acid in a capacious open glass vessel, and, after effervescence ceases, preserving in a cool, dark place, in glass-stoppered bottles, half full. HNO3 + 3HCI Nitric Acid. = NOCI + Cl2 + 2H2O Nitrosyl Chlorine. Water. Nitrohydrochloric acid should be kept in a cool, dark place, because it loses Cl by heat, and its Cl is converted into HCl by the action of light and the decomposition of its water. It is called Aqua Regia, because of its power of dissolving gold, the king of metals. It is indispensable, in keeping and dispensing it, that care should be taken not to confine it until all effervescence ceases, or explosion is likely to occur. And the same care should be exercised in dispensing it in mixtures. ACIDUM NITROHYDROCHLORICUM DILUTUM, U. S.— Diluted Nitrohydrochloric Acid.-A colorless, or pale yellow liquid, odorless, or with faint odor of Cl, with a very acid taste and reaction, made by mixing 40 C. c. nitric acid with 180 C. c. hydrochloric acid, and after effervescence has entirely ceased, diluting with 780 C.c. distilled water to make 1000 C.c. These directions should be literally obeyed, because, unless the acids are mixed while concentrated, NOCI and Cl are not produced. ACIDUM SULPHURICUM, U. S.-Sulphuric Acid. H2SO4 Oil of Vitriol.-A colorless liquid, of an oily appearance, composed of not less than 92.5 per cent. absolute H2SO, and not more than 7.5 per cent. water, and with sp. gr. not below 1.835; inodorous; strongly caustic and corrosive; strongly acid reaction. Sulphuric Acid is prepared by burning S or FeS, (iron pyrites) in the air, by which SO, is formed. These fumes are conducted into leaden chambers and allowed to mix with steam and nitrous fumes obtained from the decomposition of sodium nitrate. The SO, is oxidized into SO, by the nitrous fumes containing nitrogen tetroxide (NO), which gives up part of its O for that purpose. SO, then unites with the H2O (steam) present to form H2SO4. The H,SO, condenses on the floor of the leaden chambers and is afterward drawn off and concentrated. The reactions are as follows: First two molecules of SO, react with one molecule of N2O4, thus : In this reaction, NO, gives up two atoms of its O to 2SO2, which becomes 2SO, in consequence, and N,O, is reduced to N2O,. Then N,O, goes back to the air for more O, and becomes NO again (N,O2 + O2 NO). The NO, thus formed gives up its O, to fresh portions of 2SO,, converting it into 2SO,, as before, and this operation is repeated again and again, until all the 2SO, is oxidized into 2SO3. During this time the 2SO, that is formed unites with the vapors of H,O present, and forms H2SO (SO, + H2O = H2SO). The nitrous fumes thus act as an oxygen carrier between sulphurous oxide and the air, and raise the former to sulphuric oxide. ACIDUM SULPHURICUM AROMATICUM, U. S.-Elixir of Vitriol.-An aromatic elixir of sulphuric acid, prepared by mixing together Sulphuric Acid 100 C.c.; Tr. Ging. 50 C.c.; Ol. Cinnam. I C.c.; Alcohol to 1000 C.C. ACIDUM SULPHURICUM DILUTUM, U. S.-Diluted Sulphuric Acid.—A colorless liquid, containing 10 per cent., by weight, official sulphuric acid, with sp. gr. 1.070, and prepared by diluting 100 Gm. Sulphuric Acid with 825 Gm. Distilled Water to make 925 Gm. ACIDUM SULPHUROSUM, U. S.-Sulphurous Acid. H2SO.-A colorless liquid, of a characteristic sulphurous odor and taste, with sp. gr. 1.035, composed of about 6.4 per cent., by weight, of sulphurous anhydride and not more than 93.6 per cent. of water. It has a characteristic odor of burning sulphur; very acid, sulphurous taste; strongly acid reaction. Preparation. By pouring 80 C.c. H2SO, on 20 Gm. coarsely powdered charcoal, in a flask connected with a wash-bottle, and a bottle partially filled with 1000 C. c. distilled water. Gentle heat is applied, and the gas distilled over. A bottle containing a solution of Na,CO, is provided to absorb the excess of gas that bubbles up through the distilled water, and the latter is kept cool by placing ice around the bottle, as cold water will absorb more gas than warm water. Equation for the reaction that occurs :— 4H2SO4 + C2 Acid. 4SO2 + 2CO2+ 4H2O. Sulphurous Acid Gas. Carbon Water. ACIDUM PHOSPHORICUM, U. S.-Phosphoric Acid. Syrupy Phosphoric Acid.-A colorless, syrupy liquid, of sp. gr. 1.710, composed of not less than 85 per cent., by weight, of absolute orthophosphoric acid (H,PO 97.8) and not more than 15 per cent. of water. Odorless; strongly acid taste; acid reaction. Pour 12 fl. oz., dist. water mixed with II fl. oz. HNO, into a 2-pint flask. Add 40 grains bromine and shake gently until dissolved. Now add 2 oz. P. and set aside so that nitrous vapors may be carried off without injury. ACIDUM PHOSPHORICUM DILUTUM, U. S.-Diluted Phosphoric Acid.-A colorless liquid of sp. gr. 1.057, containing 10 per cent. absolute orthophosphoric acid, by weight, and prepared by diluting 100 Gm. of phosphoric acid with 750 Gm. distilled water to make 850 Gm. A precipitate sometimes occurs on mixing this acid with tincture of chloride of iron, generally due to the presence of pyrophosphoric acid. Pyrophosphate of iron is formed as an insoluble gelatinous precipitate. CHLORINE, BROMINE, AND IODINE. Cl; 35.37. Br; 79.76. I; 126.53. The four Halogens (salt producers) are Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, Fluorine. The latter is not used in Pharmacy. DR. GEORGE LEE EATON CHLORINE SANFRANGISGY. 69 A greenish-yellow, gaseous body, having a very suffocating odor, and sp. gr. 2.45 (when liquefied, 1.33). AQUA CHLORI, U. S.-Chlorine Water.-A greenish-yellow, clear liquid, having the suffocating odor and disagreeable taste of chlorine, made by passing Cl gas, generated by heating HCl with manganese dioxide, into distilled water until a saturated solution is produced. Should contain 0.4 per cent. of the gas. Equation for the reaction that occurs :— MnO2 + 4HCl = MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O. Acid. Chloride. Water. Chlorine Water should be secluded from the light, because it is partially converted into HCl by the light, owing to the decomposition of the water, the Cl uniting with the H of the water to form HCI. Chlorine Water may be made extemporaneously by placing HCl fgiv in a pint bottle, adding Potass. Chlor., 40 gr. When the bottle is full of Cl vapor, add I fluidounce Distilled Water. Not recommended. CALX CHLORATA, U. S.-Chlorinated Lime.-A white, or grayish-white, granular powder, or friable lumps, becoming moist and gradually decomposing on exposure to air, having a hypochlorous acid odor, and a disagreeable, saline taste, containing not less than 35 per cent. available chlorine, and prepared by subjecting calcium hydrate, placed on trays in a suitable chamber, to the action of chlorine. Its chemical formula is probably CaOCl, yielding, by decomposition with water, calcium hypochlorite and calcium chloride. It is used as a disinfectant and for bleaching purposes, and its usefulness depends on its chlorine, which being loosely combined, is, therefore, available. LIQUOR SODE CHLORATÆ, U. S.-Solution of Chlorinated Soda. Labarraque's Solution.-A clear, pale greenish liquid, of a faint odor of chlorine, a disagreeable and alkaline taste, and an alkaline reaction, made by decomposing solution of chlorinated lime with sodium carbonate, and containing sodium hypochlorite and sodium chloride, calcium carbonate separating out as a precipitate. Equation expressing the reaction: Ca(OCI)2 + CaCl2 + 2NaCO3 =2NaOCl + 2NaCl + 2CaCO3. Chlorinated Lime. Sodium Calcium Carbonate. Eau de Javelle (Javelle Water) is a French preparation made with K,CO, instead of Na2CO3. BROMUM, U. S.-BROMINE. Br; 79.76. A dark brownish-red, mobile liquid, evolving, even at the ordinary temperature, a yellowish-red vapor highly irritating to the eyes and lungs; peculiarly suffocating odor, resembling that of chlorine. Prepared by decomposing crude magnesium bromide (bittern) with chlorine gas. MgBr2 + 2C1 Bromide. Chlorine. MgCl2 + 2 Br. Bromine. Bibron's Antidote to Rattlesnake Poison.-Bromine, 300 gr.; Dil. Alcohol, f3 viij. Mix. KI, 4 gr.; Corros. Sub. 2 gr. Place in a mortar and add q. s. of the solution to dissolve them. IODUM, U. S.-IODINE. I; 126.53. Heavy, bluish-black, dry and friable, rhombic plates, of a metallic lustre, distinctive odor, 'sharp and acrid taste, neutral reaction, formerly obtained exclusively from the ashes of seaweed (kelp), but now made from the mother-liquor obtained from the crystallization of sodium nitrate in South America, in which it occurs in the forms of sodium iodide and iodate. Preparation. The iodides are decomposed by Cl, iodine being set free, whilst the iodine from the iodates is precipitated by acid sodium sulphite. Kelp contains iodine in the form of NaI. The solution from it is treated with H2SO, and distilled with MnO2. The I condenses in glass receivers. 4 2NaI + 2H2SO4 + MnO2 I2 + MnSO4 + Na2SO4 + 2H2O. Sodium Sulphuric Manganese Iodine. Manganese Sodium Water. Sulphate. Sulphate. Iodide. Acid. Dioxide. The U. S. P. preparations of Iodine: Tinctura Iodi, Liquor Iodi Compositus, Unguentum Iodi. SYRUPUS ACIDI HYDRIODICI, U. S.-Syrup of Hydriodic Acid. A syrupy liquid, containing I per cent. of absolute Hydriodic Acid, having the sp. gr. 1.313, and is made by dissolving KI and potassium hypophosphite in water, and decomposing them by adding a solution of tartaric acid in diluted alcohol. SULPHUR AND PHOSPHORUS. S; 31.98. P; 30.96. Sulphur occurs uncombined in Sicily and in other parts of the world, and is widely diffused in the form of sulphates and sulphides. Roll sulphur is prepared by fusing sulphur, permitting it to stand, to separate impurities, and then pouring into cylindrical moulds. Three forms of sulphur are official: sublimed, washed, and precipitated sulphur. HYDROSULPHURIC ACID.-Sulphuretted Hydrogen.-An offensive gas formed by the combination of two parts hydrogen with one part sulphur, HS, also known as hydrogen sulphide. It is made by acting on ferrous sulphide with dilute sulphuric acid, and is used for testing the presence of metals, with which it forms characteristic precipitates. SULPHUR Sublimatum, U. S.-Flowers of Sulphur.— A fine, citron-yellow powder, of a slight characteristic odor, and generally of a faintly-acid taste, made by conducting the vapor of sulphur into a cool chamber, where it condenses in the form of crystalline powder. U. S. Preparations: Sulphur Lotum, Sulphur Præcipitatum. SULPHUR LOTUM, U. S.-Washed Sulphur.-A fine, citronyellow powder, odorless and almost tasteless, made by washing sublimed DISULPHIDE OF CARBON. 71 sulphur with water containing ammonia, to rid it of sulphuric acid and other impurities. U. S. Preparations: Pulvis Glycyrrhiza Compositus, Unguentum Sulphuris. SULPHUR PRÆCIPITATUM, U. S.-Precipitated Sulphur. -A very fine, yellowish-white, amorphous powder, odorless and almost tasteless, made by precipitating a solution of calcium disulphide with hydrochloric acid. Calcium disulphide is prepared by boiling unslaked lime with sublimed sulphur, cooling, and filtering off the clear solution of calcium disulphide, which is then precipitated with HCl. Equations describing the reactions that occur : Ist. The lime and sulphur react to form calcium disulphide and calcium thiosulphate (hyposulphite). = 3CaO + 6S 2CaS2+ CaS2O3. Calcium Oxide. Calcium 2d. HCl is added, which precipitates the sulphur. 2CaS2+ CaS2O + 6HCI = 3CaCl2 + 6S + 3H2O. Calcium Hydrochloric Calcium Sulphur. Water. Chloride. Calcium Lac Sulphuris, or Milk of Sulphur.-In some processes, H2SO, is used instead of HCl. This precipitates calcium sulphate with the sulphur, giving it a milky color. It is an inferior product. SULPHURIS IODIDUM, U. S.-Sulphur Iodide.-A grayishblack solid, generally in pieces, having a radiated, crystalline appearance, with a characteristic odor of iodine; somewhat acrid taste; faintly acid reaction; made by heating 20 Gm. sulphur with 80 Gm. iodine. It is also known as subiodide of sulphur, or iodine disulphide (?), SI2. CARBONEI BISULPHIDUM, U. S.-Disulphide of Carbon. -A clear, colorless, very diffusive, highly refractive liquid, with strong characteristic odor, and sharp, aromatic taste; neutral. Sp. gr. 1.268 to 1.269. Made by the direct combination of carbon and sulphur, at a moderate red heat. Preparation.-Charcoal is heated to redness, in a vertical cylinder provided with a lateral tubulure near the bottom, through which sulphur is admitted. The sulphur melts, volatilizes, and unites with the carbon, forming carbon bisulphide. This distills over and condenses in tubes, which collect it while allowing the HS formed at the same time to escape. It is then purified by agitation with mercury, and distillation in contact with white wax. By repeated rectification it can be made odorless. Used principally as a solvent. Best solvent for rubber, etc. PHOSPHORUS. P; 30.96. A translucent, nearly colorless solid, of a waxy lustre, having, at the ordinary temperature, about the consistence of beeswax, and with a distinctive, disagreeable odor and taste. It is prepared by deoxidizing phosphoric acid with carbon. This is accomplished by heating acid calcium |