acidi Tannici.

Ammonii Chloridi.

Catechu.

Cretæ.

Cubebæ.

Ferri.

Constituents-100 Troches.

Tannic Acid, 6 Gm.; Sugar, powd., 65
Gm.; Tragacanth, powd., 2 Gm.;
Stronger Orange Flower Water, a
sufficient quantity.

Ammonium Chloride, 10 Gm.; Extract
of Liquorice, 25 Gm.; Tragacanth,
powd., 2 Gm.; Sugar, powd., 50 Gm.;
Syrup of Tolu, a sufficient quantity.
Catechu, 6 Gm.; Sugar, powd., 65 Gm.;
Tragacanth, 2 Gm.; Stronger Orange
Flower Water, a sufficient quantity.
Prepared Chalk, 25 Gm.; Acacia, 7
Gm.; Spirit of Nutmeg, 3 C.c.; Sugar,
powd., 40 Gm.; Water, a sufficient
quantity.

Oleoresin of Cubeb, 4 Gm.; Oil of Sas-
safras, 1 C.c.; Extract of Liquorice,
25 Gm.; Acacia, powd., 12 Gm.;
Syrup of Tolu, a sufficient quantity.
Ferric Hydrate, 30 Gm.; Vanilla, cut,
1 Gm.; Sugar, powd., 100 Gm.; Mu-
cilage of Tragacanth, a sufficient
quantity.

Each Troche
contains

Tannic Acid, 0.06
Gm. (I gr.)

Ammonium Chloride, o.1 Gm. (2 gr.)

Catechu, 0.06 Gm. (1 gr.)

Prepared Chalk, 0.25 Gm. (4 gr.)

Oleoresin Cubeb, 0.04 Gm. (4 gr.)

Ferric Hydrate, 0.03 Gm. (1⁄2 gr.)

58

of the finger, dropping in formerly coated with a ve into the gold or silver le box, opening in the midd pose. With gelatin, by arranged automatically dipped in a hot solutio:. and rapidly dried by ro from the pins. This car by rotating them with a consists of a caldron heated by steam. The the large scale.

How are compres Remington's compre at the base two counte each; a lenticular de Steel cylinders fit ove lenticular depressions is compressed into plungers with a mali the large scale by po There are fifteen of

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UNGUENTA-OINTMENTS.

What are Unguenta, or Ointments?

Ointments are fatty prepara

tions, of a softer consistence than cerates, intended to be applied to the

skin by inunction.

Title.

UNGUENTUM,
Acidi Carbolici,

Acidi Tannici,
Aquæ Rosæ,.

Belladonnæ,
Chrysarobini,

Diachylon,.

Gallæ,
Hydrargyri,
Hydrargyri Ammoniati,
Hydrargyri Nitratis, .
Hydrargyri Oxidi Flavi,
Hydrargyri Oxidi Rubri,
lodi, .
Iodoformi,
Picis Liquidæ,
Plumbi Carbonatis,
Plumbi Iodidi,
Potassii Iodidi,

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Tannic Acid, 20%.

Base.

Unguentum.

Benz. Lard.

Spermaceti, White Wax,
Exp. Oil Almond,
Stronger Rose Water,
Sodium Borate.

Ext. Belladonna Leaves, 10%. Benz. Lard.
Chrysarobin, 5 %.

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Benz. Lard.

Lead Plaster, Olive Oil,

Oil Lavender fl.

Benz. Lard.
Lard and Suet.
Benz. Lard.
Lard Oil.
Unguentum.
Unguentum.
Benz. Lard.
Benz. Lard.

Yellow Wax and Lard.

Benz. Lard.

Benz. Lard.

Benz. Lard.

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Zinc Oxide, 20 %.

EMPLASTRA-PLASTERS.

What are Emplastra, or Plasters? Plasters are substances intended for external application, of such consistence that they adhere to the skin, and require the aid of heat in spreading them.

On what are plasters usually spread? Plasters are usually spread on muslin, leather, paper, etc., and have as a basis, lead plaster, a gumresin, or Burgundy pitch.

As plasters are usually bought of the manufacturer, ready-made, a description of the process for spreading them is omitted.

There are seventeen official plasters. Four classes :

PLASTERS CONTAINING EMPLASTRUM PLUMBI AS BASE.

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Ferric Hydrate, 90 Gm.; Olive Oil, 50 Gm.; Bur-
gundy Pitch, 140 Gm.; Lead Plaster, 720 Gm.
Mercury, 300 Gm.; Oleate of Mercury, 12 Gm. ; Lead
Plaster, sufficient quantity, to make 1000 Gm.

Ext. Opium, 60 Gm.; Burgundy Pitch, 180 Gm.; Lead
Plaster, 760 Gm.; Water, 80 Gm.

Lead Oxide, 3200 Gm.; Olive Oil, 6000 Gm.; Water,
sufficient quantity.

Resin, 140 Gm.; Lead Plaster, 800 Gm.; Yellow Wax, 60 Gm.

Soap, 100 Gm.; Lead Plaster, 900 Gm.; Water, sufficient quantity.

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