229. WRITTEN EXERCISE. Write an account of how you spent some one day. Head it after this fashion: What I did Yesterday, or, What I did on Monday. Let each sentence be one statement. Begin each with an expression showing time, as On awaking, After bathing and dressing, Next, Then, By half-past eight, At nine, During the next period, After this, After school, In the evening.

230. WRITTEN EXERCISE. Think of several single statements concerning your last vacation. Let them be statements that you can begin with the following words: Once, Often, Frequently, Sometimes, Occasionally. Write the sentences, and head the paper: Happenings of my Vacation.

CHAPTER IV

STATEMENTS THAT MAY NOT BE WRITTEN AS SENTENCES

231. Almost any short statement standing as a sentence can be turned into a mere part of a sentence by putting one of certain words before it. Take the statement "Guns are dangerous." By putting where before it you make "Where guns are dangerous," a mere piece of a sentence. In the following examples, the parts in italics are made into subordinate clauses by dependent or subordinate beginnings.1

1. Where guns are dangerous, they should not be used.

2. Guns should not be used where they are dangerous.

3. Wherever guns are dangerous, guns should not be used.

1 The clauses in italics are called subordinate not merely because it is the custom to write them as parts of sentences, but because they are thought of as less important than the main clauses to which they are attached. See 214.

4. The greatest care should be taken in hunting, wherever guns are dangerous.

5. When guns are dangerous, they should be let alone.

6. Guns should be let alone when they are dangerous.

7. Since this gun became dangerous we have never touched it.

8. We have let this old musket alone ever since it became dangerous.

9. Just as the guns were getting hot and dangerous, the firing ceased.

10. The firing ceased just as the guns were getting hot and dangerous.

11. While the guns were hot and dangerous, the gunners rested.

12. The gunners rested while the guns were hot and dangerous.

13. The rifles were still unused, while the cannon were hot and dangerous.

14. While the cannon were hot and dangerous, the rifles were still cold.

15. We left, for rifles are dangerous.

16. Since the rifles of deer-hunters are dangerous, we kept out of the woods.

17. We kept out of the pines in November, since rifles are dangerous.

18. Because the rifles were dangerous, we kept out of the pines in November.

19. We kept out of the pines and stayed at home, because the rifles were dangerous.

20. The deer-hunters' rifles are dangerous, wherefore we keep out of the pines.

21. Fifty deer-hunters came into the pines, whence we presently departed.

22. The deer-hunters were banging away, so that we felt uneasy.

23. We stayed out, lest we should stop a stray bullet.

24. If guns are dangerous, why use them? 25. Why use guns, if they are dangerous? 26. Unless a gun is hammerless, it is danger

ous.

27. A gun is dangerous unless it is hammerless.

28. Provided it is hammerless, a gun is fairly safe.

29. A gun is fairly safe provided it is hammer

less.

30. A well-made gun is fairly safe, provided it is hammerless.

31. Although guns kick, boys like them.

32. Boys like guns, although guns are dangerous.

33. Boys like guns, even if guns are dangerous.

34. He carries his gun with raised hammers, as if he were a fool.

35. Even if guns are dangerous, foolish persons will carry them carelessly.

36. Notwithstanding he has been warned, he will fire that old charge.

37. He will probably get killed, notwithstanding he has been warned.

38. This gun has been made hammerless in order that it may be safe.

39. In order that it may not scatter, this gun has been choke-bored.

40. Hold your peace till you know which man is at fault.

41. A lie begets a lie, till they come to generations.

42. Agree, for the law is costly. Agree, for fighting is still more costly.

232. ORAL EXERCISE.-A. Learn and recite the following connectives that begin subordinate clauses, mere parts of sentences:

Group 1: where, wherever.

Group 2: when, while, since, until, just as, as soon as, as long as.

Group 3: because, for, as.