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so widening the area of time in which a given quantity of intellectual effort may be made.

We cannot but regret that there is a very wide-spread desire among novices in self-culture to effect by great dashes at certain studies a perceptible degree of progress, a common grudge at the slow, time-taking advances in any study they are capable of making. We ourselves do not believe in the success of these immense strokes and strides in study. As, however, the love of intellectual effort shines in the student's heart, notwithstanding this faith in the power of "grind" and "cram," we hesitate to discourage it, and shall rather hope that the repetition of each act of study may deepen the student's babits into constancy. We consent, therefore, to this alteration, as a variety in conducting the classes which may make them more suitable as inducements and enticements to the beginning of a course of steady intellectual endeavour; and hence, as excitants in some of the good resolutions and efforts which may be productive hereafter of good effects.

The plan we offer to do our best to work out, for the benefit of those of our readers who desire to pursue a course of self-culture, is as follows, viz. :

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We shall open directory courses of study on certain text-books hereafter to be named, but purposely chosen for utility combined with moderateness of price, upon such of the following subjects as may be found suitable and interesting to the parties for whom these courses are intended, which may easily be shown and made known by a notification addressed to the editor, of the intention of any reader to do his best to pursue a course of study in any one or more of them, viz.:

Arithmetic, Book-keeping, Composition, Geography, Geology, Grammar (English), History, Literature (English), Logic, Moral Philosophy, Political Economy, Phonography, Rhetoric, Writing, Latin, Greek, French, and German.

On the application of a sufficient number of persons desirous of studying any of the above branches-for which preliminary arrangements have been made the classes will be commenced, the text-books will be assigned, and the course to be pursued will be pointed out. It will be competent to the students to send in any number of exercises, performed according to the directions given, within three months from the commencement of the class. These will be registered on the cover as received, and will be arranged and noted in a class register once each quarter.

As the conducting of this course will involve expense in the transmission, assorting, and re-transmitting to the several collaborators of the exercises received, as well as in correspondence regarding them, it is requisite that a fee of one shilling per annum be paid by each student on enrolment into any one class; but having been enrolled in one, a fee of sixpence only will be charged for entrance into each subsequent class.

We commend the foregoing scheme to the honest consideration of our readers, in the hope that they will aid us in carrying out its provisions-1st, by joining it themselves at once, if they feel the need of it; and 2nd, by pointing out to others the main elements of the plan, and its adaptability to their

case.

Besides the advantage of registration according to merit, there is offered to those who make the most perceptible progress in any of the branches of the course, attested "certificates of merit," forming at once an honourable reward and a proof of industry and intelligence.

In addition to the new logic classwhich will, if wished, be opened for beginners, we design to supply a—

Course of practical exercises in Logic, for those who have attained an acquaintance with its theory.

We also propose to supply a series of queries to which replies will be expected, founded on "Butler's Analogy

of Religion," a work which possesses special merits as affording a training in the science of controversy to those who desire to learn to read thinkingly, and

to study, not the mere thought presented to the mind, but the mode in which ideas flow from and follow one another in their course.

Literary Notes.

M. BANIM is to issue "The Town of the Cascades."

Edward Walford, editor of "Men of the Time," "County Families," &c., is sub-editor of " Once a Week."

Mr. Smiles, author of "Self-Help," &c., is to manage the Railway News, a weekly paper.

The Mayfair Magazine is to be placed in the museum of the vanities of Mayfair-by abandonment.

M. Edgar Quinet (b. 1803), author of "The Philosophy of the History of France," &c., has in the press a work entitled, "La Révolution."

It seems that "Staunton's Library Shakspere" is a reprint of the text and notes of Routledge's "Illustrated Shakspere," and is not editorially superintended by the nominal editor-who received £1,000 for his labour on the latter work from December, 1856, to May, 1860. Dyce's edition of "The Works of William Shakspere" has been begun, and is favourably spoken of as containing a text of great value.

The "Essays on Language and Literature," contributed to the Transactions of the Philological Society, &c., by Thomas Watts, of the British Museum, are in preparation as a collective edition.

Samuel Bailey is preparing a supplement to his volume "On the Received Text of Shakspere's Dramatic Writings, and its Improvement."

A new edition of the whole works of Chaucer (of whom see a memoir in British Controversialist, 1860, vol. i.) is to be issued from the Clarendon press, Oxford, by Mr. Earle, who will

revise, as far as possible, from the original MSS.

Mr. D. W. Godfrey, originator and editor of the English Churchman, is dead.

Algernon Thelwell, Professor of Elocution at King's College, and author of "Lectures and Exercises on that art, died 9th December, aged 68.

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Ludwig Börne's (1786 1837) works, in twelve volumes, have just been issued in a complete edition. He was an author of much humour, skill, and effectiveness.

Edmund Yates (b. 1827), author of "After Office Hours," &c., formerly sub, is now editor of Temple Bar, in which he will commence a new tale in February.

The autograph MSS. of the "Scienza Nuova" of Vico (of whom see a memoir in British Controversialist, April, 1858), has been acquired by the National Library of Italy; also several letters of Tasso and Metastasio.

A new edition of the works of Bishop Berkeley (1684-1753) is to be issued from the Clarendon press, Oxford, edited by the Rev. A. C. Fraser, Pro fessor of Logic, Edinburgh, and by the Rev. Henry John Rose, B.D., one of the editors of the " Encyclopædia Metropolitana."

Dr. Strang, the celebrated statistician, author of "Glasgow and its Clubs," &c., died 8th December.

It is said that an autobiography of Geo. A. Sala, originally composed in French, is soon to be issued.

A fac-simile reproduction of the first folio of Shakspere's Plays (1623), in 14 parts, 12s. each, to form a volume

of 900 pages, by E. W. Ashbee, the lithographer, is to begin this month. Published by Messrs. Longman. Eight guineas will then furnish the Shakspere student with a power of reference now attainable, and even rarely, at a cost of nearly £400.

The author of "The Man of the Hour" is Mr. A. Gladstone, nephew of the Chancellor of the Exchequer. It is said to contain portraits of " City men."

A Dante Festival is to be held in May, 1865, in commemoration of the 500th birthday of the poet, at Florence.

A biography of Archbishop Whately is in preparation by his son, Rev. Edward Whately, chiefly from his own memoranda and correspondence. Selections from his sermons, and from his! commonplace-book, are also in the

press.

A new work on " Church and State," by Lord Robert Montague, is promised by Messrs. Longman.

Sir Benjamin Brodie's works are to be issued in a collected edition, with an autobiographical memoir edited by Mr. C. Hawkins.

The Longmans have had moveable types of the Egyptian character produced expressly for the completion of Bunsen's work on "Egypt's Place in Universal History."

The census of 1861 enumerates the "authors, editors, and writers" of England and Wales as 1,528 males and 145 females, an increase altogether of five dozen over those of 1851; 24 of the former. 36 of the latter.

Gibbon's "Decline and Fall" is being translated into Arabic by Sheikh Faris Effendi Shedrak.

Rev. Orby Shipley is editing "Lyra Messianica," original and selected.

Dr. C. Mackay (b. 1814), author of "Voices from the Crowd," &c., has in the press Studies from the Antique, and Sketches from Nature," a book of poems.

"Lives of the Lord Mayors of London," by Mrs. Hall, are announced.

Henry Fawcett, M.A., author of a "Manual of Political Economy," has

been appointed (unendowed?) Professor of that science at Cambridge.

Rev. J. B. M'Caul is preparing a Biography of his father, Dr. A. M'Caul.

Messrs. Murray promise Vols. I. to III. of a new edition of Pope's Works, with new Life, Introduction, and Notes, by the Rev. Whitwell Elwin, editor of the Quarterly.

Wm. Robson, author of "The Old Playgoer," ," "The Great Sieges of History," translator of Michaud's "Crusades," Bonnechose's "France," &c., died 17th Nov., aged 78.

J. Neuberg's translation of Carlyle's "Frederick" has been issued as a people's edition.

Prescott's "Life," by George Tickner, is out.

Cousin, it is said, has bequeathed his extensive library to the State.

Imm. Bekker, professor of Greek, Berlin (where he was born, 1785), has republished in one work all that he has written on Homer for half a century.

Investigations regarding Rome," by Theod. Mommsen, are promised.

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P. B. Duncan, author of an "Essay on Sculpture," &c., died 12th inst., aged 92.

An authorized Commentary on the Scriptures has been projected by the Speaker of the House of Commons. It is to be edited by the Archbishop of York, and thirty of the best men in the Church of England have been chosen as collaborateurs.

Prof. Goldstücker is preparing a "Concise Grammar and Dictionary of Sanscrit."

Renan is preparing "Lives of the Apostles."

A memoir of Madame de Lamartine, with specimens of her literary productions, will shortly appear.

Prof. J. R. Lowell, author of "Biglow Papers," &c., is to edit a "Collection of Old English Plays," and Kichard G. White is to edit a new edition of Shakspere.

Epoch Men.

DR. JOSEPH BUTLER-THE LOGIC OF ANALOGY. REASON and Faith are the twin guides of human life. The former searches for certainty and truth, the latter contents herself with credibility and trustworthiness. Knowledge is certainty resulting from reasoning; it is perspicuous, systematic, and objective. In its highest form it constitutes science. Belief is credibility attained by reasoning; it is satisfying, effective, and subjective. Its noblest issue is religion. A moral act performed in consequence of knowledge is right, but seldom looked upon as meritorious. A moral act having its origin in faith, even when mistaken, excites admiration, and is credited with worthiness. Merit is possible only where there has been choice. Choice is the result of determination, i. e., a decision of the will in a case admitting of other preferences or volitions than that made. The region of merit, therefore, lies within the region of faith. Man is a being placed amid both actualities and possibilities as a self-directing agent. Among actualities, when he knows them, he can hold his course unchequeredly and sure; among possibilities the danger of wandering and error arises. It is to activity in the latter sphere that merit and demerit are assigned. It is to influence decisions in this region that rewards are offered, or that threats are made. The unconditional assent of every sane mind is unresistingly given to the objective and the actual. No such overpowering force exists among the multitude of possibilities amid which man's life-day is spent, or this would be no state of probation. Were the evidences and objects of faith as full, obvious, and impressive as those of the experiences out of which reason constructs the sciences, there would be no trial or discipline of will, passion, or prejudice; no exercise of self-denial, humility, or honesty of thought; no employment of singleness of heart, guardianship of motives, or training to submissiveness and obedience. Where there are no difficulties there are no triumphs.

The entire system of nature is one in which reason and faith are co-active, not inimical. Any enforced antithesis is unnatural and absurd. Each has its due field in the labour of life. Reason goes forth to subject all things to science; faith exerts herself to subdue all life to religion: the former is the lord of intellectual, the latter the mistress of moral, life. To acquire a knowledge of the unknown from the known-to extend the subjugating power of experience beyond the range of the immediate-to stretch the influences of the human will beyond the circle which the sceptre of experience can touch, man employs logic. Logic consents to aid him, if he will obey her laws. These, therefore, are decreed to be 1964.

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irrefragable. Logic accepts the premises supplied to it, and, by an impartial application of its laws, determines the result which must follow from their acceptance. Reason brings its inductions to the "mistress of the sciences," and she precipitates the truths they yield. Faith brings the analogies she has observed, and "the queen of thought" spreads out before her the results. Inductions and analogies are thinkable, and of the laws of the thinkable logic is the sole administratrix. There must, therefore be a logic of analogy, as well as a logic of induction. The logic of induction is well known; the logic of analogy has scarcely found a place in science. The merit of seeing the true place and the due importance of analogy, as a method of reasoning, was reserved for a man of humble origin, but of extraordinary powers; one who, by his discovery, lifted himself from the common ranks of men into that of world-benefactors-Dr. Joseph Butler.

Plato has wisely said there are three criteria of truth-experience, prudence, and reason. Experience supplies induction with its materials; prudence depends upon analogies; reason uses both for the harmony of life and the satisfaction of the soul: for the highest form of life is that in which faith and reason, by unity of influence, teach man to know, appreciate, and trust in science and religion, and by a happy consilience bring into harmonious activity the intellectual and moral capacities of human nature.

Leaving the logic of induction-of which Bacon had but lately become the re-interpreter-to science, as the true basis for reasoning regarding actualities, Butler reclaimed to religion the logic of analogy-the method of reasoning on probabilities, possibilities, and presumptions.

The relevancy of analogy as a principle of reasoning is as great as that of induction, though the one has been much less studied than the other. The mind, by an original impulse or desire, feels constrained to reduce all its knowledge to the unity of a system; hence, if it observes a number of objects (ideas), referrible to the same class, possessed of any special attribute, it infers that all objects referrible to that class possess the same attribute-induction; and if it observes that certain similarities, essential and material, cohere and exist in one or more objects (ideas), these objects are alike, or nearly alike, in proportion to their identities-analogy. Induction is the instrument of reason; analogy, of faith. Logic overrules both, and subjects them to a criticism intended to preserve their formal adherence to the laws of inference, and their real harmony with the requirements of truth.

Analogy is the identity of ratios and the similarity of relations. "Although proportion strictly signifies the habitude or relation of one quantity to another, yet, in a looser and translated sense, it hath been applied to signify all similitude of relations or habitudes whatsoever." "Employed as an argument, analogy depends upon

*Berkeley's "Minute Philosopher," Dialogue IV., 21.

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