horses shot from under him, and although wounded himself kept in the field, and won from Grant the statement, "To his individual efforts I am indebted for the success of that battle." The same indefatigable obedience to the fulfillment of duty, enabled him to make his memorable "March to the sea."

6. General Thomas, when asked by General Rosecrans to protect his retreat, replied, "This army cannot retreat," and then by a brilliant attack turned threatened defeat into victory. At Chickamauga he maintained his position against desperate odds when the rest of the Federal forces were routed, and earned the sobriquet, "Rock of Chickamauga.” LITERATURE:

FOR YOUNG CHILDREN

Read to the children the fable, "The Oak and the Reed."

FOR OLDER CHILDREN

Read "The Little People of the Snow," by Bryant; "Jim Bludsoe," by John Hay; "Casabianca," "The Spanish Champion," by Felicia Hemans; "Paul Revere's Ride," by Longfellow; "Charge of the Light Brigade," by Tennyson; "A Message to Garcia," by Elbert Hubbard; "Honor Thy Father and Mother," "Obedient Servants," by Clara J. Denton; "Obedience," by Phoebe Cary; "Captains Courageous," by Kipling. Psalm I. Matt. V. 19-20.

6. Wicked men obey from fear, but the good, for love.

7. True obedience neither procrastinates nor questions.-FRANCIS QUARLES.

8. "Thus saith the Lord"-should begin every song.-EMERSON.

9. There is no use in arguing with the inevitable; the only argument with an east wind is to put on your overcoat.

10. Follow orders; plough and sow, but do not ask why. One alone knows why, and that One loves thee; let it suffice.-CHARLES WAGNER.

II. And yet this manly boy, who loved all manly things, thought it noble to yield the most implicit obedience to his mother, and never thought it made a milksop of him to do exactly as his mother bade him.-MARGARET S. PRESTON.

12. Obedience is the grandest thing in the world to begin with. I do not think the time will ever come when we shall not have something to do, because we are told to do it, without knowing why. one essential of chivalry was obedience.-GEORGE MACDONALD.

The

The rules of it have

13. Yes, life is a game. been made independently of me, but they are absolute, and we must obey them. These rules are the laws of nature, the laws of health, the laws of intellect,above all, the laws of God. Disobey them, and you make life a misery, and death a ruin.-FREDERIC W. FARRAR.

14. An acre of performance is worth a whole world of promise.-W. D. HOWELLS.

15. The soldier who executes his captain's commands is no less valuable than the captain who gives the order.-CERVANTES.

16. Fear God and keep His commandments; for this is the whole duty of man.-Ecclesiastes XII: 13.

A merchant required an additional clerk and advertised for a boy. The first boy that answered was ushered into a vacant room, and told to sit in a particular chair and wait. Looking around, he saw upon the floor, just by the chair, a one dollar bill, folded closely, as though it had been inadvertently dropped. He picked up the bill, and satisfying his conscience that "Finding is having," even though on another's premises, he put it into his pocket. Almost immediately the merchant came in, and after a few questions, dismissed the boy as not satisfactory. The next boy was seated in the same chair, and he also saw a one dollar

bill lying in the same manner beside him; but he picked it up and laid it on the table. The merchant entered, and after some questions, pointed to the bill and asked where it came from. The boy said, he saw it on the floor and put it where it would be safe. The merchant said, "As it did not appear to belong to any one, why did you not keep it?" The boy replied, "because it did not belong to me." "My boy," said the merchant, "You have chosen the road that inevitably leads to business success. The boy before you chose the wrong one. But how did you learn that this was the right path?" The boy answered, "My mother made me promise never, under any

circumstances, to take what did not belong to me; and I promised." Later in life this boy became Secretary of the Treasury.

Inquire of the class what should be done with all property-money, knives, books, etc.-found on the school premises? (Brought to the teacher.) For what purpose? (To be restored, if possible, to rightful owner.) What to be done with property found in the public thoroughfares? (Handed to the police, or other proper authorities, for the same purpose.) Now, what are people called who are so particular in this respect? (Honest.) If possible, obtain the substantive "Honesty" by leading questions.

DEFINITION:

Honesty is that sense of right which prevents us from taking or using anything that does not rightly belong to us.

INTERPRETATION:

1. Honesty and truthfulness in their broader sense mean the same thing; but in these Lessons they are separated, in order to emphasize the narrow and commoner acceptation, but they both lead immediately to the larger meaning. Honesty is the hand-maiden of Truth. It is the plainest and commonest manifestation of the principle of truth. Honesty may be for the present purpose considered to mean not taking what belongs to another.

2. Honesty is the one great fact in human conduct. Society is like a building which stands firm if is has a strong foundation. The house that is not builded upon trustworthy foundations is unsafe, and is of no use in the world. "The three tools of precision necessary in all building are the square, the plumb-line and the level. So it is in life; every transaction with our fellows must be square, every thought must be plumb, every motive, level, if to thine own self thou would'st be true."

3. Society exists because men trust one another; so that a dishonest man should have no place in civilized society. He belongs to the barbarous times, before men had learned the worth and importance of trustworthiness. A dishonest man should be considered an enemy to mankind, who is making war upon civilization and the upward progress of man.

4. There are various means of dishonesty that do not come within the reach of the law. This kind of deception is even worse than illegal actions, for a man uses the law, which is meant to protect society, as a cover from which he can attack society.

5. Stealing is considered vulgar, and a man of business would despise himself to stoop to such low-bred practices. But stealing is now a fine art, and by stock manipulation, by adulteration, by false weights, they continue to steal like the common thief. Capitalization is increased until its

Theodore Roosevelt.

dividends pass out of percent into what should properly be called larceny.

6. All bad work is stealing. It is thoroughly dishonest to even slight one's work. It may be overlaid with a fair show of sufficiency, but it is deceit. So long as work is slighted, what folly it is to talk of the dignity of labor and the social freedom of the working man.

7. Gambling at the very heart of it is mean, ignoble, dishonest. It means getting something for nothing. Every time a man gambles, he wants to take something out of somebody else's pocket without rendering anything in return. And of all dishonesty this is the meanest. There is no getting away from this plain statement of the case.

8. Sir Benj. Rudyard once said, "No man is bound to be rich or great-no, nor to be wise; but every man is bound to be honest." This means that honesty is more important than money or station or wisdom. Honesty is the hall mark which character stamps upon a man, and above all things gives him intrinsic worth in the world of affairs.

One of the wisest and most successful men in the world of affairs has said, "There is nothing shrewder in this world than intelligent honesty."

9. A merchant prince once pointed out a clerk in his employ to a friend, and said, "That young man is my banker. He alone has entire control of my finances. He could abscond with a hundred thousand dollars without my preventing it." Seeing the friend's evident disapproval at so great trust in one man, he continued, "I would trust him as I would my minister. He is absolutely honest; he could not steal. And there are thousands of such men who have passed beyond temptation because of the ingrained, undisturbed integrity, acquired by a reverence for right and an early resolution to be a true man.

10. When the writer was visiting a certain school, a little fellow came up and spoke to the teacher. After he had returned to his seat the teacher said, "There is a boy I can trust."

Think

of that commendation! What a character that boy had earned! He had already what would in the future be worth to him more than a fortune. It would be a passport into the best store in the city, and what is better, into the confidence and respect of the entire community. If boys only knew how soon they are observed and rated by other people, they would be more careful of their behavior and habits. The boy of whom the master can say, "I can trust him," will never want employment.

11. Unscrupulous dishonesty will be met every where on life's thoroughfare, but if youth is thoroughly mailed with unyielding honesty, having a conscience quick to detect untruth, temptation will be disarmed. If the soul is right inside, there is no temptation.

12. The State was never in more need of uncompromising honesty than it is to-day. Corruption in high places is the canker at the root of our institutions, which really endangers their stability; and the safety of the State demands that the children under its protection and instruction shall determine to put on such an armor of honesty as will make the scandals of the present day an impossibility.

ELUCIDATION AND TRAINING:

1. Honesty an imperative duty. Distinctly demonstrate that this is the first imperative duty, and that the possession of all the other virtues without this would avail nothing. Repel with indignation the idea that any child in the school would be guilty of direct theft; but while scouting the possibility of such a thing, assure the class that there are other cases of dishonesty, quite as reprehcnsible, which sometimes occur amongst them, almost unnoticed, and often self-excused and self-condoned. A good teacher could here depict the heinousness of this offence of theft, without specifying its particular form, and excite the keenest interest in an imaginary delinquency of this kind.

2. Having carried the class along so far, now put down these heads on the blackboard, passing over (a) If we steal, with a few expressions of abhorrence. If cases of pilfering have occurred in school, show how little things lead on to greater ones. (b) If we cheat or "copy," may be amplified and dwelt upon as it appeals directly to a scholar. Show the various forms of cheating and of cribbing lessons. Demonstrate that work that has been cribbed does not belong to the one cribbing it, is the absolute property of the child who produced it, and that this work of the brain has tangible rights like other property (elder children may understand a few words about Copyright, as an illustration of the polnt.) (c) If we borrow what we cannot repay. Condemn this practice of borrowing with no intention of returning. Allude to the dishonesty of fraudulent bankruptcies, clothing the matter in suitable language. Deal with dishonest and wasteful extravagance. (d) If we appropriate (use as our own) that which belongs to others. how this leads to (1) pilfering, with children, and (2) peculation, with adults. Illustrate by the trial and conviction of Wm. M. Tweed.

Show

3. Enlarge upon the duties and responsibilities of youths going into positions of trust, and exhort them to keep "above suspicion," and to be extremely and anxiously careful in their dealings with the money and property of others. Show how trifling delinquencies lead on to greater ones, especially plausible "borrowings." Paint a picture of a child stealing a penny, not being found out; then taking a larger sum, gradually increasing it. Then finally getting caught; then distrusted by his most sincere friends. The loss of self-respect steeps him in greater crime. The last picture shows him a man broken in strength, a bully and a criminal sitting on a stone bench, wearing a striped suit and with balls and chains strapped to his ankles. Declare that the laws of "Meum and Teum" (a phrase quickly caught up and remembered by children) are strictly defined.

4. Causes of dishonesty. (1) People sometimes

become dishonest if they get into the way of temptation. Prove that temptation is better fled if possible; it should never be invited. But if unavoidable, it must be manfully resisted. Exhort the class (a) never to enter into temptation themselves, or (b) to place others in a position of temptation. Teach that every right-thinking man learns to scorn the idea of doing a mean and dishonest thing. Illustrate by the boy who was advised to do a wrong thing on the score that "nobody would see him," and who replied that he should see himself and have cause to be ashamed. This spirit will save us in many a temptation. See example of George Jones. Show how people plausibly deceive themselves, by the anecdote of the boy who joined his comrades in plundering an orchard because his refraining from doing so would not save a single apple. Refer again to the duties of a "finder," and scorn any other course of action suggested by the probability of "no reward." Give higher motives.

5. People sometimes become dishonest if they are avaricious (greedy). Obtain from class how avarice (greediness) is preceded by envying (a wrongful wishing for), and that it is better to be satisfied than led on to theft; and how the desire for a present gratification is satisfied at the expense of a greater future evil.

6. "Honesty is the best policy," but he who acts upon that principle is not an honest man, says Bishop Whateley. While deploring the motive, demonstrate (a) That dishonesty does not pay in the long run; (b) That detection and punishment invariably follow it. Paint vividly and graphically the lasting disgrace of being convicted of theft. Show that an honest man is fearless, because nothing can be proved against him to hurt his fair name; like Brutus he can say "There is no terror, Cassius, in your threats; For I am armed so strong in 'honesty,' That they pass by me as the idle wind, Which I respect not."

Briefly explain who Cassius and Brutus were; merely say they were two great Roman generals who had quarrelled over some public expenditure. As rapidly convey the meaning of the passage. Pope's aphorism may be recited by the class, though perhaps the poet did not intend to use "honest" as here understood. Let the teacher recite Burns' stanza. Explain the terms "knight," "marquis," "duke" to junior classes as "great gentlemen," and convey a notion of the human impossibility here implied, by referring back to the "work of God."

7. Make clear that the boy who cheats at games really spoils them. It is the winning when played according to rule that constitutes the fun of winning. Also children should see to it that they give an honest return for the opportunity their parents are giving them to get an education. That return is the putting forth all one's powers in industrious and honest school work.

8. Practice. Let each child say over to himself, I will not soil my hands with thieving, nor scorch my soul with a wish to steal.

EXAMPLES:

Abraham Lincoln, Marshall Field,

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Stephen V. White,

George William Curtis,
Horace B. Claflin,
Samuel Appleton,
William J. Bryan,
George Jones,
Thurlow Weed,

APPLICATION:

1. Abraham Lincoln was called "Honest Abe," not in the limited sense of this Lesson, but because of the uprightness of his actions and the honesty of his soul. The very framework of his nature and moral being was honesty, and this sterling honesty so impressed itself upon those about him and upon the country as it grew to know him, that he was selected as the one person who could be trusted at a time when distrust, alienation and apprehension had become universal through the North. It was felt that the next president must be one whose character and moral force would challenge the respect and confidence of the entire country, or the ship of state would be wrecked in the storm that was threatening. Abraham Lincoln could be trusted. His unbending honesty and exact justice was the anchor that could not be dragged, and his resolution and persistence in the cause which his conscience approved became the salvation of the country; and it is to the greatness of his simple honesty that the entire world to-day pays its tribute, when it commerates the birthday of Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln's greatness does not rest upon mental attributes, but upon moral qualities, which are the common heritage of all his countrymen. It was the result of simple virtues and their all conquering power put into daily practice. It was the forbearance of the hour, the tact of the moment, that modelled the event. His triumph was the perfecting of qualities which all may command. If every one in this broad land developed the best that lies within him, Lincoln would be a type, and not an example.

2. Claflin, before he was twenty-one, had bought out his father's grocery business. Intoxicating liquors were at that time considered an indispensable part of the grocery equipment; but the young merchant, as soon as he came into possession, emptied the wine casks into the street. Later on he engaged in the dry goods business, a large portion of which was in the slave-holding states; and when anti-slavery principles involved a business loss to Northern merchants, Claflin announced himself an uncompromising opponent of slavery. Such a stand and the Civil War coming on cut off his resources and revenues, and he was forced to suspend. He asked from his creditors an extension of time on a basis of 70 per cent of his indebtedness; but soon after resuming business Claflin paid off his extended paper long before maturity, and also the 30 per cent which had been unconditionally released, not only paying the entire amount of his indebtedness but also paying interest on the debt.

3. Samuel Appleton when twenty-eight years old, began the business of cotton manufacturing. He was incapable of anything indirect or underhanded. He knew but one way of speaking, and that was to say the truth. As an evidence of the way in which he was regarded: when a note purporting to be signed by him was pronounced by him a forgery, although no

one was able to distinguish one handwriting from the other, the jury found a verdict in his favor, because they were quite sure that Mr. Appleton would not dispute the payment except upon the certainty of his not making it. During the later years of his life he made it a rule to spend his entire income every year, and there was scarcely any puplic enterprise or work of utility or charity, or any effort to promote the education of the city of Boston to which he was not a large contributor.

4. George Jones started as a clerk in a crockery store, where he was known as a bright, active and honest young man. On account of his good habits, and correct deportment, and affable manners, Henry J. Raymond, the great journalist, became interested in him, and together they started the New York Times. Mr. Jones was an indefatigable worker, and his unswerving fidelity to duty and conspicuous honesty soon made him a power in the Metropolis. When the Times was waging a crusade against the Tweed dynasty, he was approached with an offer of $5,000,000. for him to retire to Europe and live like a prince. "Yes," said Jones, "and know myself for a rascal."

5. In a corrupt time Thurlow Weed was incorrupt. He never handled a dishonest dollar. His influence in state affairs was so great that in the popular mind he came to be regarded as the de facto governor; and in national affairs it was so potent that he was able to control the presidential nominations of his party in all cases except where Lincoln was nominated. He declined three foreign missions, tendered him by three different presidents. He did not desire office, but preferred to be the power behind the throne, rather than the power on the throne.

6. Stephen V. White, a New York financier, became involved and only able to pay thirty-five cents on the dollar. His character for honesty and integrity was so established, that his creditors gave him an absolute, legal release from an indebtedness of almost a million. Within about a year he repaid principal and interest.

7. George William Curtis exhibited an unusual honesty. Not only had he a fine sense of obligation where there was no legal or moral responsibility, but he considered himself bound by obligations made by others, in which he had no part. Upon his father's death, Curtis assumed his liabilities, amounting to $20,000, which took many years of personal deprivation for him to pay; and later, upon the failure of a firm in which he was merely a special partner for only a small amount, and having no part in the management, he refused the immunity allowed under the law, and gave up almost his entire fortune to pay the firm's indebtedness.

LITERATURE:

FOR OLDER CHILDREN

Read Phillippians, IV, 8; "The Pied Piper of Hamlin," by Robert Browning. Psalm cxix, He. INSPIRATION:

1. "An honest man is the noblest work of God."POPE.

2. Immediately relinquish any advantage that has been gained without equity.-From the HINDU.

3. What is becoming is honest, and whatever is honest must always be becoming.-CICERO.

All other knowledge is hurtful to him Who has not honesty and good nature.

8.

-MONTAIGNE. Heav'n that made me honest, made me more Than ever king did, when he made a lord. -ROWE. 9. The shortest and surest way to live with honor in the world, is to be in reality what we would appear to be; and if we observe we shall find that all human virtues increase and strengthen themselves by the practice and experience of them.-SOCRATES.

10. An honest death is better than a dishonest life.-SOCRATES.

II. Many delight more in giving of presents than in paying their debts.-Sir P. SIDNEY. 12. To be honest, as this world goes,

Is to be one pick'd out of ten thousand.

-SHAKESPEARE..

13. He who praises freely what he means to purchase, and he who enumerates the faults of what he means

to sell, may set up a partnership with honesty.LAVATER.

14. An honest man is still an unmov'd rock,

Wash'd whiter, but not shaken with the shock,
Whose heart conceives no sinister device;
Fearless he plays with flames, and treads on ice.
-DAVENPORT.

15. "A king can mak' a belted knight,
A marquis, a duke, and a' that;
But an honest man's aboon his might,-
Guid faith, he mauna fa' that."

16.

-BURNS.

Who is the honest man?
He that doth still and strongly good pursue
To God, his neighbor and himself most true;
Whom neither force nor fawning can
Unpin, or wrench from giving all their due
Whose honesty is not

So loose or easy, that a ruffling wind Can blow away, or glittering look it blind; Who rides his sure and even trot, While the world now rides by, now lags behind. -GEORGE HERBERT. 17. If you wish for anything that belongs to another, that which was your own is lost.-EPICTETUS. 18. In vain we call old notions fudge,

And bend our conscience to our dealing; The Ten Commandments will not budge, And stealing will continue stealing. -LOWELL.

INTRODUCTION:

Relate the story of George Washington and the cherry tree, or any similar anecdote. With older children, show that one must have the spirit of Truthfulness, as well as the letter. Some boys were playing ball in the school yard, when crash went the ball through the school window. To avoid breaking windows, ball-playing was only allowed in a distant part of the yard. The schoolmaster rushed out, and demanded to know who had thrown that ball through the window, and threatened severe punishment to the culprit, for he thought it must have been thrown from the forbidden ground. Each boy, when separately questioned, denied having thrown the ball, or that there had been any ball-playing in the prohibited section. Finally one of the boys said to the master, "I think I am responsible for that broken window; for while we were playing ball in the proper grounds, and it is strictly true that I did not throw the ball against the window, it was I who batted the ball, and it struck against that near-by tree, and bounded against the window. It was an accident." What would that frank avowal be called? Obtain the answer, "Telling the Truth," and then if possible obtain, Truth

fulness. See story about Isaac Hopper, under Self-Respect.

DEFINITION:

Truthfulness is the habit of telling the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. INTERPRETATION:

1. Truth is reality. Truth is the one virtue of which there are no degrees, as Ruskin says. Truth is something more than Honesty; a person may be honest, but from lack of knowledge may, without intention, speak untruthfully. Truth is the perception of things as they really are; and therefore one must have knowledge added to honesty of intention to be an exponent of Truth. This is the meaning of the demand for an enlightened conscience. In the present application of the principle of Truth, Truthfulness may be considered to mean telling the truth.

2. Lying is a form of dishonesty. A lie is told either to get some advantage to which one has no valid claim, and is in reality cheating; or is to defend oneself from the bad consequences of action already done, which is also cheating-cheating justice.

3. Boys think it cowardly to go back on one's