passed a bill providing for the submission of a woman suffrage amendment to the people in the November election in 1917. The measure had already been passed by two successive Legisla tures. A stringent child labor law was also passed at this session of the Legislature. The contract prison labor system was abolished.

STATE GOVERNMENT. Governor, George W. Clarke; Lieutenant-Governor, William L. Harding; Secretary of State, William S. Allen; Auditor, Frank F. Shaw; Commissioner of Insurance, Emory H. English; Treasurer, William C. Brown; Superintendent of Public Instruction, Albert M. Deyoe; Registrar of the Land Office, James K. Powers.

JUDICIARY. Supreme Court: Scott M. Ladd, Silas M. Weaver, William D. Evans, Bryan W. Preston, Forrest E. Deemer, Frank R. Gaynor, Benjamin I. Selinger.

STATE LEGISLATURE:

was mined during the year in 27 States, compared with 28 States in 1913. The five States producing the largest quantity were in the order of importance of production: Minnesota, Michigan, Alabama, Wisconsin, and New York. The Minnesota iron ranges produce more iron than is produced in all the rest of the States together. The Lake Superior district, compris ing all the mines in Minnesota and Michigan, and those in northern Wisconsin, mined 33,540,403 long tons in 1914, or nearly 81 per cent of the total produced. The following table gives the quantity and value of iron marketed in the United States in 1913-14:

33,479,954

Democrats

8,533,280 18,722,358

80,789,025 23,298,547 40.628,771

(a) 1,076,208

IOWA, STATE UNIVERSITY OF. A State institution for higher learning founded in 1847 at Iowa City, Iowa. The total enrollment in all departments in the autumn of 1915 was 2737, distributed as follows: liberal arts 1512, graduate school 189, school of applied science 243, law school 153, school of medicine 154, school of homeopathic medicine 10, school of dentistry 304, school of pharmacy 72, school of music 64, school of medical nurses 82, school of homeopathic nurses 16. The faculty numbered 298. Among the new members of the faculty for the year 1915-16 were the following: Dr. G. G. Benjamin, professor of history; Dr. M. A. Brisco, professor and head of the department of economics; M. L. Person, professor of law; Dr. W. T. Graham, superintendent of the university hospital; Mr. F. C. Ensign, professor of education; Prof. C. H. Dorcas, registrar. The university received in 1915 a bequest from the late John F. Dillon, of New York City, of $10,000, the income of which is to be paid for providing prizes for essays on legal topics, and for scholarship for the aid of law students. The annual income of the university from all sources in 1914-15 was $986,513. There were received from State appropriations and other State sources $776,199. The endowment fund amounted to about $495,000, and the value of the property to $3,885,953. The library contains about 118,000 volumes. President, Thomas H. Macbride,

Ph.D.

IRELAND. See GREAT BRITAIN. IRON. See CHEMISTRY, INDUSTRIAL, Iron and Steel; FINANCIAL REVIEW, Pig Iron Production; IRON AND STEEL; METALLURGY; PIG IRON.

IRON AND STEEL. The quantity of crude ore mined in the United States amounted in 1914 to 41,439,761 long tons, compared with 61,980,437 long tons in 1913, a decrease of over 33 per cent. The iron ore marketed in the same year amounted to 39,714,280 long tons, valued at $71,905,079, compared with 59,643,098 long tons valued at $130,905,558, marketed in 1913. This represents a decrease of over 33 per cent in quantity and 45 per cent in value. Iron ore

Pa. Tenn. Utah Va.

Total. 59,643,098 130,905,558 39,714,280 71,905,079

a Increases or decreases for California, Colorado, Maryland, Montana, New Mexico, Ohio, and Utah inIcluded with those for "Other States.'

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF ORE. There were

imported into the United States in 1914, 1,350,588 long tons, valued at $4,483,832. Cuba produced approximately 60 per cent of the ore, and the remainder came from Sweden, Spain, and Canada. There were exported from the United States in 1914, 551,618 long tons, valued at $1,794,193. This was a decrease of about 47 per cent from the exports of 1913.

WORLD PRODUCTION. The following table gives the production of iron ore in the different countries in 1913-14.

Later, the Munitions Act gave the government power to control steel firms and other branches of industry, and by the middle of the year this policy was in full operation and new factories were being built for the manufacture of various war munitions. The government made great demands on makers of rolled steel, but there was naturally a diminution of the export business and in the calls for finished materials from the colonies. It was claimed that steel was being shipped to the Teutonic nations through neutrals, and accordingly an embargo was placed on steel about the middle of the year, which somewhat complicated the industry and particularly the export trade.

The shortage of labor was also a serious consideration in the British iron and steel industry, and showed a lack of the attention to this subject, which was so evident in Germany, where careful means were taken not to recruit the military forces at the expense of the essential industries.

IRRIGATION. Throughout the world the year 1915 was one of continued inactivity in the undertaking of new irrigation enterprises. Another noticeable fact was that nowhere in the world was any irrigation construction of magnitude being carried on by any except governmental agencies. In North America the prevailing stagnation in irrigation construction seemed to be due to over construction in the recent past, and to the general unsettled conditions in Mexico. In both Canada and the United States there are large areas already supplied with water which await settlement, and consequently it is difficult to get capital for further construction. The progress of irrigation development for the year 1915 is summarized in the following paragraphs.

UNITED STATES. Irrigation construction in the United States has been confined almost exclusively to projects of the United States Reclamation Service begun in former years. Few, if any, new projects are being undertaken. While the service has been expending large sums in pushing to completion the projects under way, it has been devoting much more attention than formerly to the problems of settlement and to the success of the settlers already on the land. The annual report for 1915 showed that but little more than one-half the land to which the service was ready to supply water was irrigated, while the settlers who were on the land had not been able to make their payments. In 1914 Congress extended the time of payment of construction charges to 20 years, with no payments except for maintenance and operation for five years after the charge has been fixed. There was much controversy between the service and the settlers as to the amount of the construction charges to be paid by the settlers, and as a preliminary to putting the twenty-payment law into effect the Secretary of the Interior created a local board for each project to review the whole matter of costs and recommend a basis of settlement in each instance. A central board was created and empowered to pass on the reports of the local boards and make final recommendations as to the charges for each project. No reports had been made public, and pending such reports, the projects were being operated on temporary rental agreements. The annual report of the Reclamation Service for the fiscal year ending

June 30, 1915, showed the condition of the service to be as follows: The total receipts from the sale of public lands assigned to the reclamation fund up to June 30, 1915, were $87,584,493.30. In addition to this the service had available a loan from the United States Treasury of $20,000,000, and the receipts from the repayments to the fund. The total allotment to projects was $121,951,997.78, and the amount expended was $111,095,700.51. The acreage included in projects is 2,921,165, and the service was ready to supply water for the season of 1914 to 1,343,193 acres. The acreage covered by water right applications and rental agreements-that is, the acreage covered by some sort of agreements to take and pay for water-was 983,487 acres. The acreag irrigated in 1914 was 761,271 acres, an increase of about 61,000 acres over that irrigated in 1913. There was, therefore, an area of 359,706 acres for which water was available that was not covered by agreements, and an area of 581,922 acres for which water was ready that was not irrigated. Under the reclamation law the cost of construction is to be returned to the reclamation fund, and up to June 30, 1915, the receipts from payments of building charges amounted to $3,575,468.90, those from operation and maintenance charges amounted to $2,067,255.07, while temporary rentals amounted to $2,707,529.08.

The operations under the Carey Act (Act of Aug. 18, 1894, granting desert land to the States on condition that they provide for their irrigation) indicated further the lack of activity in new irrigation enterprises. During the year ending June 30, 1914, the last year for which the figures were available, there were applications for segregations under this law amounting to 21,766.48 acres, there was segregated an area of 6237.70 acres, and patents were issued for 30,006.16 acres. From the date of the passage of this act to June 30, 1914, the area applied for was 7,682,445.33 acres, the area segregated was 3,692,230.01 acres, and the area patented was 460,054.23 acres. The very large difference between the area segregated and the area patented is explained by the annual report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office as follows:

"From the best information available in this office it appears that of the total of over 2,850,000 acres now segregated more than 1,500,000 acres are included in segregations on account of about 34 proposed schemes and projects which are at a standstill, or which are wholly or in part failures, by reason of financial difficulties, engineering difficulties, erroneous estimates of water supply, mismanagement, or a combination of two or more of these causes. Of the above projects, six, covering over 180,000 acres, are at a standstill by reason of difficulties not known to this office; nine projects, covering over 850,000 acres, are reported to be held up chiefly by reason of financial troubles; four projects, covering about 200,000 acres, are reported to be held up chiefly because of engineering difficulties; five projects, covering over 125,000 acres, are reported in trouble because of erroneous estimates of water supply; three projects, covering over 130,000 acres, are said to be in trouble because of difficulty in securing satisfactory title to essential units; three projects, covering over 65,000 acres, are at a stand

still because of accident or damage to structures after construction, and the chief trouble with four projects, covering over 70,000 acres, seems to be purely bad management, dissension, or litigation. It is probably safe to say that usually the troubles have not been one, but a combination of two or more of those above mentioned."

The general stagnation in irrigation development during the last two or three years led to much discussion of possible methods of reviving irrigation construction. The immediate cause of the cessation of irrigation construction is the impossibility of financing new enterprises, and most of the discussion has to do with this matter. The most common proposal was the placing of the credit of the States or the Federal government behind the securities to be sold for the purpose of raising funds. Various schemes for accomplishing this were proposed, the most common one being the guaranteeing of the interest on irrigation district bonds by either the States or the general government. It was also proposed that the Federal government accept district bonds in payment of construction charges on its reclamation projects, thus relieving the reclamation fund for new works. A Federal bond issue of $100,000,000 for new projects was proposed also. Owing to the condition of Federal revenues and the lack of effective demand for irrigated lands it did not seem likely that any of these proposals would be realized. Several of the States had attempted to aid the sale of irrigation securities without themselves assuming any financial responsibility by extending their public supervision of irrigation districts, but so far this had been without marked effect. The most urgent need of the arid region of the United States at the present time is not, however, the construction of more irrigation works, but the settlement of lands already supplied with water, and the more complete utilization of works already built. It is coming to be quite generally believed that the success of both Federal and private projects will require some form of public aid in getting settlers on the lands, and in giving them a start. Definite plans for this have not been formulated, however.

CANADA. In Canada, as in the United States, there was practically no construction of new projects in 1915. The Canadian Pacific Railway Company, which controls most of the irrigation development in Canada, was working principally on the settlement of its lands al ready supplied with water. In the Province of British Columbia, which in 1914 enacted a new code of water laws, including a law for the organization of irrigation districts, one small district was in the process of organization, but otherwise there was no activity in the province.

MEXICO. The unsettled conditions in Mexico prevented any attempts at irrigation develop

ment.

PERU. The Government of Peru had not yet begun active work on a large scale on the programme of irrigation construction authorized in 1913. This law provides for a loan of 2,000,000 pounds sterling to be used in irrigation work, to be done either directly by the government or through concessions.

ARGENTINA. The Argentine government had continued its authorization of small projects,

but had not during 1915 undertaken any large development.

war

EASTERN HEMISPHERE. The European brought new irrigation development in the Eastern Hemisphere almost to a standstill, as neither capital nor men were available for such work. The Japanese government began a few years ago an extensive series of projects in Formosa, 14 projects being included in the programme. Three of these had been completed in 1915, and work on the fourth was in progress. It was expected that the others would be taken up in order. In the same way the Dutch government was engaged in a series of projects in Java, on which work was progressing. In Australia the governments of Victoria and New South Wales were continuing the construction of their works begun in former years, and, like the United States, were working with the problems of successfully settling the lands as water was made available.

ISHERWOOD, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. An American rear admiral, retired, died June 19, 1915. He was born in 1822, and in 1844 entered the United States navy. He became chief engineer in 1848, and from 1861-69 was engineer-in-chief of the navy. He was afterwards at Mare Island Navy Yard, California, and held special duties. He was retired by an operation of the law in 1884.

ISOSTASY. See GEOLOGY.

ISOTROPIC ELEMENTS. See CHEMISTRY.
ISTRIA. See AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.

ITALIAN LITERATURE. Italian literature, as was pointed out in the 1913 YEAR BOOK, has concerned itself primarily with the expression and consolidation of the new national spirit, turning the regional divergencies of interest and temper to subserve the purposes of patriotism by stressing the glories of a classic heritage which, in its wider aspects, also embraces the Church. In May Italy, of all the belligerent nations, had a literary man great enough to awaken all the energies of this cultural tradition and unite the national emotion in the hour of crisis. Gabriele d'Annunzio has been for the Allies a whole campaign in himself. We have to look back to the return of Voltaire to Paris in 1778 to find a literary man, acting purely as a literary man, looming so large on a political horizon so fraught with omen. In a volume entitled Per la più grande Italia, d'Annunzio's speeches just before the outbreak, his telegrams and letters, give some impression of his activity and some inkling of the secret of his power. There is the usual splendor of d'Annunzian imagery, there is the glory of the past and the hope of the future, mingling in the invective against Austria and the triumphant chant to the greatness of Italy. It has been for d'Annunzio a complete rehabilitation. By his words and acts with army, fleet, and aviators, this poet has become the living symbol of warlike Italy. In d'Annunzio's ante-bellum work was already to be noted a trend toward religious mysticism. He has just published in the Eroica of E. Costanzi (Spezia) a prospectus of La crociata degli innocenti, the action of which is laid "in the time when Saint Francis of Assisi was 30 years old." The verses show many recollections of Jacopone da Todi and the Umbrians of the Ducento.

Three other documents figured largely also in the early appeal to the spirit of the Italian