to a wrong appetite, to any human weakness, to any failure, he is a slave. As he day by day crushes out human weakness and re-creates a new self from the sin and folly of the past-he is a king.

"Every boy must begin in youth to tame these wild beasts of his passions if he would draw their teeth and clip their claws. This is the task of life, to tame them into domestic animals and servants, restive perhaps, but submissive."

4. Experience shows that, quicker than almost any other physical agency, alcohol breaks down a man's power of self-control; and this is a moral injury a thousand times worse than the physical evils, great as they are. Manhood is lost, and the drunken man surrenders the reins of his nature to a fool or a fiend. Lyman Beecher was once asked why he was a total abstainer. He replied, "I thought I had better use my head." The young man who means to do the best possible work his body and mind can do, must keep his body and mind as pure as Beecher kept his brain. The laws of health are as sacred as the Ten Commandments.

5. Intemperance destroys self-respect, the soul's health. Gluttony and drunkenness cause disgust to those about us. The candy habit is too often carried to excess; and to deny one's self this indulgence is good practice in self-restraint, which is a great help in controlling more dangerous appetites. "The appetites are so insidious: First, there occurreth to the mind a simple evil thought; then a strong imagination; afterward delight; and lastly consent. A step toward temperance is appeal to the higher senses. The choice given to children between a second dish of ice cream or a bunch of flowers, usually falls on the flowers.

6. The value of total abstinence is becoming widely recognized, and the U. S. Steel Company and the Pennsylvania Railroad have lately put out a rule that any employee who takes even a single glass of liquor will be discharged; and the belief is rapidly extending through the large industrial establishments that total abstinence will probably do more for the cause of temperance than all legislation, for it defines that absolute temperance is the requirement of business success.

7. When the dangers which arise from the awakening life become great and imminent, young men and women should cultivate high intellectual aims and social feelings, and develop the taste for music, painting, sculpture, and literature.

8. The welfare of the State demands that every one shall practice temperance, as the root and groundwork of an orderly life-temperance in all things, not only in personal habits, but in thought and action.

ELUCIDATION AND TRAINING:

1. Commend the children who have signed the Pledge, for their power of self-denial, and by unmis

Alecister

takable approval encourage the movement; show how the young are well adapted to become "total abstainers." In explaining the word "enough," do not fail to admit that some habits and constitutions need more than others, and that "enough" means just sufficient to support that constitution in health, allowing for its habits, sedentary or laboriously active, as the case may be. Class to repeat the proverb, "Enough is as good as a feast," simultaneously, and to give its meaning.

2. Benefits of Temperance. When physiology is taught, the upper children may be made, by Socratic questioning, to instruct the younger ones; in any case the effects of excess upon the human frame may be judiciously dwelt upon for a few minutes, and to younger children a common object (as a steam-engine) may readily serve as an illustration in dealing with the over-working of the organs (the distended stomachthe choked furnace; the excited brain-dangerously accelerated fly wheel; the mad freaks in which an intoxicated man will sometimes indulge, and which serve as an outlet for his superfluous but artificial animal spirits the rush of steam from the waste-pipe, etc., etc.). The class can be shown that excess in food, drink, or tobacco must mean excess in expenditure, and therefore less to save. Refer to the lunatic asylums, many inmates of which might be better in a "Home for Inebriates."

3. Excess. Younger children will easily understand the terms "sot" and "drunkards." Let the teacher earnestly speak to children of this kind of excess, and put as warning beacons, the poets Burns and Byron; Alexander the Great, who died drunk, and Porson, the greatest of modern Greek scholars, who would even drink ink when he had no means of getting stimulants. Tell them that the Spartans used to make a slave drunk, and exhibit him in that state before the boys, that seeing his degradation they should learn to resist intoxicants. Explain the word "glutton" to the younger children. Exhibit "gluttony" as being quite as debasing as the last-named vice; for overindulgence in food makes us heavy, diseased, and listless, with no interest in anything but what affects the stomach. Mention waste of money caused by this habit of "dainty feeding"; gout of upper classes of society; illustrate by the "surprising cure of gout" in "Sanford and Merton."

4. Senior classes may have the word "epicure" explained to them, as a term applied to the followers of Epicurus (Acts xvii, 18). Illustrate by the manner in which Anglo-Indians destroy their liver with condiments, and how gourmands invariably suffer from dyspepsia. Take a lenient view of over-work, but yet show its immorality; allude passingly to excess in tobacco, and condemn the use of opium as an indulgence; show that every man owes a duty to the world, and has therefore no more right to cut his life short by over-work or by over-study than by over-eating, over-drinking, or any other excess. However, distinguish between the characters of these two kinds of

cxcesses.

5. Evils of Intemperance. Apply this more especially to gluttony, although headache, etc., may be shown to follow dissipation; depict the bitterness of forced abstinence to the drunkard under medical treatment; condemn the glutton and gourmand as

well as the drunkard. Show that with "quiet drunkards" penury and disease follow them, if violence and crime do not. Illustrate the miserable influence of intemperance, and teach that even beasts seldom

or never eat to excess.

6. Practical Lessons. Illustrate by cases of drunkards "signing the pledge" and then breaking out again in a short time; and show that a steady determination and a removal from temptation are requisite. At the same time admit that no obstacle should ever be put in the way of such persons "signing," for we can always but hope that each latest resolution may be lasting in its nature, and the happy end of all former follies. Even if stimulants are sometimes necessary to the exhausted nature of adults, show that this cannot be the case with the "young and strong.' Make this a practical lesson; and show how Temperance "is a guard to virtue and a check to vice." Encourage the formation of "Anti-Cigarette Leagues," which are doing much to curtail the habit. It is related that a drama has been written for one of these Leagues that contained a scene in which one of the characters entered with a cigarette in his mouth. Not a boy in the school would take the part.

7. Practice. Let each boy sign a personal pledge with himself, "I will not drink; I will not smoke cigarettes; I will be a king over myself, and not be a slave to any habit."

EXAMPLES:

Lyman Beecher,
William E. Dodge,

John B. Gough,

Frances E. Willard,

Horace Greeley,
Howard Crosby,

Samuel Fenton Cary,
George A. Custer,
John Wesley,
Neal Dow,

John Pierpont,

Clinton B. Fisk,

Horace B. Claflin,

Samuel Saucerman.

APPLICATION:

Neal Dow was an ardent advocate of the habit of temperance for more than seventy years. What converted him to total abstinance was the mischief wrought by wine and whiskey, and his sympathy for the multitudes of suffering people. "What can I do to help these miserable people? Shall I advise them to be moderate?" That did no good. "Let us try a new plan, and not drink at all." This actually worked, and out of this resolve to be a total abstainer grew the character of his life.

General Custer promised a sister that he would give up drinking, and he kept his pledge. Lyman Beecher was one of the first advocates of temperance. When he attended an ordination, he noticed that decanters of liquor were set out as a matter of course, and that in a short time the atmosphere of the room I was like that of a barroom. This woke him up, and he secured the appointment of a committee to report what means could be devised to stem the tide of this evil. He delivered sermons and addresses

which have been declared to have exceeded in eloquence anything in the English language. He was the apostle of temperance reform.

John B. Gough, having overcome his own intemperate habits, lectured throughout the length and breadth of the land, and most effectually carried on the work of Mr. Beecher.

William E. Dodge became early an advocate of temperance, and promoted the reform by voice, pen, and liberal pecuniary contributions. He interested others to join him in the founding of the State Asylum for Inebriates, at Binghampton, N. Y., the New York Christian Home for Inebriate Men, and several other institutions for similar ends. He was the president of the National Temperance Society and publishing house from its organization.

Samuel Saucerman is the originator of the "Trimmer Band," which is an unique and effective method of promoting temperance and thrift in the young, from nine to sixteen years of age. To every boy in the State of Iowa who will take the pledge to abstain from tobacco in every form, intoxicating liquor, gambling and profane language, Mr. Saucerman will give $1.00 upon his joining one of these "Trimmer Bands," and will pay him one cent a day for three years, and another $1.00 at the end of that period. Members of these "Bands" are urged to save their nickels and dimes, which would otherwise be spent for tobacco and liquor, and also hold monthly meetings to discuss economy, finance, clean living, and everything in line with industry and morals. To show good faith, each boy must deposit 50 cents with his first dollar, and at the end of the three years, even if he has not himself saved a cent, he will have $12.00. The object is to establish habits of saving, which will enable every boy at twenty-one to have saved sufficient to start him in life, or to go to college. This is a new and practical philanthropy which will leave its impress upon that State, and it is hoped it will be imitated in every State of the Union.

Howard Crosby was a potent factor in the cause of temperance. He founded, and until his death was the first president, of the Society for the Prevention of Crime, the purpose of which was the restriction of the liquor traffic. Samuel Fenton Cary early abandoned the bar to devote his energies to the cause of temperance, and became the head of the Sons of Temperance. He was one of the greatest lecturers upon the subject in this country, and he had such force of character and was so popular, that the Greenback party tried to elect him vice-president, with Peter Cooper as president.

Clinton B. Fisk was a man of high integrity and strong convictions. He lost most of his fortune in personally paying the debts of his banking firm in the financial crisis of 1857. He organized the Freedmen's Courts, and was the founder of the Fisk University, for which the famous Fisk Jubilee Singers raised over $150,000. He was an earnest advocate and supporter of temperance, and was the Prohibition candidate for the presidency

LITERATURE:

FOR OLDER CHILDREN

Read "The Vagabonds," by J. T. Trowbridge; "The Water Drinker," by Edward Johnson; Matthew

1. Temperance and labor are the two best physicians of man.-ROUSSEAU.

2. O that men should put an enemy into their mouths, to steal away their brains! that we should with joy, revel, pleasure, and applause transform ourselves into beasts.-SHAKESPEARE.

3. Moderation is the silken skein_running through the pearl chain of all virtues.-DR. FULLER.

4. Temperance is a bridle of gold; he who uses it rightly is more like a god than like a man.-RICHARD BURTON.

5. Temperance keeps the senses clear and unembarrassed, and makes them seize the object with more keenness and satisfaction. It appears with life in the face, and decorum in the person; it gives you the command of your head, secures your health, and preserves you in a condition for business.-JEREMY COLLIER.

6. Making drunkenness infamous would do more than all things else toward checking, and to a large degree entirely preventing, the use of strong drink of any kind in families and on occasions of social festivity, and would multiply beyond any other conceivable cause the number of total abstinents.-A. P. PEABODY.

7. Abstaining so as to enjoy is the very perfection of reason.-EPICURUS.

8.

Howard Crosby

Take temperance to thy breast
While yet is the hour of choosing,
For better than fortune's best

Is mastery in the using.

-LOUISE IMOGEN GUINEY.

9. Temperance puts coals on the fire, meal in the barrel, money in the purse, credit in the community, contentment in the house, clothes on the children, vigor in the body, intelligence in the whole constitution -BENJAMIN FRANKLIN.

10. Intemperance is a hydra with a hundred heads. It stalks abroad in company with impurity, anger, and the most infamous profligance.-ST. CHRYSOSTOM.

11. He that would kill the hydra had better strike off one neck than five heads.-QUARLES.

12. The excesses of our youth are drafts upon our old age, payable with interest about thirty years from date.-C. C. COLTON.

13. What does drink cost in human misery? It costs millions of money, myriads of criminals, thousands of paupers, thousands of ruined women, hundreds of thousands goaded by misery into suicide or madness, with every blossom of what might have been the garland of their lives, blighted as by a Fury's breath. F. W. FARRAR.

INTRODUCTION:

Relate the story of Sir Walter Raleigh spreading his coat for Queen Elizabeth to walk upon. There was a little newsboy in New York who was animated by the same spirit. He was standing, with hundreds of little waifs, waiting for admittance outside of a mission hall, in which was to be a Christmas tree. The keen wind swept around the corner, and the cold ground kept them all shivering. One little girl, with ragged shoes, seemed to suffer from the cold ground more than the others, and kept shifting from one foot to the other, vainly trying to keep her feet warm. newsboy had been watching her for some time, forgetful of his own discomfort, and finally threw his tattered hat at her feet, and with the same chivalrous spirit and courtesy of Raleigh, said, "You can stand on that."

Deduce the word, Courtesy. DEFINITION:

The

sincere kindness and attention. It goes beneath the surface to the spirit prompting the word and deed.

2. Courtesy implies a recognition of the other person's dignity. It is treating another as though that other were truly his ideal self.

3. Courtesy is perhaps more important in the family than anywhere else, because in this relation people are thrown most closely together, and need the protection of courtesy, which is the best means of avoiding unpleasant friction and unhappiness.

4. True courtesy is not something artificial; it is the expression of thoughtfulness for others. As Lyman Abbott says, courtesy is simply love applied in social life to the conduct of small affairs. Good feeling and good sense underlie all rules of courtesy. The first thing, therefore, for one to do, who wishes to develop a courteous habit is to cultivate good feeling and good sense. expression "be courteous," rendered from the original Greek in our English Bible, is literally be friendly minded."

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The

5. Rudeness and boorishness sometimes spring from ignorance, but are more often the expression of selfishness, which forgets the feelings and tastes of others.

6. Good manners have their roots in right

reening, and the passport to good society is fine manners. The Aladdin's lamp of success in business is courtesy. It costs nothing and buys everything.

7. Emerson says that manners are the happy way of doing things: each at once a stroke of genius or of love, now repeated and hardened into usage. They form at last a rich varnish with which the routine of life is washed and its details adorned. Give a boy address and accomplishments, and you give him the mastery of palaces and fortune. Your manners are always under examination, by committees little suspected, and by police in citizen's clothes, who are awarding or denying you high prizes when you least think of it. Manners impress, as they indicate, real power. What is done for effect is sure to be seen that it is done for effect. Men take each other's measure when they meet for the first time. It is, after all, the real man that gives distinction to his manners. There are manners that give the impression of personal beauty, that are suddenly better than beauty-that refine us, even more than beauty.

But

8. The gentleman is a man of truth, lord of his own actions, and expressing that lordship in his behavior. No rent roll or army list can dignify skulking or dissimulation; the first points of courtesy must be heartiness and sympathy. after all, behind all royalty of manner must be a heart of love. Defect in manners is usually the defect in fine perceptions. And yet the commonest man who has an ounce of sense and feeling is conscious of the difference between a lovely, delicate woman and a coarse one.

9. Fine manners, springing from a loving heart, make the homeliest person beautiful, and dower the least intellectual with an irresistible fascination. And the best of it is this prescription is within everybody's reach.

10. A boy cannot too early learn to take off his hat when spoken to; in a little while it will become instinctive, and he will take it off automatically upon proper occasions. Let him also remember that the hall-mark of good breeding is not to interrupt.

11. The word "Gentleman" is an homage to certain indefinable and incommunicable qualities, which attract persons of every country; and it is at once felt as if the individual gave the Masonic sign of nobility of character. It is a sign of the spirit rather than of the talent of men.

12. Thomas Fuller relates that when Queen Elizabeth upon one occasion came to a muddy spot in her path, Sir Walter Raleigh, one of her attendant courtiers, immediately spread his splendid velvet cloak over the mire, that Her Majesty might cross without soiling her feet. This act of princely courtesy has become historic. But when our friends, who are the royalty in our lives, come

Retu upon the mudholes of our making the disagreeablenesses, the annoyances, the irritations of lifeshall we be less chivalric than Sir Walter? Following the example of that loyal devotion, should we not cast our best mantle of courtesy and cheerful diversion over the mire, that our friends may walk over unstained, and even unaware of soil or discomfort? Such opportunities occur every day, and are the test of the loyalty of our courtesy.

13. If good manners include good language, the best means of attaining this is to read aloud one or two hours each day. This will induce a grace of speech fully as important as grace of behavior, in opening the door of cultivated society.

14. The measure of the refinement of a nation is shown by the manners of its people; and the state has a right to expect that everybody will maintain the dignity of its position.

ELUCIDATION AND TRAINING:

1. Courtesy is derived from "Court" and is allied to courtliness. Courtesy springs from a sense of justice a desire to give others their due. Show that courtesy really consists in considering self last. In the story of Raleigh impress that this was courtesy in one sense, and that there are occasions when something more than courtesy is needed. More than this veneer of courtesy is shown in the conduct of Outram, who won for himself the proud title of the "Bayard of India," the "knight sans peur et sans reproche." When Havelock was prosecuting his great march for the relief of Lucknow, Sir James Outram was sent out to supersede him. Poor Havelock, though filled with bitter disappointment, was ready to obey; but when Outram discovered what marvellous feats the unyielding courage and determination of Havelock and his brave men had accomplished, he refused to take the glory which belonged to another, and insisted upon his brother officer finishing the work and earning his glory, while he himself served under him. So by requring self-repression, courtesy may become a positive virtue. In making acquaintance of a person, the very first thing that impresses us is his behavior, and from this we at once form an opinion favorable or otherwise.

Per

2. Phases of Courtesy. Speak of the appreciation every one has for good manners, and how quickly they are noticed in children. Condemn rough play, nicknames, shuffling gait, etc. Let the class enumerate all the common usages of good manners. haps they will more readily give the breaches of good manners; if so, invert the answers to meet the purpose; viz: knocking at a door before entering. Using the courtesy titles, "Sir," "Ma'am, "Miss,' etc. Giving thanks, and saying Please." General politeness, etc., etc. Mention that the French are proverbially polite. Contrast the behavior of a French crowd with that of our English crowds; how the French would form into a queue if waiting for a pleasure boat, etc. Teach that want of courtesy may spoil a man's good intentions, as rust will spoil the edge of a blade, however good the steel may be; that we should be especially thoughtful of those who are (as it is said) socially beneath us, when we remem.

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ber there is a ground of equality far nobler than that of a mere accident of birth. Inveigh against gruff exclamations-as, "Now, then!" Look sharp!" etc., and even go so far as to check vulgar expressions and bad grammar. Teach how children should "give way" to their elders, and should always behave decently in places of worship and public resort, and have a becoming reverence for certain persons and places. Again impress that by placing "self last," and being thoughtful for others, we are cultivating good manners; that "self last" is an infallible criterion to judge by.

3. Show that, so far from the really great being discourteous, it is the opposite the ignorant and the vain; instance Roscoe Conkling. Teach that good humor is the habit of being easily pleased; a habit that fortifies its owner against being surprised into forgetfulness of what is due to others, and prepares him to treat everybody well. Exhibit how a gloomy, discontented man can think of few but himself; his temper being sour, his treatment of others will be sour. Teach that it matters not how awkward a person may be-if considerateness still characterizes his conduct he is yet polite; that as we do not always know the troubled frame of mind of those we meet, a harsh word or a rude act may be to them as a heavy blow to a cripple, while a kind word may be as balm. Insist on the wrong of ridiculnig others' defects— bodily, mental, or moral-and illustrate with the story of Southey and the Blackamoor, who as boys attended the same school: the latter was the butt of the others, who used to derisively bawl "Blackamoor" after him. One day young Southey having broken his skates summoned up courage to go and borrow of the "Blackamoor," who was only too glad to do his enemy a good turn; and when the skates were returned at night with profuse thanks, he asked with tears in his eyes that he might not be called "Blackamoor" again. Southey took the lad under his protection, and they became firm friends.

4. Show that it is always courteous to give way and allow others the preference; that courtesy is becoming to all ages and classes, and at all times, but that civility and respectfulness are very essential to young persons going out into the world to earn their living; that courtesy necessitates some amount of trouble being taken, and that it is sometimes advisable to ask permission even when it may be doubtful whether such a course is really necessary; but that saying, "May I" do this, or the other? is very little trouble, and obviates unpleasant consequences; that as courteous conduct marks the true gentleman, every lad, whether he is destined only to wield a pick or mend shoes, may be and ought to be a true gentleman: he ought by his conduct to deserve what Tennyson calls "the grand old name of gentleman." Say our word "gentleman" corresponds to the old word "knight" in many particulars a man of polite and gracious bearing (like Thackeray's Colonel Newcome); and that as "a soft answer turneth away wrath," so individual and international courtesy may remove quarrelling among children and war among nations.

5. Practice. Let every one say that, to-day he is an attendant upon a queen, and try to behave as though he were a courtier.

EXAMPLES:

Alexander Hamilton,
Lyman Abbott,
George William Curtis,
Robert E. Lee,
Roscoe Conklin,
Henry Van Dyke,
Gen. W. S. Hancock,
John Lothrop Motley,
Charles W. Eliot.

APPLICATION:

Emerson says,

"A beautiful behavior in women is better than a beautiful form." Gen. Hancock's superb manners made him the idol of the army. George William Curtis was the ideal of a fine-mannered gentleman. The grace and charm of his writings were but the reflection of the delighful geniality of his daily life. Motley made the famous bon mot, "I can spare the necessities of life, but not the luxuries." Roscoe Conklin courteously escorted a colored senator to be introduced to the vice-president, when his colleague, whose duty it was to make this introduction, neglected to perform it. Even Alexander Hamilton's bitterest enemies admitted the irresistible charm of his manner and conversation. Dr. Abbott is the embodiment of his preaching, and is admired and beloved by all who come even remotely within the circle of his influence. His kindly manner and courteous speech have endeared him to his generation. Gen. Lee's character was of the highest and purest type. His abounding spirits made him the life of social gatherings, and, while dignified in his bearing, he was gracious in the extreme to all acquaintances. Dr. Van Dyke is the genial and welcome guest in every gathering.

Charles W. Eliot is a great inspirer of men. Through his own courteous attitude he commands an unconscious response which reaches beyond the outward form of courtesy, and inspires a spirit of good-will, sympathy and obedience. He introduced a system of discipline based upon personal loyalty to college interests, and while there is less tolerance of disorder and immorality than ever before, large classes of college offences have ceased to exist, because under his administration they were no longer prohibited. It is related that at a faculty meeting shortly after he had been indutced into office, one of the faculty asked him with considerable severity the reason for this doing away with time-honored rules of discipline; when the young president replied, with great sweetness and courtesy, "The reason is, we have a new president." His courteous attitude has endeared him to the Nation, and given him the titles of "The First American Citizen," "The Brother of all Teachers," and "The Friend of every Lover of his Country."

It is related that Washington once applied some opprobrious remark to Col. Payne, who sprang to his feet and knocked Washington down. In those days such an affront was usually followed by a duel; but Washington, when he met his antagonist shortly afterwards, extended his hand and said, "Col. Payne, I used language that was unbecoming a gentleman, and you promptly knocked me down. If you have had sufficient satisfaction, let us be friends."

The Hon. W. P. Fessenden unintentionally made