and Aage Madelung's Mein Kriegstagebuch, the work of a Danish author writing in German. Other works dealing with the campaign in the East or West are Karl Hans Strobl's Zwischen Weichsel unde Karpathen; Artur Holitscher's In England, Ostpreussen u. s. w.; Adolf Koster's Der Tod in Flandern; Norbert Jacques's London und Paris im Kriege; Ludwig Ganghofer's Reise zur Front 1915; Alfons Pacquet's Nach Osten; Bernard Kellermann's Der Krieg im Westen; and Kriegsfahrten eines Johannitersmit friedlichem Zwischenspiel, by Fedor von Zobeltitz. The political aspects of the war are treated in Dr. Karl Notzel's Der entlarvte Panslavismus und die grosse Aussöhnung der Slaven und Germanen; Dr. Karl Federn in Die Politik des Dreiverbandes und der Krieg; Gustav F. Steffen in Weltkrieg und Imperialismus; Karl Bleibtreu in Englands grosse Waterloolüge; Alfons Pacquet in Der Kaisergedanke, and others. Otto Hauser, too, has turned from his purely literary labors to the all-engrossing problems of the day in Rasse und Rassefragen in Deutschland. The spirit of books like Deutschland als Welterzieher, by Johann August Lux, Friedrich Lienhard's Deutschlands europäische Sendung, and Walter von Molo's Deutsch sein heisst Mensch sein, is evident from the titles. Oskar A. G. Schmitz offers a forecast of the Germany that is to be after the war in Das wirkliche Deutschland. Karl Joel's Neue Weltkultur, Carl Hauptmann's Die uralte Sphinx, and Alexander Schneider's Kriegsgestalten und Todesgewalten are other interesting contributions to the literature of the war. Appreciations of the military leaders are numerous, among them Unser Hindenburg, by Paul Bliss, and Von Hannibal zu Hindenburg, by Karl Strecker. A contribution to the psychology of war is offered by Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld in Warum hassen sich die Völker? Friedrich Lienhard has written Das deutsche Elsass. A lighter note is struck by Hermann Bahr in Kriegssegen, Eberhard Buchner in Kriegshumor, and Rudolf Greinz in Die eiserne Faust: Marterln auf unsere Feinde. Women have contributed a number of books: Dr. Gertrud Bäumer, Der Krieg und die Frau, Leonore Niessen-Deiters, Kriegsbriefe einer Frau, and Lena Christ, Unsere Bayern 1914. The peace problem has been touched in Heinrich Lhotzky's Um den Völkerfrieden. More motely related to the war are Peter Altenberg's Fechsung, Felix Poppenberg's Der Sommerhut von 1915, and the essays, Wege und Umwege, by Annette Kolb, who deserves credit for having publicly denounced the press for sowing hatred and creating national prejudices. re NEW EDITIONS. It is curious to note that neither Goethe nor Schiller is represented by as many new editions as in other years, Goethe's Novellen und Märchen, with an introduction by Paul Ernst being the only important addition. On the other hand, a writer whom the young generation had forgotten, if not deliberately ignored, has come into astonishing prominence: Emanuel Geibel, the singer of innocuous sentiment and hollow pathos. A volume of his lyrics has been reissued: Heroldsrufe, his drama Sophonisbe, and there are new complete editions of his poems and his dramas. Selections from the writings of Nietzsche have been published under the title Nietzsche-Worte. Selections from the writings of Richard Wagner are of fered under the title, Was ist deutsch? There is also a popular edition of Richard Wagner's Complete Works. The German tales by the Grimm brothers have made their annual reappearance in a new form. There have been new editions of Wilhelm Heinse's Ardinghello oder die glückseligen Inseln, of Gottfried August Bürger's poems in two volumes, of Clemens Brentano's Geschichte vom braven Kasperl und schöner Annerl, of Klaus Groth's letters on High and Low German, of the complete works of Heine and of Wildenbruch. It is not far to seek the reason of such reprints as the letters of Blücher, Fichte's Uber den Begriff des wahrhaften Krieges, selections from the writings of Görres under the title Flammenzeichen, the soldier and war stories of Johann Peter Hebel, and selections from the robust preachments of the worthy capuchin Abraham à Santa Clara, entitled Kreigsbuch für die Seele. The most attractive new edition is that of Gottfried Keller's Heimat und Dichtung, with drawings by Emil Bollmann. TRANSLATIONS. Translations have been numerous. Among American authors so honored are Edgar Allan Poe, whose poems translated by Hedwig Lachmann and Hedda Möller-Bruck complete the German edition of his works. Only one American novel has appeared on the market: Meredith Nicholson's House of a Thousand Candles. The only English author represented is Conan Doyle. Paul Claudel, who had been introduced to the Germans by Emil Jacques-Dalcroze in the festival hall of his school at Dresden-Hellerau, is represented by his Transfiguration. Other French authors of whom translations have appeared are, Count Gobineau, Henri Bordeaux, Gustave Flaubert, Felicien Mallefille, and Le Sage. There are translations from the Danish of Holger Drachmann, Karin Michaelis, and Johannes V. Jensen; from the Norwegian of Knut Hamsun; and from the Swedish of Selma Lagerlöf. There is a new translation of the works of Sappho. The Trojan Women of Euripides has been translated by Franz Werfel. A collection of Chinese novels has appeared, and a volume of the memoirs of Li Hung Chang. The only book from the Turkish, Emin Mehmed's Turks Awake, seems a contribution to the literature of the war. OBITUARY. Among the writers who have died within the past year are Albert Geiger, poet, novelist, and dramatist; Carl F. Glasenapp, the biographer of Wagner; Dr. Max Friedländer, editor of Kladderadatsch; Dr. Franz Schnorr von Carolsfeld, former director of the royal library at Dresden, and author of a history of Meistergesang; Käte Sebaldt, who, under her pseudonym Miriam Eck, was known as a writer of lyrics and an excellent translator; Dr. Karl Lamprecht, the historian; Georg Busse-Palma, brother of Carl Busse, and, like him, a lyric poet; Felix Poppenberg, the essayist; Fritz Marti, the Swiss writer; and Walter Heymann, the lyric poet, one of a number of less known writers who fell on the battlefield. GERMAN NEW GUINEA. A protectorate of Germany, including Kaiser-Wilhelmsland and the Bismarck Archipelago, with the German Solomon Islands. Estimated area, 240,000 square kilometers (92,664 square miles). Dependencies are the Caroline, Palan, Mariana, and Marshall islands; area, 2476 square kilometers (956 square miles). The total native colored population of protectorate and depend- 292 Germans. Missions, two Protestant and encies is estimated at 600,000; other colored, two Roman Catholic. Schools, 20, with 775 2000; whites, Jan. 1, 1913, 968 in the protec- pupils; about 3000 persons are said to receive torate and 459 in the dependencies (of whom, mission instruction. In 1912-13, 494 whites German 746 and 259). Missions, four Protes- and 3194 natives were convicted in the courts. tant and five Roman Catholic. Schools, 516, The military in 1914 numbered 1967 Germans with 18,486 pupils. The trade of the protec- and 589 natives; police, 516 and 370. The Gertorate was valued at 5,299,000 marks imports, mans, who established the protectorate in 1884, and 4,109,000 marks exports in 1911; in 1912, have met with much vigorous resistance from 5,872,000 and 5,041,000. The chief export is the natives. Stock raising exceeds agriculture copra, amounting to 3,332,000 marks in 1911 in importance. The number of cattle increased and 4,052,000 in 1912. Imports from and ex- from 73,331 in 1908 to 121,139 in 1910, 171,784 ports to Germany in 1911, were valued at 2, in 1912, and 205,643 in 1913. In the latter year 554,000 and 3,330,000 marks; in 1912, 2,221,000 there were also 53,691 wool sheep, 17,171 Perand 4,489,000. Imports and exports of the de- sian sheep, 11,194 karakul, 472,585 mutton pendencies in 1911, 1,729,000 and 6,271,000 sheep, 485,401 goats, 31,503 Angora goats, 15,marks; in 1912, 1,963,000 and 5,164,000. The 916 horses, 13,618 mules and asses, 7772 swine, chief export is phosphate, valued at 5,308,000 709 camels, and 1507 ostriches. Copper is marks in 1911, and 3,468,000 in 1912. Imports mined and, in the neighborhood of Lüderitzfrom and exports to Germany in 1911, 462,000 bucht, diamonds are found in considerable and 2,615,000 marks; in 1912, 441,000 and 1,- quantities. The diamond output in 1910-11 613,000. Local revenue (for protectorate and was 814,322 carats, and in 1911-12, 766,465 cardependencies) in 1912-13, 1,760,000 marks; in ats. Imports and exports have been valued as 1913-14, 2,096,000; expenditure, 3,410,000 and follows: in 1907, 32,396,000 and 1,616,000 3,830,000. The budget for 1914-15 balanced at marks; in 1910, 44,344,000 and 34,692,000; in 3,833,886 marks, the estimated receipts includ- 1912, 32,499,000 and 39,035,000; in 1913, 43,ing an imperial contribution of 1,717,022 426,000 and 70,302,000. Diamond export in marks. The capital is Rabaul, in Neu-Pom- 1912 and 1913, 30,414,000 and 58,910,000 marks; mern. A German protectorate was declared copper ore, 6,523,000 and 7,929,000 (in metric over Kaiser-Wilhelmsland and the Bismarck tons, 42,775 and 47,345); tin ore, 9000 and Archipelago in 1884; Germany acquired the de- 632,000 (in metric tons, 9 and 209); hides and pendencies in 1899. skins, 298,000 and 521,000; wool, 150,000 and 136,000; ostrich plumes, 97,000 and 125,000. Imports from and exports to Germany in 1911, 37,259,000 and 24,360,000 marks; in 1912, 26,442,000 and 32,454,000. The length of railway in operation increased from 20 kilometers in 1897 to 194 in 1900, 631 in 1905, 1598 in 1909, and 2104 (1307 miles) in 1912. Soon after the outbreak of the great war in 1914 the British decided for military purposes to connect the railway systems of the Union of South Africa and German Southwest Africa. The connecting line, completed in 1915, is 314 miles long, extending from Prieska, on the Orange River in the Cape Province, along the south bank of the river to a point opposite Upington, where the river is crossed; from Upington the line runs to Nakob and thence west to Kalkfontein, terminus of the railway from Lüderitzbucht. In 1914 German New Guinea was occupied by British Colonial troops. See 1914 YEAR BOOK. GERMAN PLOTS. See CANADA, History; and UNITED STATES AND THE WAR. GERMAN REFORMED CHURCH. See REFORMED CHURCH IN THE UNITED STATES. GERMAN SAMOA. A protectorate of Germany in the South Pacific, consisting of the is lands of Savaii (652.9 square miles), Upolu (335.5), Manono (3.3), and Apolima (1.8). Total area, 993.5 square miles. Besides the islands mentioned there are several islets of inconsiderable area. Estimated native population, 38,000; whites, Jan. 1, 1913, 544, of whom 329 Germans. There is one Protestant and one Roman Catholic mission. Imports and exports increased from 2,826,000 and 1,770,000 marks respectively in 1907, to 3,462,000 and 3,534,000 in 1910, 4,066,000 and 4,390,000 in 1911, 4,994,000 and 5,045,000 in 1912, and 5,676,000 and 5,339,000 in 1913. The chief export is copra, valued at 4,070,000 marks in 1912 and 4,121,000 in 1913; next is cacao, 840,000 and 1,063,000. Imports from and exports to Germany in 1912, 986,000 and 2,536,000; in 1913, 1,199,000 and 2,973,000. Local revenue in 1912-13, 970,000 marks; in 1913-14, 1,190,000; expenditure, 1,130,000 and 1,138,000. The budget for 1914-15 balanced at 1,374,354 marks. The administrative headquarters is Apia, in Upolu. In 1914 German Samoa was occupied by British Colonial troops. See 1914 YEAR BOOK. GERMAN SOUTHWEST AFRICA. A protectorate of Germany on the Atlantic, between Angola and the Cape Province of the Union of South Africa (excepting Walfish Bay, which belongs to the Cape Province). Estimated area, 835,100 square kilometers (322,432 square miles), nearly equal to the combined area of Washington, Oregon, and California. Estimated native population, 81,000; other colored, 3000; whites, Jan. 1, 1913, 14,830, of whom 12, Local revenue in 1912-13 and 1913-14, 31,910,000 and 23,500,000 marks; expenditure, 46,570,000 and 40,340,000; in addition, there were loans of 15,950,000 and 7,481,000 marks. The budget for 1914-15 balanced at 47,820,000 marks, estimated local receipts amounting to 28,199,000 marks, imperial contribution 12,140,000, and loan 7,481,000. Windhuk is the administrative headquarters. HISTORY. Shortly after the outbreak of the war in 1914, the forces of the Union of South Africa under General Louis Botha began an invasion of German Southwest Africa. Two divisions of the Boer troops landed at Walfish and Lüderitz Bays and began to advance by rail from these points, while a third concentrated its strength in Northern Cape Colony and advanced northward. On Christmas Day (1914), Walfish Bay, which had been raided by the Germans in September, was reoccupied by the troops of the Union. The first action to take place in the new year was on January 5th, when the invading forces occupied Scuit Drift, a crossing place on the Orange River between South Africa and German Southwest Africa. A week later another crossing place, Raman's Drift, was taken by the Boers. On January 14th, Swakopmund, the principal port of the Protectorate, was occupied. From this time the invasion proceeded rapidly. Town after town fell into the hands of the invaders. Early in February the Germans retaliated by attacking the South African town of Kakamas, but their attack was repulsed. The Union forces next occupied Garub, 70 miles inland from Lüderitz Bay, then Davignab, Nababas, Heiragobis, Ukamas, Jerusalem, and Velloor. On the last day of March, Aus, the southernmost port of the Protectorate, about 100 miles from Lüderitz Bay, was captured by the Boers. Following the occupation of Aus, the invaders took possession of Warmbad, the southern capital of the Colony, Kalkfontein and Kanus, important railway stations, Seeheim, Keetmanshoop, and Bethany. Kubas was taken without any fighting on May 1st, and Otyimbingue was occupied the following day. By May 6th, General Botha was in possession of Karibib, Johann Albrechtshohe, and Wilhelmstal, and on the 12th of the month he entered Windhuk, the capital of German Southwest Africa. Here the powerful wireless station of the Germans was captured. The capture of the capital meant the downfall of the Protectorate, but for some time the Germans continued to offer resistance. On June 21st General Botha occupied Omaruru, an important railroad station on the Swakopmund Railway, 80 miles northwest from Windhuk; several days later he captured Kalkfeld, 40 miles further north. Otjivarango and Okandyande were taken in the last days of the month. Okaputu was occupied on June 30th and Otavi on July 1st. The final stand of the Germans was made at Tsumeb. When this place fell on July 8th, the Protectorate was ready to surrender. The actual surrender was made on July 9th. By the terms of the agreement: (1) The military forces of the Protectorate were surrendered by his Excellency Governor Seitz to the Right Honorable Louis Botha, Commandant-in-Chief of the forces of the Un ion. (2) Officers of the army of the Protectorate were to be allowed to keep their arms after giving their parole. (3) The active troops of the Protectorate were to be interned under such guard as the Union saw fit to propose. (4) All reservists were allowed to return to their homes after giving their parole. (5) All reservists among the prisoners were to be allowed to return home after giving their parole. (6) All officers among the reservists were to be allowed to retain their arms after giving their parole. (7) All officers of the active forces were to be allowed to keep their mounts. (8) All police of the Protectorate who had been acting in the capacity of soldiers were to be treated as such. Those acting in distant parts of the Protectorate were to be allowed to remain until such time as they could be replaced by the Union. (9) Civil officers of the Protectorate were to be allowed to remain in their home after giving their parole. (10) All war material, except the arms re tained by the officers, were to be placed at the disposal of the Union. (11) Civil and military officials were to be appointed to keep a record of all property handed over to them. The surrender of the Protectorate was speedily followed by the submission of the scattered German forces still remaining under arms in Damaraland and in remoter districts, so that by the end of July, the entire territory of German Southwest Africa was in the control of the Boer forces. See also WAR OF THE NATIONS, Africa. GERMANY. The German Empire, officially das Deutsche Reich, a constitutional monarchy, consists of 25 federated states and an Imperial territory (Reichsland). Capital, Berlin. AREA AND POPULATION. The area is officially stated at 540,857.5 square kilometers, equivalent to 208,825.2 square miles. This area is only slightly greater than that of France, 207,129 square miles, and is about the same as the combined areas of Nevada and Wyoming, 208,604 square miles, or of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, 208,770 square miles. The area in square miles, and the population according to the census of Dec. 1, 1900, and the census of Dec. 1, 1910, are shown by states in the following table (k kingdom, g grand duchy, d duchy, p principality, fc free city, r Reichsland); under Prussia are shown the constituent provinces and territory of Hohenzollern, and under Bavaria are shown Bavaria proper (that is, the eastern part) and the detached Palatinate (west of the Rhine). Pop. 1900 Pop. 1910 224,882 768,349 1,719,470 1,014,664 1,874,014 .208,825.2 56,367,178 64,925,993 POPULATION TOTALS OF THE EMPIRE IN FORMER YEARS 1905. 60,641,489 Total 1900....56,367,178 .1890....49,428,470 1860. Total 1850. Total 1840. 1830. 1820.. larger cities at that time was as follows (some 229,526 of the figures are larger than the returns of the census, having been adjusted so as to include certain districts subsequently annexed): Berlin, 2,071,257 (Greater Berlin, 3,710,000); Hamburg, 932,116; Leipzig, 626,267; Munich, 607,592; Dresden, 551,697; Cologne, 516,527; .37,747,000 Breslau, 514,765; Frankfort on the Main, 414,.35,397,000 32,787,000 576; Düsseldorf, 358,728; Nuremberg, 333,142; .29,520,000 Charlottenburg, 305,978; Hanover, 302,375; Es.26,294,000 sen, 294,653; Chemnitz, 287,807; Stuttgart, 1816... .24,833,000 286,218; Magdeburg, 279,629; Bremen, 247,437; Königsberg, 245,994; Stettin, 237,419; Neukölln (formerly Rixdorf), 237,289; Duisburg, 229,483; Dortmund, 214,226; Kiel, 211,627; Mannheim, 206,049; Halle, 180,843; Strassburg, 178,891; Berlin-Schöneberg, 172,823; Altona, 172,628; Danzig, 170,337; Elberfeld, 170,195; Gelsenkirchen, 169,513; Barmen, 169,214; Posen, 156,691; Aachen (Aix-laChapelle), 156,143; Cassel, 153,196; Brunswick, Karlsruhe, 134,313; Lichtenberg, 133,141; Kre143,552; Augsburg, 143,128; Bochum, 136,931; Mainz, 118,107; Mülheim on the Ruhr, 112,feld, 129,406; Erfurt, 123,548; Plauen, 121,272; 580; Berlin-Welmersdorf, 109,716; Lübeck, 109,106; Wiesbaden, 109,002; Saarbrücken, 105,089; Mülhausen (in Alsace), 105,448; Hamborn, 101,703; Münster (in Westphalia), 90,254; Oberhausen, 89,900. The population totals for former years given above are comparable, since they relate to the Empire as constituted at present. The increase from 1871 to 1880 amounted to about 10.8 per cent; from 1880 to 1890, 8.9; from 1890 to 1900, 13.1; from 1900 to 1910, 14.1; from 1871 to 1910, 58.1. The average density per square mile in 1871 was about 197, and in 1910 about 311. The estimated population of the Empire, and of the customs territory (Zollgebiet) respectively, on June 30, 1912, was 66,146,000 and 66,391,000; on June 30, 1913, 66,978,000 and 67,225,000; on June 30, 1914, 67,810,000 and 68, 059,000. The 1910 census returned 32,040,166 males and 32,885,827 females. The number of males 18 years old and over was 18,947,561, and of females, 19,906,644. In view of the war, it is interesting to note the number of males returned by the 1910 census as having been born between the years 1879 and 1894 inclusive, that is, the number of males who, barring deaths from Dec. 31, 1910, would have been from 20 to 35 years of age in 1914; this number was 6,305,901. Males born in the years 1874 to 1878 inclusive, that is, males, who, barring deaths, would have been from 36 to 40 years of age in 1914, numbered 2,345,218. Males born in 1895 and 1896 numbered 1,329,903 at the 1910 census. Thus the number of males who, barring deaths from the end of 1910, would have been from 18 to 40 years of age in 1914 was 9,981,022. Of the total population in 1910, unmarried males and unmarried females numbered 19,516,340 and 18,591,604 respectively; married, 11,608,028 and 11,621,685; widowed, 866,676 and 2,583,872; divorced or separated, 49,122 and 88,666. The 1900 census showed a foreign population of 778,737, of whom 314,463 female; the 1910 census, 1,259,880, of whom 542,991 female. Of the total in 1910, Austrians numbered 634,989, Dutch 144,181, Russians (including Finns) 137,668, Italians 104,265, Swiss 68,233, Hungarians 32,087, Danes 26,238, French (including colonials) 19,137, British (including colonials) 18,319, Americans (including Filipinos, Porto Ricans, and Hawaiians) 17,555, Luxemburgeois 14,356, Belgians 13,449. The increase in population is largely urban. Communes having less than 2000 inhabitants are regarded as rural. The aggregate population of such communes in 1871 was 63.9 per cent of the total; in 1890, 53.0 per cent; in 1900, 45.6 per cent; in 1910, 40.0 per cent. The aggregate population of communes having 100,000 or more inhabitants in 1871 was 4.8 per cent of the total; in 1890, 12.1; in 1900, 16.2; in 1910, 21.3. On Dec. 1, 1910, there were 576 communes with over 10,000 inhabitants each. The communal population of the Of the total population at the 1910 census, about 61.6 per cent was returned as Evangelical and 36.7 per cent as Roman Catholic, as compared with 62.5 per cent and 36.1 per cent in 1900. In 1910, Evangelicals numbered 39,991,421, Roman Catholics 23,821,453, other Christians 283,946, Jews 615,021, others 214,the 1910 census, the number of Evangelicals 152. The following table shows, according to (E.), of Roman Catholics (R. C.), of other Christians (0. C.), and of Jews (J.), per thousand inhabitants: 1,085,996 and 1,060,798; excess of births, 839,887 and 833,800; living births, 1,869,636 and 1,838,750. The following table shows for each 1000 inhabitants: m the number of marriages; b births (including stillbirths); d deaths (including stillbirths); e excess of births over deaths; living births; and for each 100 births: i the number of illegitimate births; & the number of stillbirths: sities, together with the Kaiser-Wilhelm Academy at Berlin, and the Posen Academy, had, in the winter semester of 1912-13, 59,312 matriculated students (including 3213 females), and a total enrollment of 69,277 (including 5316 females); in the winter semester of 1913-14, 60,095 matriculated students (3686 females), and a total enrollment of 70,024 (5518 females); in the winter semester of 1914-15, 53,074 matriculated students (3896 females), and a total enrollment of 56,644 (4842 females). The first semester of the newly established University of 4.0 Frankfort on the Main, was that of the winter 1914-15; the number of the students is included in the total just given. The decline in attendance at the technical high schools and universities is to be noted as one of the results of the war. The following table shows for the several universities the number of matriculated students and the total enrollment in the win 8 m b d e *1851-60 ....7.8 36.8 27.8 9.0 35.3 11.5 4.0 1871-80 ....8.6 40.7 28.8 11.9 39.1 8.9 1881-90 ...7.8 38.2 26.5 11.7 36.8 9.3 8.7 1891-1900 ..8.2 87.3 23.5 13.9 36.1 9.1 8.2 1901-1910 ..8.0 33.9 19.7 8.6 3.0 เ 14.3 32.9 1900 36.8 ...8.5 8.7 3.1 1905 1910 ...8.1. 34.0 7.7 8.5 8.0 30.7 1911 1912 ...7.8 29.5 18.2 11.3 28.6 9.1 2.9 9.2 2.9 9.5 2.9 9.7 2.9 7.9 29.1 16.4 12.7 28.3 1913 ...7.7 28.3 15.8 12.4 27.5 For the ten-year periods, the annual average is ter semesters of 1913-14 and of 1914-15: shown. In 1895 German overseas emigrants numbered 37,498, and foreign emigrants from German ports, 95,074; in 1900, 22,309 and 160,129; in 1905, 28,075 and 284,787; in 1910, 25,531 and 254,618; in 1911, 22,690 and 183,233; in 1912, 18,545 and 290,386; in 1913, 25,843 and 413,857; in 1914, 11,803 and 150,416. Of the German emigrants in 1914, 9614 were bound for the United States, 77 for Brazil, 1821 for other American countries, 232 for Australia, 8 for Africa. Of the foreign emigrants from German ports in 1914, 131,938 were bound for the United States, 16,077 for other American countries, 2075 for the United Kingdom, 223 for Africa. EDUCATION. Higher schools for males numbered, in 1911, 1687, with 22,941 teachers and 427,644 students; for females, 828, with 3012 male teachers, 9386 female teachers, and 234,461 students (not including 2051 boys under instruction at the girls' schools). Included in the higher schools for males were: 534 gymnasia, with 9769 teachers and 160,237 students; 223 realgymnasia, with 3708 teachers and 70,357 students; 167 oberrealschulen, with 3473 teachers and 75,832 students; 81 progymnasia, with 570 teachers and 9509 students; 63 prorealgymnasia, with 384 teachers and 7252 students; and 411 realschulen, with 4265 teachers and 89,968 students. Of the higher schools for females, 39 were gymnasia, with 432 male teachers, 607 female teachers, and 22,137 students. There are numerous institutions for higher, technical, and professional instruction. Degree-conferring technical high schools number 11, at Aachen, Berlin, Breslau, Brunswick, Danzig, Dresden, Hanover, Karlsruhe, Munich, and Stuttgart. These technical high schools, in the winter semester of 1913-14, had 11,594 regular students, while the total enrollment, including attendants upon lectures, etc., was 16,871, of whom 1877 were females. In the winter semester of 1914-15, regular students numbered 9725, and the total enrollment was 11,722, of whom 842 were females. Lyceums, with faculties of philosophy and Roman Catholic theology, are established at Bamberg, Brunswick (academy), Dillingen, Eichstätt, Freising, Passau, and Regensburg; these had, in the winter semester of 1914-15, 847 regular students, and a total enrollment of 957, of whom 26 were females. The 21 univer In the winter semester of 1914-15, the number of matriculated university students in the several faculties was as follows: Evangelical theology, 4018 (including 12 females); Roman Catholic theology, 1888; law, 8561 (including 71 females); medicine, 15,149 (985); philosophy (including science, etc.), 22,419 (2739). The theological faculties at Münster, Munich, Würzburg, and Freiburg are Roman Catholic; at Bonn, Breslau, Tübingen, and Strassburg, there are both Roman Catholic and Evangelical theological faculties; at the other universities, the theological faculties are Evangelical. There are many institutions, in addition to those mentioned, for technical and special instruction. AGRICULTURE. The total area of Germany is stated at 54,085,760 hectares. So-called farm land in 1907 (the latest year for which statistics are available) comprised 43,106,486 hectares. Of this land 31,834,874 hectares (73.9 per cent) were under cultivation, 7,679,754 hectares (17.8 per cent) were profitable forest, and 3,591,858 hectares (8.3 per cent) were poor pasture, waste lands, yards, etc. Land under cultivation consisted of arable land, 24,432,354 hectares (56.7 per cent of the total farm land); meadows and sown pastures, 6,805,436 hectares (15.8 per cent); gardens, 481,716 hectares (1.1 per cent); and vineyards, 115,368 hectares (0.3 |