but was defeated in two heats of a series of three match races at five miles.

Kramer also distinguished himself by setting many new records for the shorter distances. The showing of the Australasian riders-Goullet, Grenda, McNamara, and Spears-makes it probable that when Kramer does relinquish his crown as cycling king it will be placed on the brow of one of these marvelous wheelmen.

Among the amateur riders, Ernest Ohrt was in a class by himself, winning the championship competition and also making the fastest time ever made by an amateur for the mile, starting from scratch. Ohrt's time was 1 minute, 53% seconds.

The annual six-day race at Madison Square Garden, New York City, was won by Alfred Grenda of Tasmania and Fred Hill of Boston, Mass., a new world's record of 2770 miles and eight laps being made. Robert McNamara and Robert Spears, both of Australia, finished second. Goullet, who, teamed up with Grenda, captured this event in 1914, was not entered.

CYPRUS. An island in the easternmost basin of the Mediterranean, until 1914 nominally a part of the Ottoman Empire, but ceded for administrative purposes to Great Britain in 1878. In November, 1914, it was annexed by Great Britain. It has an area of 3584 square miles, and its population by districts (1911) is as follows: Nicosia, 81,497; Famagusta, 58,530; Larnaca, 29,737; Limassol, 46,084; Paphos, 38,508; Kyrenia, 19,752; total, 274, 108. Estimated population at the end of 1913, about 287,000. Mohammedans form about 25.9 per cent of the population, the remainder being nearly all Christians of the native Cypriote Church. Nicosia, the capital, had, in 1911, 16,052 inhabitants. Elementary schools of all classes, in 1914, 610 (414 Christian, 196 Mohammedan), with 739 teachers and an enrollment of 33,805 (27,685 Christians and 6120 Mohammedans).

Agriculture, the chief industry, has been greatly retarded by reason of the lack of water; the rivers, nearly all mountain torrents, dry up in summer, and the rainfall is deficient. A plan for storing water for irrigation is in process of realization. The large numbers of goats, together with frequent forest fires, are a hindrance to the development of valuable forests. Cereals, carobs, the famous Cyprus wine, cheese, fruit, vegetables, and live stock are exported. In 1913 there were about 67,700 horses, mules, and asses; 60,500 cattle; 265,500 sheep; 255,200 goats; and 37,000 swine. The imports in 1913 were valued, exclusive of specie, at £619,338 (from Great Britain, £171,712; from British colonies, £6196; from other countries, £441,430); the exports at £620,591 (to Great Britain, £120,713; to British colonies, £6249; to other countries, £493,629). Shipping entered and cleared (1913), 721,515 tons. Revenue (1913-14), £341,816; expenditure, £296,165. A sum of £92,800 was payable annually to Turkey, but this is appropriated to the interest on the guaranteed loan of 1855. British high-commissioner in 1915, Sir John E. Clauson.

HISTORY. In reply to the memorial which the Greek Cypriotes had submitted to the British government in 1914 (see YEAR BOOK, 1914) asking for union with Greece, the High Commissioner handed to the Greek archbishop, Cyril, Jan. 4, 1915, a curt acknowledgment of the receipt of the memorial, without the slightest con

cession to the nationalist aspirations of the petitioners. In delivering this brusque rebuke, the High Commissioner explained orally that the population was not unanimous in desiring affiliation with Greece, and that the Turkish element on the island had actually submitted a petition in favor of the continuance of British rule. Local journals, however, pointed out that the element of the population favorable to British rule constituted but a small minority; and in some quarters it was suggested that a more favorable attitude towards the Hellenic Cypriotes would have been more in keeping with Great Britain's rôle as protector and liberator of small nations. In October, the British government offered to cede Cyprus to Greece if the latter would lend her aid in the operations against Great Britain's enemies (see GREECE, History). As Greece was unwilling to pay the price, however, the offer lapsed.

CYRENAICA. See LIBYA.

CZAPLICA, MISS.-HER EXPLORATIONS. EXPLORATION, Asia.

See

DACIA CASE. See U. S. AND THE WAR. DAHOMEY. A French West African colony; one of the component parts of the governmentgeneral of French West Africa (q.v.). A recent estimate of population is 910,902, of whom 809,402 fetishist, 75,000 Mohammedan, 20,064 Roman Catholic, and 6500 Protestant. Capital, Porto Novo, with 40,000 inhabitants; other towns are: Abomey (12,372), Ouidah, or Whydah (13,000), Grand Popo (2115), and Cotonou (2456). The principal products for export are palm kernels (export in 1912 valued at 13,398,416 francs, in 1909 at 8,353,252), palm oil (6,361,320 and 6,452,100), dried fish (304,670 in 1912), live animals (155,713 and 151,378), corn (325,036 and 712,713), copra (105,263 and 99,420), cotton, kola nuts, etc. Imports and exports for 1912 were valued at 20,310,098 and 21,451,317 francs, respectively. A railway (722 kilometers), which, when completed, will connect Cotonou with the Niger at a point near Karimana, is finished as far as Savé (261 kilometers). The line has three main sections: Cotonou to Paouignan, 194 kilometers; Paouignan to Parakou, 246; Parakou to the Niger, 250. branch from Cotonou (32 kilometers) runs to Ouidah and Segboroué. Ch. Noufflard was lieutenant-governor in 1914.

DAIRY FARMING. See DAIRYING.

A

DAIRYING. SUPPLY OF DAIRY PRODUCTS. The increase in the value of dairy products in the United States was hardly commensurate with the increased consumption and export demands which characterized the trade in 1915. There appeared to be a marked shortage of milk in New England and New York, due probably to a shortage of cows in that section, while the Middle West remained about normal. The dairying industry of the country suffered by reason of the spread of the foot-and-mouth disease, which, however, at the end of the year was under control as a result of the vigorous policy of eradication followed. Fortunately, the National Dairy Show herd of 700 head were saved by a most thorough and complete quarantine from which they were released in May (see also VETERINARY MEDICINE).

It was estimated by the United States Department of Agriculture that the average per capita milk consumption in cities of 2500 inhabitants over was 112 quarts per year, and was

or

slightly higher in cities of 25,000 or over than in smaller cities. There was apparently less variation in milk consumption by months in the large cities than in the small ones, the fluctuations being less than 10 per cent. Investigations made by the New York Cornell Experiment Station showed that milk was being produced in that section at a net cost of $1.21 per 100 pounds, and butter fat at 33.3 cents per pound. The average profit realized was 31 cents per 100 pounds, and the net profit per cow was $20.39. The average cost of feed per cow was $51.57, and the labor cost $23.12. The profit from cows yielding 10,000 pounds per year of milk was 51 per cent greater than from those yielding 6000 pounds.

The cow testing associations were on a firmer footing than they had been in previous years. Many new associations were organized through the efforts of the Department of Agriculture and the extension divisions of the agricultural colleges. The results of these associations were highly satisfactory, many of the herds under their control making notable gains in yields, due to the elimination of inferior cows and the adoption of the most approved methods of feeding and management.

The spirit of coöperation has been especially evident in Wisconsin within recent years. There were in 1915 over 1500 farmers' companies in that State, of which 347 were creamery organizations, 290 cheese factories, and 35 live stock shipping associations. In point of number and the money handled the dairy enterprises exceeded all other coöperative agencies. The Wisconsin Station reported that approximately half of the cheese of the United States was made in that State. Two-thirds of this was American and the remaining one-third was Swiss, brick, and Limburger. Many fancy varieties were produced but they were of little commercial importance. Since 1909 the production had been decreasing in other leading States and increasing in Wisconsin. More than half of the cheese factories were coöperative. It appeared that a great portion of the middleman's charges in marketing cheese were legitimate, and for the present, necessary. Notable dairy records for the year were as follows: The Holstein cow, Duchess Skylark Ormsby, completed a year's record of 27,761 pounds of milk containing 1205 pounds of fat. The Holstein cow, Finderne Pride Johanna Rue, made a record of 28,403.7 pounds of milk and 1176.47 pounds of fat in one year. The 3-yearold Holstein Frisian heifer, Finderne Holingen Fayne, produced 24,612.8 pounds of milk containing 1116.05 pounds of fat. The 10-year-old Guernsey cow, Murne Cowan, completed a year's record of 24,008 pounds of milk containing 1098.18 pounds of fat.

Announcement was made of the formation of the American Milking Shorthorn Breeders' Association, with headquarters at St. Paul, Minn. Animals will be registered as foundation stock until the end of 1918 under certain conditions. EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF DAIRY PRODUCTS. Cheese, butter, and butter fats were again becoming important factors in the United States export trade after a long period of comparative inactivity. Butter usually averaging about 3, 500,000 pounds annually in the export trade, in the fiscal year 1915 went to nearly 10,000,000 pounds. During this period imports of butter were reduced by more than one-half, falling from

a little less than 8,000,000 pounds in 1914, to less than 4,000,000 pounds in 1915. American cheese, running at about 2,500,000 pounds a year, went to 54,000,000 pounds in the fiscal year 1915. Here also, as in the case of butter, the trade balance was transferred to the export side, for the year's imports of cheese last year totaled only 50,000,000 pounds, a decrease of 13,750,000 pounds from the total for 1914.

England became the largest foreign market for American butter, cheese, and condensed milk, having taken 3,333,000 pounds of butter, 48,500,000 pounds of cheese, and 4,000,000 pounds of condensed milk from the United States. Canada, Cuba, Panama, Australia, and Venezuela also took considerable quantities of American butter. Panama and the West Indies are important markets for cheese. American condensed milk was being exported in record-breaking amounts, with sales aggregating 37,235,627 pounds in the fiscal year 1915, against less than one-third that amount in 1911. Cuba led among the foreign markets for this American product, while very large amounts were sold in the Orient, chiefly Japan, China, and the Philippine Islands.

The war has diverted large quantities of Canadian butter and cheese to England that would otherwise have sought a market in the United States, eleven months' imports of butter being but 3,721,224 pounds, against 7,640,995, and of cheese 46,561,251 pounds, against 58,778,538 pounds last year. Italy and Switzerland were the leading sources of the cheese imported into the United States, having supplied in 1915 26.5 million and 22.5 million pounds, respectively, as against nearly 5.5 million from France, 3% million from the Netherlands, 3.25 million from Greece, 1 million pounds from Canada, and smaller amounts from Norway, Germany, England, and Austria-Hungary.

DAIRYING IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. Census reports of food supplies in Australia showed that from 30 to 40 per cent of the dairy cattle in that country were lost in consequence of drought, and that with the limited milk supply an output of only 13,000,000 pounds of cheese could be expected for 1915. The annual consumption in Australia was in excess of 18,000,000 pounds. There was likewise a serious shortage of butter, and while there was probably ample for home consumption, very little butter would be available for export. Australia was forced to become an importer instead of an exporter of butter. Large shipments were being made by American concerns.

The dairy industry in New Zealand had become an important factor in the prosperity of that country. At the close of the year ended April 30, 1915, there were 167 public creameries, 330 public cheese factories, 64 private creameries, and 24 private cheese factories in operation. Large exports of cheese and butter were being made from that country, Canada and the United States being the principal consumers.

general situation in the condensed milk industry in 1914 was comparatively favorable. The reduced production of milk in Switzerland, due to a shortage of feed crops, and subsequently the difficulty in procuring sugar, threatened to curtail the condensed milk and certain other Swiss food products industries. See also AGRICUL

TURE.

LITERATURE. Among the important publications that appeared during the year were the following: Proceedings of the 6th, 7th, and 8th Annual Conferences of the American Association of Medical Milk Commissions, 1912, 1913, and 1914 (Cincinnati, Ohio, 1915); W. A. G. Penlington, Science of Dairying (London, 1915); S. H. Ayers and W. T. Johnson, Jr., "Ability of Colon Bacilli to Survive Pasteurization" (Ù. S. Department of Agriculture, Journal of Agricultural Research, February, 1915); C. Thom and R. H. Shaw, "Moldiness in Butter" (U. S. Department of Agriculture, Journal of Agricultural Research, January, 1915); G. L. A. Ruehle and W. L. Kulp, "Germ Content of Stable Air and Its Effect upon the Germ Content of Milk” (New York State Station Bulletin 409); B. H. Hibbard and A. Hobson, "Markets and Prices of Wisconsin Cheese" (Wisconsin Station Bulletin 251); J. D. Brew, "Milk Quality as Determined by Present Day Score Cards" (New York State Station Bulletin 398).

DALLES-CELILO CANAL. See CANALS. DAMS. One of the most important engineering questions under discussion in 1915 was the construction of dams for power development across rivers under the control of the Federal government. It was claimed that existing legis lation seriously curtailed hydroelectric development that would be of direct benefit to many persons, and in his annual report for 1915, Secretary of War Garrison pointed out that the national general dam act had prevented the development of water power on navigable streams and characterized the law as a "makeshift which effectually prevents all development." Referring to it specifically, he stated:

"The general dam act does not offer the rightful and necessary inducement for an economical and profitable development, nor on the other hand would it adequately protect the interests of the public if development were possible under it. It is a general dam act in name only; while purporting to lay down general conditions to cover development in all cases, it nevertheless requires in each case the further special authorization of Congress, which made of each application an independent legislative proposition, and subjected each project to the delay and hazard of congressional action."

The Secretary also pointed out that the usual use of electric power, in cities and in factories, was not the only outlet for hydroelectric energy, and instanced the fact that the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, through the use of the electric furnace, offers a tremendous field for the use of cheap power-a matter of particular importance at a time when nitrogen for explosives is so important a factor in military effectiveness. He urged that Congress enact suitable legislation along the lines of that which failed to pass in the Congress of the previous year.

The Arrowrock Dam, across the Boise River just above Boise, Idaho, the highest dam in the world, was officially dedicated on October 4th. This dam is 348.5 feet in height from the lowest

point of the foundation to its parapet, and is about 250 feet above the river bed. It is arched in plan to a 662-foot radius. The section is the normal gravity type. The length at the top is 1100 feet, and the width at that point 16 feet. At the base it is 240 feet thick. The total amount of concrete reached 610,600 cubic yards. The excavation amounted to 683,000 cubic yards. It was completed nearly two years ahead of time at a saving of more than $2,500,000 on the original estimate. It is a part of the Boise project of the United States Reclamation Service, which embraces an area of 240,000 acres.

Work continued during the year on the Elephant Butte Dam described in the 1914 YEAR BooK, and on Sept. 1, 1915, 560,000 cubic yards of masonry had been placed, leaving about 50,000 cubic yards to complete the structure, which was virtually finished by the end of the year, so that sometime in 1916 it would be ready for use. This dam is built of rubble concrete masonry with a smooth concrete face, and local conditions introduced many interesting problems.

During the year further progress was made on the Calaveras Earth Dam for the Spring Valley Water Company, of San Francisco. This dam, when completed, will be the highest earth dam in the world, with a crest of 240 feet above bedrock, and containing over 3,000,000 cubic yards of material. The dam was being constructed by the hydraulic process and by means of material placed on the lower slopes by teams loaded by steam shovels. The dam is located in a narrow valley with steep hills on either side, and as the earth on the slopes was not well suited to hydraulic excavation and placing, much of the material required had to be carried in a pipe line for a considerable distance in order to reach suitable earth. The Calaveras reservoir when completed was expected to increase the available water supply for San Francisco by 30,000,000 gallons per day, and would provide for considerable growth of the city, which now has a daily consumption of 45,000,000 gallons.

In 1915 progress was made on the cyclopean masonry dam which was being built near the present Holden reservoirs of the city of Worcester, Mass., to impound an additional water supply. This dam was to be 108 feet in height, from foundation to top, and 80 feet wide at base, and 17 feet wide at the top, which is 850 feet long. The dam closes the narrow outlet of a natural basin and is built on solid rock, so that a certain amount of the excavated material can be used in the dam masonry, while rock excavated near the dam site will be used for the concrete aggregates, and for making sand as well as the coarser concrete, two sand rolls having been installed. This work was being done by municipal labor, with small annual appropriations, and is estimated to cost about $700,000.

The reservoir formed by the Roosevelt Dam across the Salt River in Arizona was filled to the dam crest for the first time on April 14th, and water passed over the spillway. This dam was 280 feet high above bedrock, 1080 feet long (including spillways), and the reservoir has a capacity of 1,400,000 acre feet.

The year saw also the completion of the Lahontan Dam of the Truckee-Carson irrigation project in Nevada. This earth embankment was 124 feet high, and supplied 290,000 acre feet of water for irrigation. It is across the Carson River, near Fallon and Hazen, Nev. The struc

ture cost about $1,500,000, and is unique in possessing twin spillways 250 feet long at either end of the dam, with a combined normal discharge capacity of 30,000 second feet, which converge on a circular pool 230 feet in diameter. There is also a reënforced concrete outlet tower with two cylindrical hydraulically balanced valves. In its construction there was involved an electrically operated plant and also a sand cement plant. For an earth embankment the Lahontan Dam presents many striking and interesting features.

The Great Falls Dam on the Missouri River near Great Falls, Mont., was dedicated August 11th, when water passed over the crest of the dam. The improvement of the Ohio River involves construction of a number of dams, and Dam No. 10, at Steubenville, Ohio, was com: pleted November 4th, and locks placed in operation on that date.

One of the dam failures during the year was the Lyman Dam, an earth dike across the main channel of the Little Colorado River, about 12 miles south of St. Johns, Ariz. This dike was 450 feet long on the bottom, and 65 feet on the crest, 65 feet high, with a 12-foot crest, and a slope of 2.1 on both sides, and contained 200,000 cubic feet of material. The reservoir which it formed had a capacity of about 40,000 acre feet, being the next in size in Arizona to the Roosevelt reservoir. The dam failed on April 14th, and the reason assigned for this was that a portion of the dike across the channel below the outlet conduit did not have an opportunity to dry out properly and therefore was materially

weak.

As in other States, Pennsylvania requires the consent or permission of the Water Supply Commission previous to the construction or change of any dam for power or other water obstruction, and during 1915 rules of inspection were issued by the commission to aid its engineering depart ment and for the guidance of those intending to construct dams. With each application plans and specifications were required, including a location plan or map, a general plan of the dam and reservoir, a longitudinal section, typical cross section, detailed plans of the spillway, and other works, diagrams of forces, and their stresses acting on the structure. In Colorado also there is State supervision of reservoirs, and detailed regulations and specifications are provided for construction. While in Colorado there have been a number of failures of reservoir dams, it has been found that in practically every case there has been inadequate investigation of the foundation of the dam and of the materials used in it.

DANBURY HATTERS' CASE. See BOY

COTT.

DANISH LITERATURE. See SCANDINA

VIAN LITERATURE.

DANISH WEST INDIES. Three West Indian islands (Saint Croix, 84 square miles, 15,467 inhabitants in 1911; Saint Thomas, 33 and 10,678; Saint John, 21 and 941), which compose a colony of Denmark. Negroes form the majority of the population, and the cultivation of sugar-cane is the chief industry. The sugar export from Saint Croix in 1911-12 was 10.023 metric tons; in 1912-13, 6063; in 1913-14, 5825. In 1913-14, the export of rum from Saint Croix was 86,957 gallons; cotton, 161,539 kilograms; cotton seed, 277,144 kilograms. Gover

nor, L. C. Helweg-Larsen; government seat, Charlotte Amalie (Saint Thomas).

DARTMOUTH COLLEGE. An institution for higher education, founded in 1769 at Hanover, N. H. The total enrollment in all departments in the autumn of 1915 was 1470. The faculty numbered 142, which includes also officers of administration. During the year Prof. James L. McConaughy was appointed head of the department of education and director of the summer session; Dr. Philip Greeley Class, director of music; Henry T. Moore, assistant professor of psychology, in place of Walter Van Dyke Bingham; Herbert E. Cushman, lecturer in philosophy. No notable benefactions were received during 1915. The productive funds at the end of the fiscal year amounted to $3,861,717, and the income to $392,768. The library contained 135,000 volumes.

DEATH RATE. See VITAL STATISTICS. DEFECTIVES. See CHARITIES, passim. DE GOURMONT, RÉMY. See FRENCH LITERATURE, Literary Events.

DEGREE, Ph.D. IN GERMAN UNIVERSITIES. See PHILOLOGY, MODERN.

DELAFIELD, FRANCIS. American physician, died July 17, 1915. He was born in New York City in 1844, and graduated from Illinois College in 1860. He studied medicine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and received the degree in 1872. After post graduate work in London, Berlin, and Paris, he began practice in New York City. His investigation of the problems of medicine soon gave him a recognized place among the original workers of the day, particularly as a pathologist. He was appointed surgeon at the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, and pathologist to the Roosevelt Hospital in the same year. In 1871 he joined the staff of Bellevue Hospital, and a year later became adjunct professor of medicine in the College of Physicians and Surgeons. Two years later he was elected to the chair of the theory and practice of medicine. From 1901 until his death he was professor emeritus. He was the first president of the Association of American Physicians. While professor of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, he founded and himself supported for some time the first pathological laboratory in the United States. He was called to Buffalo in consultation after the shooting of President McKinley. He received degrees of LL.D. from Illinois and Columbia universities. His writings include: Hand Book of Post Mortem Examinations and Morbid Anatomy; Manual of Physical Diagnosis; Diseases of the Kidneys; and Handbook of Pathological Anatomy and Histology (with Dr. T. M. Pruden).

DELAND, MARGARET. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Fiction.

DELANY, JOHN JOSEPH. American jurist, died July 14, 1915. He was born in New York City in 1861, and was educated at the College of St. Francis Xavier in that city. In 1888 he graduated from the Columbia Law School. Appointed assistant corporation of council of New York City in the following year, in 1904 he became corporation counsel. He was elected to the Supreme Court of the State in 1910. Delany was prominent in important municipal litigation, including the fight for eighty-cent gas.

DELAWARE. POPULATION. The population of the State on July 1, 1915, was, according to