In the eastern European theatre alone more than half the Jews of the world are directly affected by the clash of arms, and it is estimated that over 250,000 of them have already been killed or incapacitated at the various war fronts. While in 1914 the greatest Jewish suffering prevailed in Galicia, this year the changing fortunes of war have wrought the greatest havoc among the Jews of what was formerly Russian Poland. In the German capture of Warsaw alone upwards of 306,000 Jews were concerned directly and perhaps twice that number indirectly, since this great Polish city (with its 306,061 Jewish inhabitants in 1910) was the largest Jewish centre in Europe and the very heart and soul of east European Jewry. Like wise, with the fall of Kovno the greatest centre of Jewish culture in Russia was temporarily or permanently destroyed. Indeed, it appears that all the open country of Poland has been entirely denuded of its Jewish population, where it constituted one-sixth of the total number of inhabitants. Such of them as have not fled to the interior of Russia are now under German dominion, and the uncertainty of their social and political status makes their lot unusually precarious. Nor has the situation of the Palestinian Jews improved during the year. Even the herculean efforts of Ambassador Morgenthau could not check the Turkish atrocities, which not only have ruined the prosperous Zionist colony, but encompassed the ruin and expulsion of the rest of the Jews who would not embrace Mohammedanism and swear allegiance to the Cres

cent.

Under such untoward circumstances, all normal Jewish communal life has necessarily languished. Instead, all Jewish organized activity in the non-belligerent countries and more especially in the United States-has been directed to measures of relief, appeals for which from Jewish war-sufferers, as from all others, taxed all the available resources. To cope with this unprecedented task, for which all the existing philanthropic organizations soon proved woefully inadequate, three special relief organizations were formed during the year-The American Jewish Relief Committee, The Central Relief Committee, and The People's Relief Committee in the United States alone. The very energetic work of these organizations, all of which have their headquarters in New York City, may be set down as one of the greatest events of the year in Jewish life. Several million dollars have already been paid or pledged to the above-mentioned committees (over a million at a single mass meeting on December 21st in Carnegie Hall, New York) for Jewish relief in the war zone, and the $5,000,000 mark will probably be reached early in 1916.

Along with these efforts toward temporary alleviation of want and suffering among their war-ridden co-religionists, the Jews of America have been making plans for the permanent betterment of Jewish life after the war. These involve the calling of a Jewish Congress, as soon as circumstances are favorable, to consider ways and means for safeguarding Jewish interests in all belligerent countries when peace shall have been made. Naturally, the date for such a convocation, which won the favor during the year of 23 large national and central Jewish organizations (with a total membership of 914,849) and of 950 independent organizations not affiliated

with any of the former, was not set during 1915. But the unwonted unanimity thus manifested is in itself one of the most significant Jewish events of the year, if not of the century. DISABILITIES AND PERSECUTION. While the Jew's readiness to serve with the colors of his respective domicile has silenced considerable hostile criticism of the Jewish race, there has been no appreciable lessening of his disabilities or abatement in his persecution during the second year of the war. The only two instances of the former were the extension of the Pale of Settlement by Russia, which, forced to accommodate the large influx of Jews from Poland, thus made a virtue of necessity; and the granting of equal educational rights by Germany to her new Jewish subjects in the conquered Polish territory. But even this seemingly clear gain appears to have been offset by a loss in religious rights. The truth of the matter is that neither Russia nor Germany has shown a true change of heart so far as the Jews are concerned, although in the former many strong pleas were made in their behalf in the last Duma. Both evinced some eagerness at times, especially when the wavering fortunes of war on the plains of Galicia and Poland made military aid precious, to conciliate the Jews. But the moment the steam roller of the victorious army would pass, new horrors of abuse and persecution would be enacted. Thus, when Przemysl was taken by the Russians (with the help of many Jewish soldiers, to be sure) about 7000 Jews were expelled from that Galician city. A somewhat similar act of ingratitude to the hundreds of thousands of Jews fighting under the Russian colors was the Tsar's suspension of every Jewish newspaper or periodical in the summer of 1915, while the postal edict against all Yiddish correspondence remained in full force, thus making impossible all written intercourse for thousands of Jews knowing_but their own language. At the same time the Jews in the Russo-Prussian war-zone became the military scapegoats, whom the losing side would invariably blame for the changing fortunes of war, charging them with espionage and other connivance with the enemy. In this way over 500,000 Jews were expelled during the year from the eastern war-zone alone, while the treatment of those who were spared was but little better than downright expulsion. The only slight concession to Jewish pride by either Slav or Teuton in the year under review-and this so obviously a military measure-was Germany's prohibition of the circulation of picture-cards casting reflections on Jewish soldiers.

LABOR AND LEGISLATION. The year has been unusually free from large labor strikes involving the Jewish trades. Nor was there much legislation enacted affecting Jews in particular. In the United States Jewish interests were directly favored in several ways. Of these, the law passed by the Legislature of Pennsylvania (emulating that previously enacted by the Empire State) prohibiting all racial or religious discrimination in hotel or boarding-house advertisements is socially the most important. The new New York law making it a misdemeanor falsely to label meat or other food "Kosher" (that is, strictly in compliance with Jewish dietary principles) is another instance. Of general legislation concerning Jews, together with other foreign races, mention should be made of the defeat of the literacy test for voters in the State of New

York; the spread of the movement against Biblereading in public schools; and the Supreme Court ruling, reversing two lower Federal Courts, that only the fitness of the immigrant, and not the external conditions of the place of his destination, should determine his admissibility to the United States. On the other hand, the compulsory Sunday-closing law, so onerous to Jewish storekeepers, remained on the statute books of New York and other States. The infamous Frank case furnished the only semblance of anti-Semitism in the United States during the year.

LITERARY AND MINOR EVENTS. The exodus of Jewish writers and scholars from belligerent Europe to the United States greatly diminished during 1915. Literary activity, however, has been stimulated considerably by the important arrivals of last year, as well as by the renewed general interest in Jews and Judaism incident to the war. By far the greatest Jewish literary event of the year was the actual completion of the new version of the Bible, upon which an eminent board of Jewish scholars and translators had been engaged for seven years. Of somewhat similar, though lesser importance, was the conference of Hebrew scholars, held on August 19th, to consider plans for the publication of the Hebrew classics. The formation in England of The Society of Hebraic Studies, with the object of encouraging Jewish learning and research, may be regarded as one of the most promising literary-educational Jewish events of the year. Among minor and miscellaneous events of Jewish communal or religious life, we may mention the celebration of the 25th anniversaries of the Baron de Hirsch Fund, the Educational Alliance of New York, and the Relief Societies of Newark and Kansas City; the golden jubilees of the Temple Israel of Akron, and the Jewish Hospital of Philadelphia; the 70th anniversary of the Temple Emanu-el, which has thrown its doors open during the year to daily noon-hour services; and the 75th anniversary of the Beth Israel Congregation of Philadelphia. In this connection, the dissolution of the Jewish Social Service Federation of Denver, Colo., might also be mentioned.

ZIONISM. Whatever is to be the future of Zionism after this great war-and it is very likely to take on new life and meaning as a result of the war's bitter lessons-for the present this spiritual movement is absolutely at a standstill. The year under review completed the ruin of the prosperous and promising Jewish colony in Palestine which, before the war broke out, seemed destined to reach the 150,000 population mark by 1920. At the same time the exigencies of war-relief, as already stated, have completely diverted all Jewish organized endeavor into other directions. Under this double set-back, necessarily accentuated during the second year of war, the Zionist cause has made no progress whatever in 1915. It has, on the contrary, gone considerably backward so far as its objective manifestation is concerned. Under these circumstances, the death during the year of the famous Zionist leader, David Wolffsohn, assumes a somewhat symbolic significance.

JITNEY. During 1915 there spread through the western part of the United States, and even in certain Eastern States, a movement in city transportation which had its effect on the older methods and aroused considerable discussion.

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This was the use of itinerant automobiles or auto busses known as "jitneys," a term that originated in Los Angeles and originally represented the five-cent piece. The first jitneys were to be seen in Los Angeles, and from that city the idea spread to San Francisco, Seattle, and other coast cities, Texas, to Detroit, Toledo, and throughout the United States. The vehicles employed varied all the way from four-passenger cars, which often were loaded far in excess of their capacity, to large busses, and the routes selected were along the most traveled highways. The rule was to receive five cents for any length of ride within the limits of operation, and many owners of cheaper cars rushed into this business which originally was carried on without franchise or municipal regulation. Naturally the competition was felt by the street railway or omnibus lines operating under franchise and in many cases returning to the city a portion of their receipts for the privilege of carrying on such service. Like other civic ideas with so rapid a spread, the jitney flourished for a few months, and while it continued in a certain number of cities on more favorable routes, yet it was not considered a permanent feature. The depreciation, even on the cheaper cars employed, was too much to make the undertaking profitable, and while the public was anxious to avail itself of such cheap means of transportation, the operators soon came to realize the lack of profit. Municipal councils were called upon to protect the holders of franchises as well as the users of the streets by adopting license regulation systems which interfered materially with the ease with which the jitney could be put to work.

JOFFRE, JOSEPH JACQUES CÉSAIRE (1852—). A French soldier and mathematician, born in Rivesaltes, Pyrénées. He was a student of military engineering at the Ecole Polytechnique when the Franco-Prussian War broke out. He served with an artillery battery during that war. He became a captain in 1874 and fought at Tongking and in Dahomey. He took an active part in the French occupation of Timbucktu (1894) and in the campaigns in Madagascar (1897). Upon his return to France he taught in the Higher War School. In 1911 he was appointed chief of the general staff. He was an ardent advocate of the three years' military service bill which became a law in 1913. Upon the outbreak of the great war in 1914, he was made commander in chief of all the French armies, and was the guiding genius who turned back the great German offensive against Paris in the battle of the Marne (September, 1914). President Poincaré decorated him with the military medal for his efficient service in this war. See FRANCE, History; and WAR OF THE NATIONS.

An in

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY. stitution for higher learning and special education, founded at Baltimore, Md., in 1876. The total number in all departments (including summer students) in the autumn of 1915 was about 1600. The faculty numbered 256. E. H. Griffin, dean of the college faculty, resigned in June, 1915, and M. P. Brush was appointed acting dean. The productive funds of the university at the end of the fiscal year 1915 amounted to about $7,000,000, and the income during 1914-15 to $545,149. The library contained about 190,

000 volumes.

JOHORE. A native state located at the

southern extremity of the Malay Peninsula, and under British control. Estimated area, 9000 square miles; population (1911), 180,412, about half Malays and one-third Chinese. Johore Bharu, the capital, has about 20,000 inhabitants. Imports and exports (1913), 9,304,509 and 14, 212,850 Straits Settlements dollars. Revenue and expenditure (1913), 4,378,555 and 3,267,484 dollars; public debt, 8,852,492 dollars. A railway, constructed by the Federated Malay States Railways, connects Kuala Gemas on the Negri Sembilan border with Johore Bharu (120% miles).

JONES, HENRY ARTHUR. See DRAMA, AMERICAN AND ENGLISH.

JOYCE, JOHN ALEXANDER. An American soldier and writer, died Jan. 18, 1915. He was born at Shraugh, Ireland, in 1840, and when still a young man removed with his parents to Connecticut. He graduated from the Highland Literary Institute in 1859, and afterwards studied law. He entered the Union service as a private in 1861, rising to the rank of second lieutenant in the following year, but was discharged for wounds in 1864. After the war he practiced law, at the same time devoting much time to writing. His published writings include: Checkered Life (1883); Peculiar Poems (1885); Jewels of Memory (1896); Complete Poems (1899); Oliver Goldsmith (1900); Edgar Allan Poe (1901); Personal Recollections of Shakespeare (1901); Robert Burns; and The Life of Lincoln. JUDAISM. See JEWS AND JUDAISM. JUPITER, SATELLITES OF. See ASTRONOMY. JUVENILE COURTS. Juvenile courts are at present largely restricted to the cities, and in rural communities arrest and conviction are for the most part still in use. The West of the United States is in advance of the East in this matter. The advocates of the juvenile court with its probation officers and social service work urge that seeking out and remedying social conditions is more important than technical trials and verdicts. The condition of the child must be considered rather than the majesty of the law. However, it is felt that the impression must be made that proceedings are connected with established legal principles. The abolishment of trial by jury and its replacement by private hearings before the judge, with the motive of protecting erring and delinquent children as well as their parents, is now very widely approved. The delinquent child is considered in need of the protection and care of the State. Clinics are recommended to correct physical defects in children which are held in large degree to be responsible for violations of the law, and such clinics have now been established in most of the larger cities. Mr. Bernard Flexner even suggested that in speaking of child delinquency criminal terminology be altogether abandoned.

SCIENTIFIC STUDIES. One of the most important phases of the development of the juvenile court idea is the opportunity afforded to make numerous physical and psychological examinations of delinquent children. Thus the psychopathic laboratories and clinics in connection with the Chicago Boys' Court, and the juvenile courts at Boston and New York, showed from numerous observations that a large proportion of the defendants, especially the repeaters and those arrested on trivial charges, were mentally subnormal and therefore unfit to meet the requirements

of city life and discipline. Some investigators have estimated the proportion of feeble-minded among child-offenders as high as 25 per cent or more. But Dr. Augusta F. Bronner, assistant director of the Psychopathic Institute, attached to the Juvenile Court in Chicago, thinks this a gross exaggeration. She made a study of 505 boys and girls in the detention home of the Juvenile Court. She found 88.9 per cent of these children undoubtedly normal, 90.6 per cent of the boys and 87.2 per cent of the girls; 7 per cent of the boys and 11.2 per cent of the girls were feeble-minded, and 2.4 per cent were doubtful. She emphasized the point that the proportion of subnormal was probably not over 10 per cent and therefore not nearly so large as careless investigators have led us to expect.

THE OHIO BUREAU OF JUVENILE RESEARCH, established July 1, 1914, works on the principle that the welfare of the race requires that artificial restraints be imposed on the undue multiplication of defective stocks. One section of the Ohio statute says, "All minors, who in the judg ment of the court require State constitutional care and guardianship, shall be wards of the State and shall be committed to the care and custody of the 'Ohio Board of Administration,' which board thereupon becomes vested with the sole and exclusive guardianship of such minors." The records of observations and examinations upon children are to be kept in the most scientific manner and will enable the authorities to deal with each child much more intelligently than heretofore.

JUDGE LINDSEY. Judge Ben B. Lindsey, founder of the Juvenile Court of Colorado, was arrested on the charge of contempt of court and of conniving at the commission of perjury. The case developed as follows: A 12 year old boy, the son of a woman under trial for murder of her husband, testified that he fired the fatal shot while striving to wrest from his mother's hands the gun which she picked up in self defense. The boy was brought before Judge Lindsey and examined as to the accuracy of his story after a pledge of sacred confidence on the part of the judge. The judge claimed he desired to make tests of the boy's veracity because of the value of such psychological experiments in his work as judge of the juvenile court. Judge Lindsey was then called upon to testify at the trial and reveal what the boy had told him. He refused to disclose what he had learned, saying that such action would destroy the strength of the juvenile court. He was then tried before Judge Perry of the Second Judicial District of Colorado, who handed down the decision that Judge Lindsey was guilty. This case was appealed to the Supreme Court of the State. "The whole theory of the juvenile court is founded on the building up of a relation of trust between the judge and those who come before him in the position of wards. The successful handling of each new problem which confronts the judge is based upon the reputation for fairness and honor which he has established in treating the problems of the past." While opinion was divided as to Judge Lindsey's guilt when viewed from narrow legalistic points of view, there was general belief that on broad principles of public policy his action was justified. See also COLORADO, Politics. KÄISER-WILHELMSLAND. That part of what was, until the War of the Nations, the *The Outlook, 110: 846.

and the disbursements to $9,283,607, leaving a balance on June 30, 1914, of $1,451,318. The State bonded debt amounted to $1,590,000, and will be paid in full on Jan. 1, 1916.

TRANSPORTATION. The total railway mileage in the State on Jan. 30, 1914, was 7366. Of this, 5226 was single track, and 269 second track. The remainder was yard track and sidings. Railroads having the longest mileage were the Missouri Pacific, 2061; Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fé, 1820; Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific, 1133.

POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT. The Legislature met in 1915 and passed several important measures. These included two measures aimed at strengthening the prohibition law of the State. One of these provided that the municipality where liquor is sold is liable for damage for injury to persons or property resulting from intoxication. The other measure was aimed at those who permit so called "keg parties" to be held on their premises. It opposes similar liability upon the owner of the property where liquor is sold or given away. (See also LEGISLATION IN 1915; LIQUOR REGULATION.) By rule of the State Civil Service Commission beginning with July 1, 1915, all State employees must be total abstainers. On January 25th, the United States Supreme Court declared unconstitutional the Kansas statute which prohibited an employer from requiring that an employee should not be a member of the labor union.

STATE GOVERNMENT. Governor, Arthur Capper; Lieutenant-Governor, W. Y. Morgan; Secretary of State, J. T. Botkin; State Auditor, W. E. Davis; State Treasurer, Earl Akers; At torney-General, S. M. Brewster; Superintendent of Public Instruction, W. D. Ross; Superintendent of Insurance, Carey J. Wilson.

JUDICIARY. Supreme Court: Chief Justice, William A. Johnston; Justices, Rousseau A. Burch, Henry F. Mason, John Marshall, Silas Porter, John S. Dawson, J. S. West.

STATE LEGISLATURE:

Democrats

Republicans

Progressives

Socialists

Majority

70

8000. Capital, Alor Star. The soil is fertile, and rice, coconuts, and rubber are planted. Estimated revenue for the year 1913, 2,407,195 Straits Settlements dollars; expenditure, 2,341,238. Native affairs are administered by the Sultan (Abdul Hamid Halimshah ibni Ahmat Tajudin), or at present, on account of the Sultan's ill-health, by his eldest son (Tunku Ibrahim) as regent. There is a British adviser. The loan (2,600,000 S. S. dollars), negotiated with the Siamese government in 1905, was taken over by the Federated Malay States government upon the transfer in 1909 of the suzerainty of the state from Siam to Great Britain.

KELANTAN. A protected native state on the eastern side of the Malay Peninsula; administered by the hereditary Rajah, Muhammed (IV) bin Almerhum Sultan Muhammed, under the direction of a resident British adviser. The area is estimated at 5870 square miles, and the population (1911) at 286,752 (268,707 Malays, 9844 Chinese, 5355 Siamese, 108 Europeans). Chinese laborers are brought in to work on the rubber plantations. Kota Bharu, the capital, has about 12,000 inhabitants, and contains the Rajah's palace and the British residency. Other towns are Tumpat (4000 inhabitants), Bachak (2000), Tabal (2000), Pasir Puteh (2000). Agriculture, rubber cultivation, cattle-raising, and fishing are the principal industries; rice and paddy, copra, rubber, and betel nuts are exported. Gold is mined and tin deposits occur. Roads are building, and a railway from Tumpat is under construction across the state, to connect ultimately with the Federated Malay States system. The (1913) imports amounted to 3,948,325 Straits Settlements dollars; the exports, to 2,022,307; the revenue was 676,020, and the expenditure, 672,137. Kelantan was formally ceded by Siam to the protection of Great Britain, July 15, 1909.

KELP. See FERTILIZERS.

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KANSAS, UNIVERSITY OF. A State institution for higher education founded in 1866 at Lawrence, Kan. The total enrollment in all departments in the autumn of 1915 was 2490. The faculty numbered 218. There were no notable changes in the membership of the faculty during the year, and no noteworthy benefactions were received. The university is supported almost entirely by legislative appropriations, which amounted in 1915-16 to $625,000, and has an endowment fund of about $150,000. The library contained 100,000 volumes.

KAOLIN.

See FULLER'S EARTH. KAUSOLITE. See CHEMISTRY, INDUSTRIAL, Explosives.

KEDAH. A native state on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula, under British protection. Area, with the Langkawi group of islands, 3800 square miles. According to the 1911 census, the population was 245,986, of whom 80 per cent were Malay and 13 per cent Chinese. Samsams numbered nearly 65,000, and Siamese over