with one of the following, which mean about the same as and: Also, In the next place, Moreover, Furthermore, Besides, Likewise.

220. WRITTEN EXERCISE. Copy the following sentences, and complete the unfinished ones according to your best judgment.

A LANDSEER PICTURE

In this picture by Landseer a beautiful dog rests his head on his master's coffin and presses his body against

the rude box in piteous grief. The dog is a collie, or shepherd dog. Therefore, probably, his master

Moreover we infer this from the crook and horn which

lie upon the floor. In the next place we note a Scotch plaid thrown over the coffin, beneath the pall. Besides, a Scotch cap lies beside the crook. Consequently we infer that Likewise we see a clasped Bible and a pair of spectacles lying on the bench. Therefore the Finally, we note that there is no one in the room except the dog, and are not surprised to learn that Landseer called his picture The Highland Shepherd's Chief Mourner.

master —.

221. Certain words and phrases may form independent beginnings to show whether the writer thinks his statement positively true, or probably true, or possibly true. These are: Certainly, Surely, Doubtless, Indeed, Perhaps, Possibly, Probably, Anyhow, Anyway, In all probability, At least, At all events, In any case.

These connectives do not always stand first, but they usually refer to the whole statement even when they do not begin it. We may say:

the picture, copy the following sentences, com

pleting the unfinished ones appropriately.

ON A FURLOUGH

In this picture, called On a Furlough, a soldier is visiting his family in the old home. Certainly the old lady who sits beside him Her features are much

like his. Surely the little girl at his left and the little boy at his right In all probability the old man smoking a pipe Probably the woman who is pre

.

paring the meal

ON A FURLOUGH

The other persons are doubtless

the soldier's brother and sisters. At all events Everybody is listening intently to the soldier's narrative. At least, everybody is listening except. Perhaps the soldier is telling

Anyhow,

223. Another important independent beginning is the capitalized word There. It is com

mon in such phrases as There is, There's, There are, There is no, There's no, There are no.

224. Here is a picture of a room in the Grammar School of Stratford-on-Avon, in England. In this room William Shakspere undoubtedly studied and recited when a boy. It is still used as a schoolroom. It is in

A ROOM WHERE SHAKSPERE STUDIED

some respects like an American class room, and in some unlike. One does not see our individual desks and seats with backs. One does not see a globe, a wall blackboard, or a flat ceiling.

225. WRITTEN EXERCISE. Write several short sentences concerning the room, head

I

ing your paper: A Room where Shakspere studied. Begin each sentence with one of the following expressions: There is, There's, There are, There is no, There's no, There are no.

226. Independent beginnings often show place. Such beginnings are: Here, There, Over there, Above, Below, At the right, Overhead, On the floor.

227. WRITTEN EXERCISE. Write several sentences about the Stratford room, beginning each with some such expression as: Here, Overhead, In the ceiling, On the floor, Beside the desks, On the farther side of the room, At the right, On the wall at the right, On the farther wall, In the chimney, Above the fireplace. Head your paper as before: A Room where Shakspere studied.

This

228. Independent beginnings may be made that show the time of the new statement. is done by words or phrases like Now, Then, To-day, Yesterday, To-morrow, Immediately, Presently, Heretofore, Hitherto, Once, Afterwards, After this, Soon, Often, Frequently, Occasionally.