INTRODUCTION: XXX. HOPEFULNESS. The great poets, painters, and musicians of the world needed more than their imagination to fill their pictures with such luxuriance of emotion, color, and tone. They needed enthusiasm, the abandon of ecstasy, the passion of pain, the hopefulness of affection. It is the expectation of. finding that achieves. They had the vision of beauty in their souls, and went out to find it. This is the great accomplishment that hopefulness enabled them to seek. Hopefulness under such inspiration becomes a passion, and one becomes lost in the enthusiasm of the work. It is the losing one's self in an idea that achieves. The possibility becomes a reality. Develop the word Hopefulness. DEFINITION: Hopefulness is that expectant desire that develops an enthusiasm to its attainment. INTERPRETATION: 1. Hopefulness is the natural attitude of children and young people. It should be taken as such and emphasized. The contrast between hopefulness and despair should be made prominent. The native worth of hopefulness should be insisted upon, for it is a virtue worth having, and worth keeping on into age. It helps in doing things. It makes happier the person who has it; and how contagious it is!-making for happier conditions about us. Hopefulness gives to life a larger optimism. 2. As an inheritance it should be treasured, and should be cultivated. The leaders of men are those who are full of some great and fruitful idea. That was the merit of Columbus. And he who is thus possessed sees clearly and maintains a cheerful courage where common men tremble and rebel. 3. While hopefulness, like beauty, is a divine gift, yet it can be cultivated; and cultivated with persistence it becomes enthusiasm. Enthusiasm signifies "God in us," which is its noblest definition. Enthusiasm strengthens the heart and strengthens the will; it gives force to the thought and nerve to the hand, until what was only a possibility becomes a reality. Enthusiasm is the compelling power that overcomes all obstacles. 4. No matter how skilfully constructed or how powerful a locomotive may be, unless the water is boiling it will not move an inch. The personalities of the world in every department of achievement have been chracterized by an enthusiasm which swept all opposition before it, like an ocean wave. "Nothing is so contagious as enthusiasm,' says Bulwer. It is at the heart of the fable of Orpheus, who moved the trees and the stones, and charmed even the brutes by the quality of his music. Enthusiasm is the genius of sincerity, and truth accomplishes no victories without it. 5. "With all thy getting, get understanding." But more than this, get enthusiasm, for this gives new courage to the timid, new hope to the disheartened, and increase of power to the strong! The inventors, the musicians, the poets, the heroes, the martyrs, the pioneers of every enterprise, in every clime, in every age, have been enthusiasts. Enthusiasm is the soul of work, and of life itself. 6. Dr. Bushnell says: "The great and successful men of history are, commonly, made such by the great occasions they serve. They are the men who had faith to meet such occasions; and therefore the occasions marked them, called them to come and be what the successes of their faith would make them. The boy is but a shepherd, but he hears from his panic-stricken countrymen of the giant champion of their enemies. A fire seizes him, and he goes down to the army with nothing but his sling and his heart of faith to lay that champion in the dust. Next he is a great military leader, then the king of his country. As with David, so with Nehemiah; as with him, so with Paul and Luther. A Socrates, a Tully, a Cromwell, a Washington-all the great master spirits, the founders and lawgivers of empires and defenders of the rights of men, are made by the same law." Fore 7. Never before has enthusiasm such an opportunity as to-day. It is the age of young men and young women. The world waits for them. shadowed inventions wait for the "passionate patience" of enthusiasm to develop them. Every occupation, every profession, every field of endeavor, calls for enthusiasm to harvest them. Success is more often due to enthusiasm that to ability. 8. Phillips Brooks says: "The ideal life, the life full of completion, haunts us all; we feel the thing we ought to be beating beneath the thing we are. No true man can live at life when he has genuinely learned it is a half life. The other half, the higher half, must haunt him." 9. Von Knebel says: "True hope is based on energy of character. A strong mind always hopes, and has always cause to hope, because it knows the mutability of human affairs, and how slight a circumstance may change the whole course of events. Such a spirit, too, rests upon itself; it is not confined to partial views, nor to one partic ular object. And if at last all should be lost it has saved itself-its own integrity and worth. Hope awakens courage, while despondency is the last of all evils; it is the abandonment of good -the giving up of the battle of life with dead nothingness." 10. The State demands from everybody a certain optimism. The welfare of the State is most enhanced when we aim at the best things, when we strive after the best things, when we expect the best things. The welfare of the Republic -which, in a perfect State, is the embodiment and the promise of the advancement of righteousness-should be the inspiration for the highest and best within us; and in so far as we fulfill our highest and best, we assist the perfection of the State. ELUCIDATION AND TRAINING: 1. Encourage hopefulness in children, and infer that they usually get what they ardently desire. The ideals of youth are usually reached, and therefore emphasize the need of right ideals. Hopefulness of disposition wards off old age, for it makes one happier, and gives to life a large optimism. Encourage the children to express their aims and ambition, which may help them to develop some valuable ideas in future days. Enthusiasm doubles the enjoyment. Show how most geniuses are enthusiastic, and that it is the enthusiasts, who, though ridiculed and scoffed at, generally win. Most reformers are enthusiasts, and many of them sometimes offend by their excessive zeal. Show that hopefulness awakes courage, patriotism, industry, and indeed inspires most of the traits of character. Encourage the children to expect best things. Show that hopefulness begets a philosophical contentment, and it is therefore impossible for it to become intoxicated with success, or cast down by failure. For instance, it would not make a boy proud and an upstart because he had just gained the first prize in the school; nor would it make him give up in despair because he had failed not only to get a prize, but to attain that position he made sure he was bound to get. 2. Practice. Let every boy concentrate all his mental faculties into one tremendous expectation of success, which, persisted in, becomes an irresistible force. EXAMPLES: Edward E. Hale, Felix Adler, Julia Ward Howe, Christopher Columbus, APPLICATION: A famous French political economist once said: "What I admire in Christopher Columbus is not that he discovered America, but that he went to look for it under the inspiration of an idea." It required a special courage and hopefulness in those days of ignorance of the earth. Dr. Hale in his writings has done more than any other man to inspire hopefulness and larger aim. Julia Ward Howe had a remarkable cathusiasm, which enabled her to write the "Battle Hymn of the Republic." The great poets have all a note of hopefulness in their writings; but Whittier and Lowell in particular lift one to heights from which stretch visions of conquering hosts. "Beautiful ever more, and with the ray Of morn on their white shields of expectation." LITERATURE: FOR OLDER CHILDREN Read "Ring Out, Wild Bells," by Tennyson, in "In Memoriam," Canto CV. Read portions of "Kilmeny," by James Hogg; Emerson's Essay on "Inspiration," and "Worship." Matthew VI, 25-34. "Seven Times Two," by Jean Ingelow; Psalm XLII. INSPIRATION: 5. I know not where His islands lift Their fronded palms in air; I only know I cannot drift Beyond His love and care. -WHITTIER. I can but trust that good shall fall 6. Through love to light! Oh! wonderful the way 7. Every gradual commanding movement in the annals of the world is the triumph of enthusiasm.EMERSON. 8. Let us beware of losing our enthusiasm. Let us ever glory in something, and strive to attain our admiration for all that would ennoble, and our interest in all that would enrich and beautify our life.-PHILLIPS BROOKS. 9. It's faith in something and enthusiasm for something that make a life worth looking at.-O. W. HOLMES. 10. Ever, by day and night, under the sun and under the stars, climbing the dusty hills and toiling along the weary plains, journeying by land and journeying by sea, coming and going so strangely, to meet and to act and react on one another, move all we restless travellers through the pilgrimage of life.-CHARLES DICKENS, 15. The hopes that lost in some far distant scene May be the true life, and this the dream. -ADELAIDE A. PROCTOR. 16. God's in his heaven; all's well with the world. -ROBERT BROWNING. 17. Before men, even as behind, God is, and all is well.-WHITTIER. 18. For to travel hopefully is a better thing than to arrive, and the true success is to labor.-UNIDENTIFIED. 19. Behind the cloud the starlight lurks; Through showers the sunbeams fall; -WHITTIER. 20. To overcome the present with a heart that looks beyond, is triumph.-LOWELL. 21. The voyage of the Mayflower was not across the Atlantic, but across the centuries; not three months long, but still in progress.-UNIDENTIFIED. Alincoln. 22. Have hope! Though clouds environ round, -SCHILLER. 23. All that we have willed, or hoped, or dreamed of good, shall exist, 24. Not its semblance, but itself; no beauty, nor good, nor power, Whose voice has gone forth, but each survives for the melodist, When eternity confirms the conception of an hour. The high that proved too high, the heroic for earth too hard, The passion that left the ground to lose itself in the sky, Are music sent up to God by the lover and the bard; Enough that he heard it once; we shall hear it by and by. -ROBERT BROWNING. To let the new life in, we know Perhaps the longing to be so, Helps make the soul immortal. -J. R. LOWELL. 25. Be your own palace, the world is your jail.— J. R. LOWELL. 26. Where there is no hope, there can be no endeavor. -SAMUEL JOHNSON. 27. The Golden Age is not behind, but before us. -ST. SIMON. INTRODUCTION: XXXI. PATRIOTISM. It is related that a native of one of the Asiatic Islands, carried away with the splendors of Paris, when he beheld a banana tree in the "Garden of Plants," bathed it with tears, and seemed for a moment to be transported to his own land. The Ethiopian imagines that God made his sands and deserts, while only angels were employed in forming the rest of the world. The Maltese, isolated on a rock, distinguish their island by the appellation of "The Flower of the World." The Norwegians, proud of their rugged mountains, inscribe upon their rix-dollars, "Spirit, Loyalty. Valor, and whatever is honorable, let the world learn among the rocks of Norway." The Esquimaux are no less attached to their frigid land, esteeming the luxuries of blubber oil for food, and an ice cabin for habitation, above all the refinements of other countries. Develop that this feeling is love of country. Out of this love for one's country comes a desire to serve one's country. The hardships of living entirely by oneself are root, meaning, coming from our forefathers. Our patriotism grows out of our sense of gratitude to the founders and preservers of the nation for what they have done for us. From this naturally springs the desire to perpetuate the results and benefits of their labors. 3. There has probably never been a country for which so much hardship and suffering have been endured in bringing about the present condition of liberty, culture, and personal welfare. Think of the thousands who have toiled, suffered, and died for it! We have a country we can love, because there have been patriots who loved their country better than they loved themselves. No nation has had such splendid heroes, and they are more in number than we can name. 4. The young people cannot realize the heroism shown in the Civil War which put an end to slavery and preserved the union of our states. Mothers sent their sons to the war, young men gave up their dearest things in life; and both sides-South as well as North-made awful sacrifices for love of country. Memorial Day has been set aside to keep always green in our memory the sacrifices made for love of country. 5. But patriotism is more than merely loving one's country and being proud of it. It is being willing to do something for it. The safety of our country is not in law or legislation, but in men and women who serve the commonwealth. 6. Patriotism is doing constantly the duties developing upon us, to preserve the heritage bequeathed to us. We owe it to the State to be good citizens, o study its welfare, to vote intelligently for its best interests. There are some men who are so lacking in patriotism that they make use of politics to enrich themselves out of the public money. They buy and sell votes. They stir up party animosity and class prejudice simply to advance their own selfish interests. All the private virtues, honesty, and industry are helps toward bettering the country, and every man and woman serves his or her country who strives to make men better in the every-day walk of life. 7. The patriotism we need is that which shows itself in daily fidelity to private duty and public right. 8. And such rights and duties begin even in childhood, which, as manhood is reached, develop into citzenship. Such small duties forbid leaving banana peels, paper and litter in the school yard, in public parks or streets. They prohibit the breaking of shrubbery, fences, railings to guard public or private property, the writing or carving of letters on seats, walls, and public places. Such property does not belong to one person, but to all and is paid for by taxation of all. No person thus becomes famous, but simply infamous, by Tomes Otis cutting his name in public places. He simply hands down his name as a vain, conceited person, worthy of the blame of the entire community. 9. The transgression of these duties may seem trivial, if viewed singly, but if all neglect them, society and civilization will fall back into barbarism. Civilization is the result of each giving up some individual right for the betterment of all. It is the business of everybody to see to it that he at least performs his duty. 10. One can show patriotism by showing respect for what represents his country. the country's flag, the country's ruler. This faithful service is called loyalty. Besides the chief ruler of the State there are other authorities under him to whom we owe loyalty; among these are magistrates, who represent the laws made by the community. Children can understand this by thinking of the government of a school. Besides the head teacher there are assistant teachers and instructors, and pupils owe loyalty to all. II. There is, of course, something higher than patriotism, and that is the love of humanity at large. We should never allow our love for our own countrymen to shut out the larger love for our fellow men. The world is larger than any country in it. Nor must we think that patriotism consists only in dying for our country; it just as much consists in living for it. Goethe says: "In peace patriotism consists in every man sweeping before his own door, minding his own business, learning his own lesson, that it may be well with him in his own home." 12. That child who does not contribute his share of service and cheerfulness in the school is lacking in duty, and lacking in patriotism. It is not simply saluting the flag. It is not simply having respect for the teacher. It is devotion to the highest welfare of the school. This is accomplished by earnestly striving to learn the allotted lessons, by giving attention to the little duties of school life, by yielding cheerful obedience to the rules, and making sunshine in the school room. There was placed on the tombstone of a little girl this epitaph: "One of whom her playmates said, 'It was easier to be good when she was with us."" There is no higher patriotism to God, than making it easier for others to be good. 13. The welfare of the State should be a sufficient reason and incentive for the practice of every virtue, for the end of character is the benefiting of one's fellow men. The State has a right to demand that we subordinate all actions to her interests, and that we perfect our character that we may add to her usefulness. ELUCIDATION AND TRAINING: 1. Loyalty implies respect for all constituted authorities. Teach how judges, magistrates, and other officers of the state represent the authority of the state, and that therefore fidelity to one must imply fidelity to the other. Show that respect for authority may demand personal service, and that loyalty has its reward in the compensating privileges we enjoy; security of person and property; the protection of the national flag abroad; consular establishments in foreign parts. Illustration of foregoing privileges: immunity from violence is apparent. our 2. Disloyalty to a worthy ruler has ever been regarded as contemptible. Illustrate by King Leonidas, who with three hundred Spartans in the pass of Thermopyla resisted the overwhelming army of the Persian monarch, Xerxes, until he and his brave subjects all fell except the one man who fled to Sparta, where his disloyalty was treated with marked contempt till he made amends at the battle of Plataea. 3. Perfect obedience to authority does not prevent open and honorable criticism of its character. Carefully point out the benefits to be derived from criticism when it is both open and honorable, as in congressional debate. Compare this with the secret meetings of Nihilists and Anarchists, and the dishonorable and criminal tactics employed by them. Contrast true patriots with empty demagogues; and when the latter resort to force, as their folly generally inclines them to do, the futility of their rash efforts may be illustrated. Expose the folly of moderate men who have been led on to identify themselves with violence. 4. Patriotism is a quality of our human nature common to the natives of every land. State that this affection for the soil regards the land as a foster parent; bear out this statement by speaking of the German use of the word "Fatherland"; give etymology of patriotism. Illustrate the universality of the sentiment by reference to Hereward the Saxon, the patriot of England, who withstood the Normans (1070); Robert the Bruce, the patriot of Scotland, who withstood the English (1306); William Tell, the patriot of Switzerland, who withstood the Austrians (1307); Joan of Arc, the patriot of France, who withstood the English (1429); George Washington, the patriot of America, who withstood the British (1775). 5. Patriotism applies generally to the nation or State; sometimes locally to a district, which goes to prove that patriotism is only a matter of sentiment. When Louis XIV asked Colbert how it was that, ruling so great a territory as France, he had been unable to conquer "Little" Holland, the minister replied, "Because, sire, the greatness of a country does not depend on the extent of its territory, but on the character of its people." It may be proved that men as frequently show affection for the town of their adoption as for their native town. 6. Patriotism prompts a kindly feeling towards fellow-countrymen. Admit that, as a rule, the peasantry have been the boldest defenders of the soil. The following anecdote will illustrate the point: An old man visited the army to see his two sons, and found them both wounded. Sitting between the maimed soldiers, he was asked if he regretted the sacrifice. "No!" he exclaimed earnestly; "if I had twenty sons, I would give them all to save the country." Indicate that patriotism does not consist in singing songs and flying flags, but in a willingness to do service for the country. Inveigh against aggression. To show the fallacy of hostile policy, teach that there must be buyers as well as sellers, and that by offending other nations we injure our commercial intercourse with them, and so decrease our own prosperity. Point out that our political and social policy has many errors which require correcting, and no doubt will be corrected when the time serves. In the meantime, individuals may have indicated to them such duties as shall lead to a diminution of these defects. Recapitulate, to further inculcate a love of country and the duty of loyalty. To convey to the children an idea of popular feeling on this subject, mention the severity of the punishment usually awarded to traitors; the many monuments of grateful recognition raised to the memory of patriots. Illustrate by Miltiades' reward for his victory over Darius, King of Persia, at Marathon (B.C. 490), which consisted of a grand painting of the action by the artist Polygnotus. This picture, the only reward custom allowed, was preserved for ages on the walls of Stoa in Athens. 7. Teach that patriotism should rejoice not so much in the glories of our past victories, as in the preeminence we possess, in our freedom of speech, liberty of conscience, and freedom of the press, emancipation of slaves; broadcast charity when a national calamity in some foreign land calls it forth, as fires at Chicago, earthquake in San Francisco, persecution of Jews in Russia, etc. 8. The personal application of the foregoing is pride in one's school and loyalty to it. Show the duty of local patriotism; how to serve one's town or village. 10. Explain the value of local institutions; what our forefathers have earned, e.g., liberty, social and political institutions; how each may serve his country and posterity; the vote, its nature and responsibilities; local government; the nation and its government; society as an organism, its development through family, tribe and nation; universal brotherhood. According to grade let the children enumerate the highest offices of authority in state, city, school. Older children might describe the various governments of the world. 11. Practice. Let each one raise the flag of our country in his heart, and salute it daily as the emblem of the world's hope and inspiration; and renew a promise to be true to himself, to his highest ideal, and to his conscience. EXAMPLES: George Washington, Charles Carroll, APPLICATION: There is one whose name by common consent stands for honor, courage, wisdom, and patriotism; and that |