in all, inhabited by 30,000 Greeks-when it was possible thereby to gain the friendly coöperation of Bulgaria and Rumania in securing for Greece in Asia Minor over 100,000 square kilometers of territory with a Greek population of about 800,000. According to M. Venizelos's statement, King Constantine withdrew his objections to the cession of Kavala and authorized negotiations with Bulgaria on the lines indicated in the second memorandum. But the announcement that Bulgaria had accepted a loan from German bankers, supervening just at this juncture, upset all the plans of Greece, and convinced M. Venizelos that it would be impossible to gain the coöperation of Bulgaria against the Central Powers and Turkey, even by the offer of territorial concessions. The offer was therefore not made. M. Venizelos further admitted that the Allies had asked Greece to assist Serbia alone, and that Greece had refused, for the reason that the Allies were unwilling to send more than two divisions of infantry to protect Greece against a possible Bulgarian attack. As a counterblast to the ex-premier's revelations, King Constantine issued a communiqué, April 6th, flatly denying that he had ever authorized Venizelos to negotiate any agreement which would involve the alienation of Greek territory. The controversy now narrowed itself down to a clearcut question of fact. M. Venizelos, regarding the royal statement as an impeachment of his own veracity, showed his resentment by absenting himself from the Te Deum service, April 7th, when the court celebrated the national holiday of Greece. Venizelos furthermore addressed a letter to the King, threatening to retire from political life entirely, unless the communiqué were corrected. The denial was not made, how ever, nor was the threat fulfilled.

THE RETURN OF VENIZELOS TO POWER. Parliamentary elections were held in June. The government platform promised a long list of important measures, among which may be mentioned: proportional representation, decentralization of public authority, greater economy in public finance, tariff revision, the increase of direct and the reduction of indirect taxation, amelioration of labor conditions, and encouragement of peasant-proprietorship. In respect of foreign policy, the government promised to make no territorial concessions, but to watch for every opportunity to increase the greatness of Greece. In spite of this strong bid for popular support on the part of the Gounaris cabinet, the victory of the Venizelist party was practically a foregone conclusion. Almost 200, out of the total of 316 deputies elected to constitute the new Parliament, were supporters of M. Venizelos. The minister of finance in the Gounaris cabinet having lost his seat in the Chamber of Deputies, resigned his portfolio in the ministry, June 15th. The premier himself delayed his resignation only until the meeting of the newly elected Parliament, which took place August 16th. A fortnight before his resignation, M. Gounaris received a visit from the British, French, Italian, and Russian ministers at Athens, presumably to urge upon Greece the necessity for making concessions to Bulgaria. A few days later M. Gounaris publicly reaffirmed his determination not to cede a single inch to Bulgaria. When M. Gounaris resigned, August 16th, the question arose whether King Constantine would consent to reinstate M. Veni

zelos as premier, disregarding the recent quar rel. An agreement was reached between the King and the politician, August 22nd, on the basis of (1) benevolent neutrality towards the Entente Powers; (2) fulfillment of treaty obligations toward Serbia; (3) no cession of Greek territory. As a result of this understanding, M. Venizelos was able to resume his post as premier and minister of foreign affairs, August 23rd. His colleagues were as follows: Minister of war, General Danglis; marine, Miaoulis; finance, Repoulis; interior, Gafayris; justice, Raktavin; communications, Diamantidis; public instruction, Tsirimokos; national economy, Michalakopoulos.

THE SECOND RESIGNATION OF VENIZELOS. A new crisis arose in the latter part of September when Bulgaria mobilized against Serbia (see BULGARIA, History) and the Greek government was confronted by two problems; first, whether Greece should fulfill her treaty obligations by aiding Serbia against Bulgaria; second, whether Greece should allow Anglo-French troops to pass through Greek territory on their way to fight with the Serbians. On these two points the King and the premier were absolutely disagreed. According to M. Venizelos's own statement (Corriere della Sera, November 23rd), the Greek premier acted upon the belief that by persisting in neutrality Greece would not avert, but simply postpone, war with Bulgaria; hence the course of wisdom would be to fight Bulgaria in alliance with Serbia and with the aid of Anglo-French troops. Accordingly, in the latter part of September, M. Venizelos not only ordered Greek mobilization, September 25th, but furthermore asked France and England if they were willing to send 150,000 troops to the support of Serbia. The King, however, refused to consider any such proposition. Venizelos communicated the King's refusal to the Entente Powers. In reply, he received a note from the French minister, October 2nd, announcing that the first contingent of French troops had already arrived at Saloniki, and that other French and English troops would be sent through Greek territory to aid Serbia. "As the casus foederis justifying Greek intervention in favor of Serbia had not yet occurred" (as Bulgaria had not yet attacked Serbia), said M. Venizelos, "I protested against the landing of the Anglo-French troops at Saloniki because Greece was still neutral. I could not but be glad however, because I was certain that Bulgaria was on the point of attacking Serbia.. On October 5th, however, I was compelled to resign, as the King disapproved what I had done.” The text of the Greek protest against the AngloFrench landing at Saloniki was as follows: "In answer to your letter, I have the honor to declare to Your Excellency that, being neutral in the European war, the Royal government (of Greece) could not possibly sanction the proceeding in question, for it constitutes a breach of Greece's neutrality, the more manifest since it comes from two great belligerent Powers. It is therefore the duty of the Royal government to protest against the passage of foreign troops across Greek territory."

...

THE ZAIMIS CABINET AND THE CYPRUS OFFER. Following the resignation of M. Venizelos, which occurred October 5th, Alexander Zaimis accepted the post of premier and formed a cabinet, October 7th, in which the portfolios were distributed as follows: Foreign affairs, Zaimis; interior,

Gounaris; war, Yanakitsas; marine, Countouriotis; finance, Dragoumis; public instruction, Theotokis; justice and communications, Rhallis. The Zaimis cabinet lasted less than a month, but during its short term of office it decided two important questions. In the first place, when Bulgaria attacked Serbia, October 14th, M. Zaimis refused to involve Greece in the war, and announced that in view of changed circumstances, the Serbo-Greek treaty did not now bind Greece to aid Serbia against Bulgaria. In the second place, the Zaimis government had to consider an offer made by Great Britain, October 17th, whereby in return for active Greek military support, Greece would obtain the important Island of Cyprus from Great Britain. Greece rejected the offer. The Zaimis government never commanded the majority of the Greek Parliament, but existed merely at the will of the King and at the sufferance of M. Venizelos. A violent debate, following a speech which the minister of war chose to regard as a personal insult, led to a vote of no confidence (147-114) and to the resignation of M. Zaimis, November 4th.

THE SKOULOUDIS CABINET. M. Zaimis was succeeded by a former foreign minister of Greece, M. Skouloudis, who had played a conspicuous part in the London Conference of 1913. The cabinet formed by M. Skouloudis, November 7th, was almost identical with that of his predecessor: Foreign affairs and premier, Skouloudis; public instruction, Micheledkis; justice and communications, Rhallis; interior, Gounaris; national economy, Theotokis; war, Yanakitsas; marine, Countouriotis; finance, Dragoumis. With the Skouloudis cabinet the question was no longer whether Greece should help Serbia-that question had been settled in the negative. The question now was whether the Anglo-French expeditionary forces, and the defeated Serbian armies, should be allowed to operate freely upon Greek territory, instead of being interned, as a strict interpretation of Greek neutrality might require. The whole question is treated in the article WAR OF THE NATIONS (q.v.). In this place, it is necessary only to point out that inasmuch as Venizelos still commanded a majority in the Greek Parliament, it was necessary for the King to dissolve Parliament November 11th, in order to forestall a conflict between the ministry and the majority. New elections were called for December 19th. Against this step the Venizelists most strenu ously protested. The King was violating the constitution, they claimed, in refusing to recognize the results of the June elections, which had expressed the country's approbation of M. Venizelos and his policies. M. Venizelos therefore announced that he would regard the December elections as unconstitutional, and urged his followers to take no part in the balloting. The result, as might easily have been foreseen, was the return of a majority pledged to support the government. In his political duel with M. Venizelos for in that way the events of the year may be epitomized-King Constantine had triumphed. Greece had not joined the Entente. GREENE, EDWARD LEE. An American botanist and educator, died Nov. 10, 1915. He was born in Hopkinton, R. I., in 1843, and graduated from Albion College in 1866. He was an Episcopal clergyman in 1871-85, and then became a Roman Catholic layman. He was professor of

botany at the University of California from 1885 to 1895, and at the Catholic University of America from 1895-1904. In the latter year he was associate in botany at the Smithsonian Institution. His writings include: Manual of Botany for the Region of San Francisco Bay (1894), West American Oaks (1887), Pittonia (5 vols. 1887-1903), Landmarks of Botanical History (1909).

GREENLAND. A Danish Arctic colony. Estimated area, 2,200,000 square kilometers (849,420 square miles). Area of settlements (colony proper) 88,100 square kilometers (34,015 square miles). Population of colony proper in 1901, 11,893 (11,621 Eskimos and 272 Europeans); Feb. 1, 1911, 13,459 (13,075 Eskimos and 384 Europeans). In 1912 births and deaths among the Eskimos were 482 and 389 respectively; in 1913, 566 and 377. Trade is restricted to Denmark. Imports from Denmark in 1912 and 1913 were valued at 482,873 and 608,875 kroner respectively; exports to Denmark, 899,451 and 965,802. Principal exports: seal and fish oil, valued in 1912 and 1913 at 490,000 and 467,900 kroner; seal skins, 81,800 and 90,500; blue fox skins, 121,350 and 161,300. The director resides at Copenhagen.

GREGORY, DANIEL SEELYE. An American clergyman and editor, died April 14, 1915. He was born in Carmel, N. Y., in 1832, and graduated from the State Normal College at Albany in 1850 and from Princeton Theological Seminary in 1860. In the following year he was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry, and from then till 1871 served various pastorates. From 1871 to 1878 he was professor of metaphysics, logic, and English literature at the University of Wooster, and was president of Lake Forest University from 1878-86. From 1890-94 he was managing editor of the Standard Dictionary. He edited the Homiletic Review from 1895-1904, and from that year until his death was general secretary of the Bible League of North America, and managing editor of the Bible Student and Teacher. His writings include Christian Ethics (1875), The Crime of Christendom (1900), and Constructive Studies in John, the Gospel for the Christian (1909).

GREGORY, ELIOT. An American artist and writer, died June 1, 1915. He was born in 1854 in New York City and graduated from Yale in 1880. For several years he studied art in Paris, and one of his paintings received honorable mention at the Salon. On his return to New York City he established one of the first studios on the European model. This became a meeting place for artists, musicians, and persons prominent in social life in the city. Mr. Gregory also wrote on a variety of subjects. For many years his Idler Papers appeared in the New York Evening Post. A number of his essays were gathered into two volumes, Worldly Ways and By-Ways and The Ways of Men. He was regarded as an authority on art and literary subjects. His work as an artist consisted mostly of portraiture. His portrait of Ada Rehan as "Katherine" in The Taming of the Shrew, painted for Augustin Daly, is now in the Shakespeare House in Stratford-on-Avon.

GRENADA. A British West Indian colony, consisting of the Island of Grenada, which is the most southerly of the Windward Islands group, and some of the Grenadines. The area of the island is about 119 square miles; the Grena

dines have an area of about 14 square miles (Carriacou, the largest, 8467 acres); so that the area of the colony is stated at 133 square miles. At the 1911 census, the population of the colony was 66,750 (6886 in Carriacou); estimate of Dec. 31, 1913, 69,307. The capital and chief town is St. George's (population, 1911, 4916); it has an excellent harbor. About 2 per cent of the inhabitants of the colony are Europeans, almost all the rest being negro. In 1913, there were 30,200 acres under cultivation. Sugar culture is declining, and the cacao is the crop of chief commercial importance. Imports and exports in 1913-14 were valued at £282,927 and £367,149 respectively. Revenue in that year amounted to £91,258 (of which £53,900 from customs); expenditure, £85,827. Public debt, £123,670.

GRENADINES. See GRENADA; and SAINT

VINCENT.

GREY, SIR EDWARD. See UNITED STATES AND THE WAR.

GROTON, WILLIAM MANSFIELD. An American theologian and educator, died May 25, 1915. He was born in Waldoboro, Me., in 1850, and graduated from Harvard University in 1873. He studied theology in the Philadelphia Divinity School, graduating in 1876. In the following year he was ordained a priest of the Protestant Episcopal Church. He was rector of several churches in Canada, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island until 1898, when he became professor of systematic theology in the Divinity School of the Protestant Episcopal Church, in Philadelphia. From 1900 until his death he was dean of that school. He was a member of many important committees at general conventions of his church. In 1912 he was lecturer at Philadelphia on the Bohlen Foundation. He was the editor of the Sunday School Teacher's Manual (1909).

GUADELOUPE. A French colony composed of the islands of the Lesser Antilles. Area, 1780 kilometers (687 square miles); population (1911), 212,430. The capital is Basse-Terre. In 1912, imports and exports were valued at 19,524,116 and 26,084,302 francs respectively; in 1913 imports came to 20,174,930 francs (of which 11,196,908 francs represents imports from France) and exports amounted to 18,287,489 francs (of which 16,401,932 francs represents exports to France). The leading exports are cacao, coffee, and sugar.

GUATEMALA. The most northwesterly of the Central American republics. The capital is Guatemala City.

The

AREA, POPULATION, ETC. The GuatemalanHonduran boundary has not been entirely fixed, but in the spring of 1915 a treaty was concluded between the two governments looking toward a settlement of the long-standing boundary dispute. On account of the unsettled boundary, the area of Guatemala has been variously stated; one estimate is 48,290 square miles, and another 43,641 square miles. population, as calculated for the end of 1913, was 2,119,165, as compared with 1,842,134, the figure returned by the census of Dec. 31, 1903. The 1903 census showed about 60 per cent of the population Indian and most of the remainder mestizo. Varying estimates are made for urban populations. Guatemala City, with suburbs, is supposed to have upwards of 100,000 inhabitants; Quezaltenango, 34,000; Cobán, 31,

000; Totonicapán, 29,000; Esquintla, Zacapa, Chiquimula, and Jalapa, about 18,000 each; Santa Cruz del Quiché, 17,000; Jutiapa, 16,000; Antigua, Salamá, and Huehuetenango, about 15,000 each; Amatitlán, 12,000; Sololá, 11,000. The number of births reported for 1913 and 1914 respectively was 75,593 and 76,551; deaths, 38,320 and 40,878; excess of births, 37,273 and 35,673; marriages, 5274 and 5873. The reported number of public primary schools in 1912 was 1837, with 59,631 pupils; in 1913 pupils numbered 61,136; in 1914, there were 1878 public primary schools, with 64,387 pupils. At the normal schools 343 male and 370 female students were enrolled in 1914. There are a few secondary schools, a medical school, a law school, and several other educational institutions. Roman Catholicism is the prevailing religion. There is no state church.

PRODUCTION AND COMMERCE. Guatemala is a fertile country and produces crops of corn, sugar cane, bananas, cacao, tobacco, etc. Commercially the most important product is coffee. Estimated yield for 1914 is reported as follows in quintals: coffee, 918,522; corn, 4,611,292; wheat, 546,532; rice, 237,523; potatoes, 308,733; beans, 184,426; brown sugar, 100,000. The banana yield was estimated at 7,933,487 bunches. Grazing is of considerable importance; cattle in 1914, 1,407,223. There are valuable forests, in which are worked rubber, chicle, dye woods, cedar and mahogany. Some gold placers are worked, but mining, as well as manufacturing, is little developed.

Imports and exports have been valued as follows:

Imp. Exp.

1913

1911 1912 1914 .$8,166,670 $9,822,462 $10,062,328 $9.331,115 ..11,005,835 13,156,538 14,449,926 12,754,027

To the actual invoice value of imports at the maritime customs houses, the Guatemalan authorities add 25 per cent an estimate covering freights, insurance, commissions, etc. This addition is included in the above import values. In 1912 and 1913 respectively, the principal exports were as follows, values expressed in thousands of dollars: coffee clean, 9126 and 9905; coffee in parchment, 1863 and 2350; bananas, 667 and 826; cattle hides, 190 and 455; sugar, 565 and 349; woods, 241 and 248. The principal countries that have shared in the trade are as follows, in thousands of dollars:

COMMUNICATIONS. The reported length of railway in operation in 1914 was 502 miles. San José and Champerico, on the Pacific, have rail connection with Guatemala City, and the latter with Puerto Barrios, on the eastern coast. Connection was made with the Mexican railway system in 1914. Telegraph lines, over 4200 miles; telegraph offices, 236; post offices, about 380.

FINANCE. Revenue and expenditure for the fiscal year 1914 are reported at 82,399,925 and 48,735,805 pesos (paper) respectively. The paper peso fluctuates in value, but is commonly regarded as being worth about six cents. Of