people: Salandra's Discorso in Campidoglio of June 2 (see Diario della guerra, Milan, Treves), the official character of which gave it a vogue not to be explained by its artistic merit; the lecture-oration of Italy's greatest public speaker, Antonio Fradeletto of Venice, Dall'alleanza alla guerra (Milan, Treves); and, curiously enough, the drama Romanticismo of Rovetta, which, on its production 30 years ago was suppressed by decree, but has been revived with astounding success. The most elegant war writer has proved to be Luigi Barzini, a journalist, whose work is appearing in a seven volume series, Scene della grande guerra. We may recall that Barzini's popularity began with his reports on the Mexican crisis, where he showed himself bitterly hostile to the United States. It is typical of the times that one of Barzini's most artistic productions should be the essay entitled Cannon and Munitions. The war writing of Paolo Orano (Milan, Treves) has been almost as much read. The leading military critic is C. Baroni (Giornale d'Italia). Guelfo Civinini, novelist and playwright, has written some astonishingly prophetic and discerning articles from Athens, Sofia, and Bucharest. For the rest, the most informing books about the technique of warfare have been La guerra nel cielo of F. S. di Brazza; Sottomarini, sommergibili e torpedini of E. Bravetta; La marina nella guerra attuale of L. Zingarelli. For a comprehensive review of internal Italy see the considerable series L'Italia d'oggi, edited by Bontempelli, Rome. The review Scientia logna) has been studying the war from a very unusual and unbiased point of view. Guglielmo Ferrero has written La guerra europea with passages of characteristic brilliancy on German culture, which has found a more sympathetic critic in G. A. Borghese, Italia e Germania. Why Italy is at War of Pietro Fedele has been distributed abroad. Ezio Gray's Invasione tedesca in Italia contained some rather sensational gossip. The emotional historical article, especially on subjects dealing with the Italian territories in dispute, has crowded out most other forms of non-journalistic writing save the drama. (Bo DRAMA. The drama immediately assumed its war paint, but, if anything, gained in vitality. An almost unheard-of thing, the theatres remained open during the whole summer as perhaps the sole diversion of the civilian population and as powerful auxiliaries of public charity. Revivals of plays from the old Risorgimento stock, such as Troppo tardi of T. Ciconi, were numerous. Goldoni, Sugana, Piloto became new favorites acted by Emilio Zago. For the actor Ermete Zacconi, Domenico Tumiati has produced a dramatic history of the struggle for Italian independence, of which have appeared Il tessitore, La meteora, Carlo Alberto, La giovine Italia, Garibaldi, and Poerio. This is the most bulky exploitation of the war spirit which has produced numberless plays like Sull'Isonzo of E. Collaredo, and L'alto Isonzo of G. Zucca. The number of novelties meanwhile from pacific sources of inspiration seems not to have diminished appreciably. Sem Benelli's Nozze dei centauri is almost a repetition of his earlier Rosmunda: the charm of Italy which succumbs to barbaric violence of the North only to destroy the ravisher. Niccodemi's Ombra was given also in English in New York by Ethel a Barrymore. It is a good portrayal of feminine idealism on the background of corrupt male chivalric prejudice. Niccodemi's growing fame was honored during the summer by his native city Livorno. Alfredo Testoni's new play, Il pomo della discordia, like his numerous other comedies, shows the overpowering sense of fun which, in his Bolognese dialect production, marked him as a man of promise. He has, however, never risen beyond the level of serious observation of life attained in his classic Cardinale Lambertini, and he bids fair to remain mere Sardou. We note with pleasure two epigones of the Goldoni-Gallina tradition: G. Cenzato's La sposa segreta and Per la regola (in Venetian dialect) of Domenico Varagnolo. Mario Cortesi has tried again the well-worn theme of Nerone (see YEAR BOOK, 1913), showing simply that the classic tragedy in Italy refuses to stay buried. The Superstite of S. Rizzone Viola was a failure. The best new comedydrama of the year was Il cuore e il mondo of Lorenzo Ruggi: the hero in the first two acts overcomes his chivalric prepossessions through love, only to succumb to "society" represented by family associates. The Gazzetta di Venezia has published the memoirs of the actor Anzolo Morolin. The year has been disastrous in the loss of the actors Flavio Andò, Alberto Giovannini, and Edoardo Ferravilla. Other plays: Luigi Antonelli, Teatro completo; G. Adami, I capelli bianchi; G. Antona-Traversi, La grande ombra; Fratta-Tonetti-Nesti, La risposta del governo; A. Bruno, Femmine riluttanti; Guido Francocci, Quinzica de' Sismondi (in verse); Carlo Bertolazzi, L'egoista; Nino Berrini, La dama dell'altra sponda. REGIONAL LITERATURE (see YEAR BOOK, 1913). Sicily: G. E. Nuccio, Sicilia buona; G. Galati Mosella, Canzuneddi di cicala (dialect verse); L. Capuana, Nostra gente (tales). Sardinia: Margherita Lunati-Manca, Terra nostra (tales); Grazia Deledda, Il fanciullo nascosto (novel). Tuscany: Ferdinando Paoleri, Novelle toscane. Bari: Davide Lopez, Canti baresi. VERSE (mostly from before the Italian war). Elda Giannelli, Lyrica (contains some free verse); Arnaldo Monti, Quadri e suoni di guerra; Bruno Vignola, Accordi; Luisa Anzoletti, Canti dell'ora ; Maria Bianco Bufalini, Umanità; Rachele Giraldi, Rane e cicale; Augusta Mosconi, La coppa del male e dell'ira; Pier Eugenio Zemo, Per il libro delle ore; Palmina Perrotti, La conca d'oro; Vincenzo Migliorini, Anima Rerum; Gerlando Lentini, Eros; Felice Campania, Pervigilium; Ippolito Rossetti, Echi di Valverde; Rafaele Valente, Il mostro; Lamberto Orsini, Odi; Curio Mortari, Bella. See also YEAR BOOK for 1914. TALES. Virgilio Brocchi, La coda del diavolo; Amalia Guglielminetti, Anime allo specchio; Luciano Zuccoli, La vita ironica; Augusta Osimo Muggia, Rivoli in ombra; Luciano Folgore (futurist), Ponti sull'oceano. NOVELS. Flavio Steno, Il miraggio; Moisè Cecconi, Il taccuino perduto; Marcello Arduino, Ave Cæsar; Arcangelo Pisani, La fuga; E. D. Colonna, Israele; Guido da Verona, La donna che inventò l'amore; Mario Carli, Retroscena; Maria Giusti, La casa senza lampada; M. R. del Bava, Rose delle Alpi; Luigi Pirandello, Si gira. TRANSLATIONS. From English: Anna Benedetti, Beowulf; Elegie scelte. From Greek: E. Romagnoli Agamemnon of Æschylus; G. Fraccaroli, Prolegomeni of Pindar; Le donne a parla mento of Sophocles (into dialect of Verona); C. O. Zuretti, Frammenti of Menander; Taccone, Idili of Theocritus. From Persian: Italo Pizzi: Libro dei re (Firdusi). EVENTS. Giuseppe Pitrè, the Sicilian folklorist, has been made Senator, as have Allesandro Chiappelli of the Nuova Antologia and Luigi Albertini of the Corriere della sera. The following died during the year: Enrico Castelvetro, novelist; Edoardo Dalbono, Neapolitan scholar, poet, and novelist; Giovanni Bistolfi, critic and editor; Domenico Gnoli, critic, novelist, scholar; Rodolfo Renier, scholar; Grazia Mancini, poet, dramatist, and novelist; Raffaello Giovagnoli, dramatist, poet, lecturer; Francesco Novati, a distinguished mediævalist. Alessandro d'Ancona died late in 1914. Renato Serra (Bologna), author of Lettere and a popular journalist, has been killed in action. See also PHILOLOGY, MODERN. ITALIAN SOMALILAND. An Italian colony in eastern Africa, bordering the coast of the Indian Ocean from the (British) Somaliland Protectorate southward to the Juba River. Estimated area, 357,000 square kilometers (about 137,800 square miles). Estimated population, 300,000. In 1911-12, imports were valued at 5,533,462 lire, and exports 2,055,018; in 1912-13, 6,188,211 and 2,062,692. For 1913-14, the estimated revenue was 6,031,000 lire (local, 852,000; state contribution, 3,629,000; extraordinary, 1, 550,000); estimated expenditure, 5,770,999 lire (including 1,052,265 extraordinary). The dependency is administered by a governor, resident at Mogadiscio. ITALY. A southern European constitutional monarchy, composed of the Apennine Peninsula, the islands of Sicily and Sardinia, and a number of minor islands. The capital is Rome. The population given above is the population actually present at the date of the census, the total legal (de jure) population on that day being 35,845,048. As calculated Jan. 1, 1914, the total de facto population was 35,597,784, the density being about 321.8 per square mile. The population returned as over 15 years of age in 1911 numbered 22,817,755, of whom 8,039,129 were unmarried, 12,613,993 married, 2,147,325 widowed, and 17,308 unascertained. The communal population of Naples in 1911 was 678,031, Milan 599,200, Rome 542,123, Turin 427,106, Palermo 341,088, Genoa 272,222, Florence 232,860, Catania 210,703, Bologna 172,628, Venice 160,719, Messina 126,557, Leghorn 105,315; Bari 103,670, Padua 96,230, Ferrara 95,212, Brescia 83,338, Verona 81,909, Foggia, 76,688. The number of marriages in 1912 and 1913 respectively was 264,674 and 264,325; living births, 1,133,985 and 1,122,484; stillbirths, 47,571 and 46,871; deaths exclusive of stillbirths, 635,788 and 663,966. Emigrants in 1912 numbered 711,446 (of whom 403,306 went overseas and 308,140 to European countries or other countries on the Mediterranean); in 1913, 872,598 (559,566 and 313,032). Infant, primary, normal, and secondary schools are maintained. PRODUCTION. In the table below are given the area in hectares sown to principal crops and the yield in metric quintals; with the yield per hectare in 1913-14: The output of chemical industries was valued in 1912 at 181,000,000 lire. The total number of industrial establishments returned by the census of June 10, 1911, was 243,985, with 2,305,698 employees, and 1,573,774 aggregate horse power. There were 70,914 persons employed in the quarries in 1912; total value of output, 64,258,333 lire. Employed in lime and brick kilns, 106,730 persons; value of output, 189,211,416 lire. The output from the quarries was valued in 1910 at 54,567,420 lire; from lime and brick kilns, at 167,988,073. In the fishing industry, 28,402 boats, with a tonnage of 78,981, were employed Dec. 31, 1911; persons engaged, 127,792; value of total catch in home waters, 24,265,000 lire, of which 4,111,000 lire from the tunny fisheries and 75,320 from coral fisheries. Fisheries products (1909), 3,485,000 lire for tunny, and 22,407,000 for other fish. COMMERCE. By royal decree dated Aug. 1, 1914, the export of wheat, rye, barley, oats, maize, rice, and flour has been prohibited since that date. Exceptions may, however, be granted to this order. By royal decree dated August 6, the export of the above-mentioned products to Italian colonies has been permitted since August 8. By decree of January 5, no further modification in the prohibition of rice export has been permitted. By decree of Sept. 2, 1915, raw cotton was declared contraband of war. The imports for consumption and export of domestic produce merchandise, and coin and bullionare given below for three years (values in lire): 1913 Imps. mdse..3,111,710,447 3,389,298,000 3,637,771,000 ... C. & B.* 54,067,700 42,091,900 80,287,000 Total .1,920,957,262 2,247,018,900 2,584,201,000 *Includes all precious metals. .... In thousands of lire are given in the table below some details of the special trade for the year 1913: 1000 lire 128,200 Copper, etc. .... 1000 lire Exports 1000 lire 49,200 Rubber mfrs. 50,000 26,300 Wooden wares 40,000 40,100 Chem. products 98,300 39,300 Woolens 33,800 38,400 Jute mfrs. 31,300 80,200 Meats 28,900 32,700 Rice 25,700 In 1910, 142,487 Italian and 13,788 foreign vessels, with an aggregate tonnage of 51,213,901, were entered, and 142,646 Italian and 13,768 foreign vessels (51,177,007 tons) were cleared at Italian ports. The total number of vessels entered at Italian ports in 1911 trade was 173,437, of 56,056,306 tons, of which 159,647 vessels, of 35,924,881 tons, were Italian; cleared, 173,353 of 56,082,448 tons, of which 159,552, of 35,945,206 tons, were Italian. In 1912, 176,603 vessels, of 56,858,021 tons, were entered (162,325, of 35,415,209 tons, Italian), and 176,671, of 56,866,200 tons, were cleared (162,394, of 35,428,871). The merchant marine included Jan. 1, 1912, 757 steamers, of 696,994 tons, and 4713 sailing, of 410,991 tons; a total of 5470 vessels, of 1,107,985 tons; 1913, 5532 vessels, of 1,137,109 tons (893 steamers, of 762,274 tons). COMMUNICATIONS. Open for traffic March 1, 1913, were 17,634 kilometers of railway, 13,769 operated by the state. Tramways in operation, 5150 kilometers. Telegraphs June 30, 1913, 53,518 kilometers, with 335,282 kilometers of wires. State telegraph stations, 6356; railway and other, 1952. Marconi stations, 18; on board vessels, 159. Telephone lines, urban, 12,089 kilometers, with 192,838 kilometers of wires; interurban, 31,662, with 63,321. Post offices, 11,363. With the outbreak of war the Italian railways passed under military control as had .398,000 been arranged in times of peace. The plans .210,200 worked out provided that during mobilization 109,900 the railway service should become entirely 82,500 subject to the military authorities, who reg73,600 ulate the conditions of operation, not only 54,100 for military transport, but also for ordinary 73,400 traffic. In accordance with this scheme, imme48,300 diately on mobilization a "Direction of Trans37,200 port" was established with full powers in regard 34,000 to operations and the Director of Transport was 38,500 placed at the head of a special department at31,900 tached to the military general staff. The duties 39,400 of the "Direction of Transport" include repair 71,000 34,000 29,400 ing and rebuilding lines and bridges, etc., when necessary, for which purpose it has under its control a special military railway engineering organization. The system proved admirably efficient under actual war conditions. The whole of the mobilization was carried out without suspending the ordinary passenger and freight traffic, and the very few cases of temporarily reduced service were determined more for economic than for military reasons. The enormous increase of traffic, in some cases even a hundredfold, was handled on lines whose facilities were considered inadequate even for normal traffic requirements without a breakdown, and a record of punctuality for the military trains was made. FINANCE. Revenue and expenditure are given in lire in the table below for three financial years: 1909-10 1912-13 1913-14 Revenue .2,602,163,326 3,252,073,913 2,683,995,971 Expend. .2,551,286,013 3.248.789.972 2.648,230,072 Strength of the first line on the outbreak of the war was estimated at 700,000, consisting of 14 army corps, with 26 Alpine battalions, 38 mobile militia companies, in the second line; Budget totals for 1914-15 follow, in thousands and 26 Alpine battalions in the third line. Beof lire: Appropriations for the ministries of war and marine were estimated at 380,597,834 and 258,396,528 lire ordinary, and 88,310,513 and 21,320,610 lire extraordinary, respectively. Capital of the debt June 30, 1915: 9,922,420,633 lire consolidated debt; redeemable, 4,640,247,111; permanent, 64,179,773; tribute, to the Holy See, 64,500,000; treasury obligations, 1, 236,370,000; floating debt, 3,062,436,330-total, 18,990,154,847. Assets in the treasury, 182,747,717; leaving actual debt, 18,807,407,130 lire. The interest, including premium, of the total public debt in 1912-13 was 523,084,574 lire, sinking fund, 1,921,047; in 1914-15, 616,777,824 and 6,500,372 lire. The monetary unit is the lira, par value, 19.295 cents. ARMY. The army of Italy is organized under the law of July 17, 1910, which provided for the creation of high commands, the organization and increase of the artillery, and the reduction of the auxiliary service. When the war began, in 1914, one-third of all the Italian regiments were in Libya, and the reorganization of the army was still in progress. The artillery was being supplied with new guns, the aëro car needed reforming, and serious faults were noted in the territorial forces. Appropriations from Parliament had been inadequate, but when the attention of the government and the people was aroused liberal provision was made, and troops and materials were got ready as rapidly as possible. The minimum number of men in the army was fixed at 1,000,000, and provision was made for increased numbers. In April, 1915, the active forces consisted of 600,000 men, whereas in 1914 there were 14,121 officers and 250,000 men. territorial militia was increased to 450,000. May 23rd an order for mobilization was issued, and the first reserve militia up to the year 1883 was called out, and the territorial militia, second reserve, up to the year 1876, including those The On hind the foregoing were 54 mountain batteries, 6 battalions of carabinieri, and 23 battalions of customs guards with militia formations behind them. An analysis of the three lines gave the following distribution of the organization: The infantry was armed with the MannlicherCarcano 6.5 milimeter magazine rifle, pattern 1891, and the cavalry with a carbine of the same calibre and pattern. For the field artillery one hundred field-batteries with the 75 milimeter rapid-fire Krupp, mostly had been replaced by the Deport gun of the same calibre, pattern 1911. Siege guns included 9, 12, 15 centimeter guns and 15 and 21 centimeter howitzers and a new 30 centimeter howitzer was successfully tested at Genoa. There was also a machine gun of a new pattern capable of discharging 1400 shots a minute. The Italian infantry experienced considerable modification as the result of the war of Tripoli, although the organization remained practically unchanged. An infantry brigade comprises two regiments, each of three batallions of four double companies. The equipment also improved and was excellent, the pack weighing about 30 pounds and including a portion of a shelter tent. As regards the cavalry, each corps had a cavalry division, a regiment of cavalry being composed of five squadrons excellently mounted, with horses supplied for the most part from government operating establishments. Each cavalry division had two battalions of Bersaglieri cyclists, who do no scouting but are intended for dismounted work. See also MILITARY PROGRESS, passim. NAVY. The Italian navy classes armored cruisers as battleships. The authorized personnel is 40,063. The programme projected in 1914 contemplated the completion by 1916 of dreadnoughts to make a total of 10 in commission. The Dante Alighieri (19,400 tons) was completed in August, 1912, and was the first Italian dreadnought; if her speed (24 knots) is re |