haps we should explain that the Scotch word "caddie " (derived from the French word cadet, meaning a younger brother) is applied to one who carries the clubs of persons playing at golf. In this country the caddie is usually a boy, sometimes a very young boy, although in Scotland many grown men earn their livelihood on the golf links as caddies. One of the advantages of the adult caddie in Scotland is that he is usually self-respecting and a capable golfer himself; therefore the player desires to deserve and win his respect. The relations between the player and caddie in Scotland are those of captain and mate rather than those of man and boy. An attractive little booklet just issued by the Caddie Service Committee of the Exmoor Country Club, which maintains one of the best golf courses in the vicinity of Chicago, deserves reading by every golfer. Caddie Committee of the Exmoor Club recognizes the fact that some players vent their irritation at their own shortcomings upon their caddies. We quote from the booklet:

The

"We

Golf success depends upon the capacity for the player to "stand the gaff" both of faulty strokes and stiff competition; and "standing the gaff" literally is the ability to smile after a particularly rotten shot rather than to blaspheme, kick the ground, throw down the stick, or abuse the caddie and bemoan conditions. The author of the booklet goes on to say most pertinently that while players are constantly insisting upon efficient caddie service, they too frequently fail to appreciate their own responsibilities to the caddie. demand," says this little booklet, "of the caddie attention, alertness, obedience, willingness, courtesy, knowledge of the game, persistence, interest in the game, and skill at following the ball." The Committee of the Exmoor Golf Club thinks that some return should be made for this rather comprehensive demand. "Player conduct," it says, "is safe when it is toward the caddie what it would be toward a son of like age." To those practical men who are sometimes afraid of introducing the fatherhood idea and the brotherhood idea into the ordinary daily relations of business and social life lest they be accused of cant, some golfers would undoubtedly reply that golf comes under the head not of business or social but of religious life. Certainly all true golfers must recognize the wisdom of treating their caddies as human beings-if only for selfish reasons. For, asks The Exmoor Club, "if you are not enough

terested in a caddie to want to know his

name and something about him, if, during several hours in his company, you deny to him even the slightest show of human companionship that a boy naturally appreciates from a man, how can you expect the caddie, who is a human being, to be interested in your game of golf?" As Hamlet remarked upon a matter of almost equal importance— and in a phrase not inapplicable to the present subject-"Ay, there's the rub!"

Washington as a Park City

We are accustomed to

think of Washington as a collection of buildings. We may remember, first of all, the Capitol, then the White House, then the Treasury, etc. It is true that a city is made up of buildings. But it is also true that, if the buildings are to be properly appreciated, they must be accompanied by landscape architecture. It is just as true that, if a city as a whole is to be appreciated, it must be accompanied and surrounded by landscape architecture. Take, for instance, Damascus. Who can stand on the hills some miles away from the city, after having come across the sands of Syria, and not be impressed as he looks down upon Damascus, surrounded as it is by its great green ghuta or garden half a mile wide, with the waters of the Abana (Barada) and Pharphar split up into a thousand little streams, so that every householder has one flowing through his back yard! It is now proposed to surround Washington with a ghuta-indeed, this green strip had already been begun, and well begun. But the recent appropriation by Congress to connect Rock Creek Park with Potomac Park makes us realize that this establishes a continuous parkway from the Capitol around to the National Zoological Park. Before long the stranger arriving in Washington, who would rest himself by seeing trees first and buildings second, may start at the Union Station and drive nearly half a mile through the Capitol grounds, then down through the park connection to the Potomac River, and along through Potomac Park to the confluence of Rock Creek with the river, and from here north for several miles to Rock Creek Park. Then comes the missing link; there must be a connection between the Rock Creek Park and the Soldiers' Home Park. With this done, there would be the drive through the Soldiers' Home Park to the next missing link, the residence section between the Soldiers' Home Park and the Union Station. Each of these

missing links is about a mile and a half long. When the whole ring is complete, Washington will make a stronger claim than ever to recognition as one of the most beautiful cities in the world.

Now that the new Federal Making a National capital of the Australian Capital to Order Commonwealth has been chosen and named, its further disposition is of interest. Its name is to be Canberra, after the name of the district in New South Wales in which it is situated. The foundation stone of the Capitol was recently laid by Lord Denman, the Governor-General of the Commonwealth. But by far the most interesting and inspiring feature of the Australian Capitol is the fact that the design of the building is the work of Walter Burley Griffin, of Chicago. And not only this; to the credit of this country be it said that Mr. Griffin has been asked to design the capital city itself. His plans cover an area of twenty-five square miles, and provide for an immediate population of seventyfive thousand people. What is specially interesting in the Griffin design is that it is similar to L'Enfant's plan of Washington in having radial thoroughfares-that is to say, the streets radiate from one principal center to other centers, from which in turn thorough fares radiate to subordinate centers. does not, as in Washington, superimpose this radial system upon a "gridiron " system. It brings in the subordinate streets at right angles to the main avenues, thus avoiding the acute angles often found objectionable for building purposes. Mr. Griffin's plan is so complete as to cover street railway systems, steam railway lines, commercial and manufacturing and residential districts. What the name of Pierre de L'Enfant signifies in American city planning the name of Griffin is likely to signify in Australian city planning.

and clocks, glassware, tapestries, furniture, ivories, miniatures. Those who visit the Metropolitan Museum of Art this summer can see some of Mr. Morgan's pictures. Chief among them is Raphael's "Colonna " Madonna, so called from the family in whose possession it once was. This canvas illustrates the stage in Raphael's development when he was passing from the influence of the Umbrian school into the freer liberty of Florence. The other pictures are also of much interest -the Lippo Lippi, for instance, and Velasquez's "Infanta," the two Antony van Dycks, and the noble Rembrandt. There are also fine examples of Hobbema, Turner, Reynolds, Romney, Raeburn, and Lawrence. The pictures and sculptures in the Morgan collection, however, comprise but a small part of the whole, which consists of forty-one hundred objects of art. Of these the enamels are supposed to be, so far as Byzantine work is concerned, the most extraordinary gathering ever brought together. The collection of bronzes is mostly of the Italian Renaissance period. The jewelry is ancient. The collection of silver is largely German of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The department of metal-work includes reliquaries, candlesticks, ewers, and other objects in bronze and iron. The collection of watches and clocks includes about two hundred and sixty pieces. The objects in crystal and amber number about a hundred and forty pieces. The collection of ceramics is important in Italian majolica of the sixteenth century, and in French, Dresden, and Chelsea porcelain of the eighteenth. The collection of glass consists of pieces of Arabic of the fourteenth century and of Venetian of the sixteenth and seventeenth. In tapestries the collection is perhaps the most imposing of any department. In furniture various periods as far back as the Gothic are illustrated. The ivories show the development of that art in all its aspects. The collection of miniatures is doubtless the largest ever brought together by one person. We are glad that such a gathering of art objects is to be kept together for the æsthetic and educational benefit of the thousands who will view it in the metropolis.

those who would like to see the American stage adhere more closely than it has of late to the traditions with which Booth's name is associated. The theater, which will cost about $750,000, will be situated on Broadway not far from Columbus Circle. The work of construction will begin early in the fall, and it is planned to open the playhouse in March, 1914, with an all-star production of Shakespeare. For the first year, at least, only Shakespeare will be produced in the theater, which is to be under the direction of a committee of five theatrical men of experience. While actuated largely by sentiment, the backers of the enterprise, who are said to be persons of social and financial prominence in New York, feel that a theater devoted solely to the Elizabethan dramatist may well prove a lucrative venture in a city that has generously supported recent revivals of Shakespeare. The Booth Theater Corporation plans to give over several floors of the building to extensive Booth memorials and to a Shakespeare library. Neither pains nor expense will be spared to make this library the most complete collection of the works of the great poet, including rare editions, anywhere to be found. Already a movement is on foot to secure a building adjacent to the theater for use as a “Shakespeare Club," where lectures on the dramatist by actors and actresses, college professors, and other authorities will be open to the public. Probably two companies will be employed by the directors of the theater, one to present Shakespeare to audiences "on the road," while the other cast plays at home. It is noteworthy that a similar project, namely, the construction of a theater to be devoted to the production of Shakespeare and dedicated to the late Sir Henry Irving, has been undertaken in London Ly English capitalists. The directors of the memorial

to the American and to the English actor are vying with each other in the prodigality with which their plans are put into effect. In point of architecture and interior decoration the Edwin Booth Theater will be the most pretentious memorial of its kind ever erected in America. Since the old Booth Theater at Twenty-third Street and Sixth Avenue was torn down, more than a quarter of a century ago, to make room for a modern department store, New York has been without a tangible souvenir of the family that contributed one of the brightest pages to the history of the stage in the United States.

The Men of the Old Stone Age

The discovery of certain caves in southwestern Europe brings us near to the men of the old stone age. Their history extends from the close of the last glacial age, say twenty-five thousand to twenty thousand years ago, to the arrival of the men of the new stone age, perhaps ten thousand years ago. We now know that these early men had a crude form of religion, that their dead were properly buried, that among them were undoubtedly chiefs or rulers, and certainly hunters and flint-makers. Their primitive implements are interesting and surprisingly modern. For instance, they used tooth picks! So states the director of the École Odontotechnique in Paris. Now, however, we have

other evidence of an early age than its primitive implements. If the industrial history of our race was begun by these artisans, they were succeeded by artists. To the stone implements there succeeded bone implements, and coincident with the bone there appeared attempts at sculpture and painting, as we now find from discoveries in France and Spain. To get to the history of art, therefore, we no longer need to go to Egypt or Assyria, but to the caves of France and Spain. They contain the first preserved paintings. How old are they? Anywhere from twenty-five thousand to more than two hundred thousand years old, according to the authority consulted. What is of more interest, however, is the fact that, as these works of art disclose, the cave man's life was doubtless superior to that of his nomad brother of the plains. For, according to Professor George Grant MacCurdy, of Yale, in the shelter and safety of the rocky fastnesses centers of culture arose. The caves were regarded, also, as sacred spots. The ideas sculptured and pictured there were often prayers for success in the various struggles of men against animals, or of tribe with tribe.

A Questionable Sale

Private letters written to or by eminent people, and unpublished manuscripts, seem to be in a kind of "twilight zone" in the matter of ownership and control; and the world is in the possession of many pieces of immature and unrevised writing and of many fragments of uncompleted works which would never have been published if the wishes of their authors had been consulted or respected. There is great carelessness in the use of private letters in biographies, and in the publication of private correspondence in newspapers; some of the sensational newspapers do not hesitate to bribe confidential secretaries to betray their trusts, or to buy files of letters stolen from their owners. From time to time unavailing protests are made against the sale, often by auction, of intimate letters written by people of note to a man of letters who has died without taking the precaution to destroy the memorials of his friendships. The question of ownership of literary material has come up in a new form in Great Britain. The Liverpool Athenæum has sold, for a sum of money reported to be not less than twenty thousand doilars, what are known as the Glenriddell Burns manuscripts, consisting of letters and poems largely in the poet's handwriting. As usual, it is reported that the purchaser is an American! In such cases it is customary to berate the purchaser as the guilty party in the transaction; in this instance, however, it is upon the seller that the burden of condemnation falls. It is urged that the donor placed these documents in the possession of the Athenæum because she regarded them as national heirlooms and the institution to which she gave them as a permanent custodian of such treasures; and that, while a private collector may do what he chooses with his possessions, a public institution must respect moral as well as legal rights.

money-raising session. More than twentyfive hundred delegates were in attendance at the Convention, coming from about fifty countries. The delegates represented every State and province of the United States and Canada, except Utah, New Mexico, and Manitoba. The State of Pennsylvania led in the number of delegates, namely 175. A letter from President Wilson, which should have wide attention, was read at the Convention. As he said, no study is more important to a child than the study of the Bible and the truths it teaches. "There is no more effective agency for such study than the Sunday-school. It certainly is one of the greatest factors in our lives in the building up of character and the development of moral fiber, for its influence begins almost as soon as the child is able to talk and continues throughout life. The Sunday-school lesson of to-day is the code of morals of tomorrow. Hence too much attention cannot be paid to the work which the Sunday-school is doing." The President is right. But too much attention cannot be paid as well to the work which the Sunday-school is leaving undone.

German Children and Their Savings

Mr. George Nicholas Ifft, our Consul at Nuremberg, in a recent report to the Department of State, printed in the "Daily Consular and Trade Reports," describes an extremely interesting new savings device which had been installed at Nuremberg. The device is a slot machine into which one may deposit a ten-pfennig piecealmost two and a half cents. Thereupon the machine delivers a gummed ten-pfennig savings stamp. This device had been originated by the City Savings Bank at Nuremberg, a municipal institution. The bank furnishes without charge a savings card, five inches square, marked off into twenty squares. To this card the stamps are to be attached, and when the card is filled up it represents a value of two marks-nearly fifty cents. Upon presentation at the bank the depositor is credited with that amount. One of these automatic machines was placed in the corridor of the bank office at the City Hall and the other two in the corridors of high school buildings. The success of these slot machines, we are glad to say, has been so great that Mr. Ifft now informs The Outlook of the city's purchase of five additional machines to be placed in school buildings and street-car waiting-rooms.