held the centre, and Jackson the left. Although the rain was full in the faces of the Confederate soldiers, they charged with their usual vigour. Received by a well-kept fire, Branch's brigade faltered a moment, but the rest of Hill's division supported him. Stevens's Federal division was repulsed, and its general killed. General Kearney, seeking to rally the Federal line, was likewise slain. Shortly after the enemy beat a retreat, and on the day following, the entire Northern army retired within the Washington lines. The campaign was oyer. On the 2nd of September, in the morning, Longstreet rejoined Jackson. For the first time since the taking of Manassas on the 27th of August, the soldiers received their rations. They had lived for several days on green maize and unripe apples, enduring their privations not only with patience, but with gaiety. Since the 25th of August, the day on which they left the Rappahannock, there had been nothing but marches, counter-marches, and incessant conflicts. They were utterly spent ; many were shoeless, and their feet were so bruised by the rugged roads, that they could no longer drag themselves along. Few armies have had to endure more than that of Northern Virginia, during this short but brilliant campaign. General Pope had been compelled to abandon his wounded on the night of the 30th. Next morning he begged a truce of Lee to enable him to carry off his wounded and bury his dead. Lee refused him the truce, but allowed him to fetch his wounded. The number was so great that, on the 3rd of September, there still remained nearly 3000 on the battle field. The Confederates lost in this campaign, from the 25th of August to the 2nd of September, 1862, from the Rappahannock to the Potamac, 9112 men in all, including Generals Ewell, Tagliaferro, Field, and Trimble, dangerously wounded. The Federal losses were enormous, amounting to upwards of 30,000 men, there being 8 generals slain, and 7000 prisoners and 2000 wounded in the hands of the Confederates. 30 pieces of cannon, more than 20,000 rifles, &c., &c., many ensigns, and an immense quantity of war material and provisions remained at General Lee's disposal, without reckoning what Jackson had destroyed at Manassas Junction. This was a brilliant end to a glorious campaign, worthy in every way of the illustrious soldier who had conducted it. Lee had escaped all the dangers of the campaign, but on the 4th of September, as he was standing near his horse, it fell sideways, struck with sudden fright, throwing Lee down, and falling violently on him. One of the bones of his left hand was broken. accident was not only painful, but hindered him for some time from mounting a horse again. The CHAPTER IX. SEPTEMBER 1862.-LEE'S ENTRY INTO MARYLAND.-CAPTURE OF MACCLELLAN's defeat had saddened the Northern population, without at all making them relax their efforts, or discouraging them. Had they not on the Rappahannock another army more numerous, better organized, under commanders who inspired confidence and hope? But when this second army also had come, mutilated and in disarray, to seek refuge under the walls of Washington, the new disaster fell on the North with crushing force. All its efforts for fifteen months had gone for nothing; all had to be done over again. The future appeared gloomy, and the people expected to hear that the Federal capital was fallen into the hands of General Lee. Nor was this the only advantage reaped by the Confederates after this victorious campaign; it opened for them the fertile Valley of Virginia, in which, hitherto, their enemy had lived on the fat of the land. The Federals had evacuated it, and henceforth the rich harvests and all the resources of the grand valley, and of all the districts round about, would pass to the Southern army, which had so much need of them. Further, MacClellan's army having quitted the James River, all Lower Virginia was delivered from the enemy, and the Northern troops being recalled in great haste, in consequence of Lee's successes, were already leaving the different points on the coast. Everything, therefore, counselled the South to profit by the demoralization of the North and the disorganization of its armies, and strike further heavy blows before there was time for recovery from past disasters. The Confederate army was too ill provided with clothing, shoes, ammunition, and other necessary war-material to hope to be able, even in so favourable a moment, to conquer peace on Northern soil; but there was every reason to believe that it would succeed in enfeebling the Federals sufficiently to force them to remain north of the Potomac, and defend their own territory. Thus, perhaps, a new invasion would be spared to Virginia, till winter came, which would render all offensive evolutions on the part of the North difficult. Pope's defeat rendered possible some movements which probably Lee had not foreseen. In advancing from Richmond on Culpepper, his design was simply to arrest his adversary's march on Gordonsville; now everything was changed, and it became important to draw the utmost profit possible from the new position of affairs. The political situation of Maryland very naturally suggested the idea of penetrating into that state. A large part of its population were at one with the South, not only through its interests, traditions, and the ties of vicinity, but also through profound sympathy. It had been hindered from taking part and cause with the South only by strong pressure on the part of the Federal Government. All appearances were a sure indication that the people of Maryland simply awaited the arrival of the Confederate army to rise against the United States Government. In any case its rising must create a powerful diversion, and indirectly aid the South by obliging the Washington authorities to send numerous troops against the people who had revolted. There is no doubt that, in all this, General Lee reasoned soundly, that his hopes were justified by the general situation of affairs, and his conclusions based on weighty data. He was not, however, a prey to illusion. He was well aware how difficult it would be for the Maryland people, whom the anxiety of the Federal Government had disarmed, and whose state was occupied by a multitude of Northern troops, to hold their own against superior forces. He understood perfectly that as long as the Confederates could not effectually protect them, all rising on their part was little likely and little to be desired, since the effort could only succeed with the help of the South, and its non-success would expose the unfortunate Marylanders to the vengeance of an exasperated government. At the commencement, therefore, he reckoned much more on the well-grounded fears of the Washington Government than on the active co-operation of the Marylanders. The army itself was by no means prepared to invade a hostile country. Exhausted by the extraordinary efforts of the campaign it had just finished, it numbered a large proportion of soldiers without shoes, who had literally traced out the way to the Potomac with blood. Their uniforms were in tatters. The service of victuals was made irregularly. Their means of transport were in no way proportioned to the army's wants, and their stock of ammunition was altogether insufficient for an aggressive movement of this magnitude. Nevertheless, as so many advantages seemed to be promised by a sudden and vigorous offensive movement, General Lee concluded that the considerations just enumerated ought not to stop him. He resolved, therefore, to cross the Potomac and enter Maryland. In order to compel the Unionists also to cross this river, he decided on fording it to the east of the Blue Ridge, so as to menace at once both Washington and Baltimore. The enemy being ousted from Virginia, Lee reckoned on taking up a position in Western Maryland, and, by establishing communications with Richmond, by the Valley of the Shenandoah, and threatening Pennsylvania, to draw the Federals after him, which would increase their distance from their base of operations. He followed the same plan in 1863, in the campaign which ended at Getteysburg. On the 4th of September, D. H. Hill's division, which formed |