These sentences are all good English. But such a one as The sun is risen does not always seem strong enough to us. We like to think of things as doing something. So we have fallen into a way of saying The sun has risen.

399. While we are speaking of participles used in the predicate, we must notice another interesting difference in meaning. Compare

two sentences:

1. The cook was baking the apple.

2. The apple was baked by the cook,

We see that baking and baked are both predicate adjectives after was. But baking takes an object, apple. It is therefore called an active participle. Baked represents the apple as acted on, and is called a passive participle. The cook acted. The apple lay passive in the cook's hands while it was washed and placed in the oven; and there it again lay passive, being made brown and wrinkled and sugary.

We may think of was baked as a whole verb, if we wish. Then we call it a passive verbphrase, or passive group-verb.

The passive participles are merely the past participles of transitive verbs (308).

400. Intransitive verbs, like rise, go, lie, have present participles like rising, going, lying, and past participles like risen, gone, lain. But none of these are active or passive.

1. The moon is rising; some stars have risen.
2. My friend has gone, and I am going.

3. The book is lying where it has lain all day.

The link-verb is has the link-participles being and been.

1. The apple is being baked.
2. The apple was being baked.
3. The apple has been baked.

CHAPTER VII

ADVERBS

401. Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.

402. Adverbs of time, place, manner, degree. Consider the sentence: Bring that dish here, now, carefully. The verb is bring. It is modified by here, which tells the place of bringing; and by now, which tells the time of bringing; and by carefully, which tells the manner of bringing. Here, now, and carefully tell where, when, and how the dish is to be brought. Here, now, and carefully are called adverbs. Here is an adverb of place; now an adverb of time; carefully an adverb of manner.

Consider also this sentence: Bring that very full dish most carefully. Note the adverbs very and most. They show how full, how carefully. They show the desired degree of fulness and Very modifies full, and most modifies carefully. But full is an adjective, and carefully is an adverb. We see then that an ad

care.

verb of degree can modify an adjective or an adverb.

Adverbs of time show when; adverbs of place show where; adverbs of manner show how.

Adverbs of degree are attached to verbs, adjectives, or adverbs to show how much, or to what extent.

403. Mood-adverbs.

Consider the sentence:

Bring the dish with care, for perhaps it will spill. The adverb is perhaps. But it does not show when, where, or how. It shows the speaker's

uncertain mood of mind.

He does not know

whether the dish will spill or not, but he thinks Mood-adverbs show the speaker's atti

it may.

The

tude of mind toward his own assertion. chief mood-adverbs are perhaps, possibly, probably, surely, certainly.

A few adverbs sometimes show manner or degree, sometimes mood. In Fido wags his tail sadly, sadly describes the manner of Fido's wagging. But in Fido is sadly lacking in good sense, sadly has two uses. First it shows the degree of the adjective lacking. Then it shows the speaker's mood. Fido's lack of good sense makes the speaker sad.

Mood-adverbs usually seem attached to verbs

or to predicate adjectives, but they modify the entire statement. They often begin or end the sentence rather than accompany the verb (221).

404. Nouns as adverbs. Nouns are sometimes used as adverbs, to show when, how long, or how far.

1. He studies, evenings. 2. He works all day.

3. He staid an hour.

4. He walked a mile.

But the word place is not used as an adverb by careful speakers.

Let us go some place is vulgar English for Let us go somewhere.

It must be some place else is vulgar English for It must be somewhere else.

405. PRACTISE EXERCISE.

Each member of

the class should repeat the following sentences,

supplying the adverb somewhere.

be

1. Let's go

else. 2. The book isn't here; it must else. 3. I wish I were else. 4. In pleasant weather I often feel like playing truant; I want to go anywhere; I get tired of school and want to be

5. Look in every place; you will find it

else.