"We have found this species attacking the wild strawberry in different localities, and have little doubt but that it is widely disseminated; but why it should so persistently attack the plants in one locality, and multiply so amazingly there, while comparatively unknown in other places, we are unable to more than guess. Possibly they may have been kept under in other localities by parasites which feed on them. The larvæ of most moths are liable to attack from one or more such enemies, and we know that this species is not exempt, for several of the lava which we succeeded in bringing into the chrysalis state, instead of producing moths, yielded specimens of these small parasitic flies.

"This species was described by Dr. Clemens, in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, for August, 1860, where the author states that the larvæ bind together the terminal leaves of Spiræa. Hence it would appear that this insect does not confine itself to the strawberry as a food plant, and may possibly be quite a general feeder. The chrysalides of this species were of the usual dark brown color, from which the moths made their escape from the eighth to the twelfth of July."

Still another species of the same habit, Lozotenia fragaria, from the wild strawberry, has been described by Prof. Packard, in his " Guide to the study of Insects." The larva was found in Maine, early in June, in folds of the leaves; the moth appearing about the middle of the same month. The moth is very pretty, and measures, when its wings are expanded, eighth-tenths of an inch. Its fore wings are red, darker on the outer half, with a large triangular white spot near the middle of the front edge; the outer edge of the spot is hollowed out. The outer edge of the wing is pale, especially in the middle, and about the same color as the head and thorax; the hind wings and abdomen are of a whitish buff, underneath they are whitish.

Various other species have also been briefly referred to as enemies of this plant, but it does not seem worth while to multiply descriptions of them, as the same principles must guide us in the destruction of all of them. Fire or insect poisons, either arsenical or vegetable, like hellebore water.

must be used, according to the season when the worms or pupæ occur upon the leaves.

The Grape-vine Colaspis., Colaspis flavida, Say.

Order Coleoptera, Family Chrysomelidæ.

Prof. Riley states in his third report as State Entomologist of Missouri, that this beetle greedily devours the leaves of the strawberry, commencing to appear in June and continuing until autumn, although leaving the strawberry vines for other food, to a great extent, late in July and in August. The following is Say's description of the beetle.

"Pale yellowish; elytra striate, with a double series of punctures. Body densely punctured; punctures rather large and profound, head with two slightly elevated tubercles between the antennæ; thorax tinged with rufous; elytra with elevated lines, of which the inner one curves round at the base and descends a short distance to unite with the sutural line; interstitial spaces, excepting the subsutural one and the two exterior ones, with double series of rather large profound

Fig. 5. GRAPE-VINE COLASPIS (Colaspis flavida Say): Enlarged, and natural size.

punctures; exterior edge blackish brown; venter dusky. Length nearly one-fifth of an inch. Var. a. Interstitial spaces of the elytra black; beneath, excepting the feet, black."

Prof. Riley's inference in the article cited, that this beetle is the adult of the common root-worm of the strawberry, cannot yet be regarded as established as will be explained more fully under Paria aterrima, when treating of species injurious to the root.

The beetle (Colaspis) could, of course, be easily poisoned in the strawberry field; but as it feeds on the leaves of the grape as well, and possibly on some other plants, such treatment might not be a complete remedy.

Until the larva of this beetle is more certainly known, and its life history has been thoroughly cleared up, we cannot recommend more effective measures.

The Root-worm Beetles. Colaspis flavida, Say; Paria aterrima, Oliv.; Scelodonta pubescens, Mels.

Order Coleoptera, Family Chrysomelidæ.

The above species of beetles all feed upon the leaves of the strawberry in their adult stages, and upon the roots as larvæ. Although they sometimes do appreciable harm to the foliage, they are so much more destructive as root-worms that I have treated them fully under the head of insects injurious to the roots, and to that article the reader is referred.

Locusts. Caloptenus spretus, Thos., Acridium americanum, Drury, etc.

Order Orthoptera, Family Acrididæ.

Prof. Riley mentions strawberry leaves as among the favorite food plants of the Rocky Mountain locust (Seventh Report, p. 159), and we have found the young of the second species above mentioned devouring the strawberry leaves in southern Illinois. Mr. F. S. Earle, of Cobden, Ill., writes in July: "A few days ago I noticed some 'flocks' of young grasshoppers [probably of this species] that were literally eating up some strawberry plants. They were quite small, apparently just hatched, and there were not enough of them to do any serious harm, but they made a clean sweep as far as they went."

The Strawberry Plant-louse. Siphonophora fragariæ,

Koch.

Order Hemiptera, Family Aphididæ.

This species occurs in numbers large enough to attract attention, and occasionally to do decided injury in Kansas and Illinois,* and probably elsewhere also. Like all the plant-lice it is far more dangerous than its usual insignificance would lead one to suppose. The reproductive rate of these insects is so enormous that when conditions happen

* The form figured below, from Southern Illinois, has the aspect of an Aphis, and it is possible that the Illinois species is not Siphonophora fragariæ, as was supposed by Dr. Thomas. Until the aërial forms can be seen, however, I prefer to leave the matter as above.

especially to favor their increase, they may suddenly swarm in countless myriads, and utterly destroy the plants which they infest.

Fig. 6.

crown.

In spring and early summer this species occurs on the under sides of the leaves and on the stalks of the growing fruit, causing the leaves to wither and diminishing the size of the berry. In autumn, the lice move to the crown, where they may be found between the bases of the roots. In November, the wingless females here lay their eggs, which survive the winter to hatch in the spring.

The winged form probably appears at irregular intervals throughout the summer, as is usually the case with the plantlice, and this is consequently the time when the species spreads from field to field. The following descriptions are from Buckton's "British Aphides," Vol. I., page 125:

"Apterous viviparous female-Size of body .09 x .04 inch, length of antennæ 1 inch, of cornicles .025 inch. Whole body shining green, except the cornicles, which are tipped with black, and straight. Eyes red. Antennæ long and dark olive. Legs pale, with dark femora and tibia joints. Tail yellow.

"Pupa-Reddish green, with a smoky line down the dorsum. Thorax and wing cases gray. The last with blackish

Winged viviparous female Expanse of wings .35 inch, size of body .09 x .04, length of antennæ.1 inch, of cornicles .025 inch. Head, thoracic lobes, antennæ, nectaries, tibiæ, and femoral points black. All the rest of the body green. Abdomen with four round black spots on each side of the carina, and several obscure marks down the dorsum. Eyes red. Cubitus and wing insertions bright yellow, other veins black. Stigma grayish. Tail yellow. Wholly green on the under side. Some specimens are of a redder shade than the rest."

At the time when this insect probably does its principal injuries, namely: previous to the ripening of the fruit, the usual standard remedies for the injuries of plant-lice are impracticable, since the poisonous powders and fluids which are used for the destruction of these insects would render the berries inedible. The proper season to attack this pest by local applications is doubtless in autumn, when the lice are congregated upon the crown. At this time, if desirable, they might easily be exterminated by the thorough application of a kerosene emulsion to the plants. This would have the advantage of destroying both the living insects and the eggs. It is at this time, also, that the fields should be plowed up, if it proves to be necessary to resort to this treatment to arrest the multiplication of the insects. As the eggs remain during the winter upon the crowns of the plants, not hatching until spring, care should of course be taken in forming new plantations, that the young plants are obtained from fields not infested by lice, or else that these and their eggs are destroyed upon the plants before they are set. Although I have not yet had any opportunity to experiment upon this matter, I have little doubt that dipping the plants in the kerosene emulsion or in a simple mechanical mixture of kerosene and water, about three parts to one hundred, would be efficient for this purpose, and secure the new field from infection against the old.