ARBITRATION AND CONCILIATION

Kirchwey, and Walter C. Noyes. They secured the adoption of a new agreement to be in force for two years with renewal for a like term unless two months' notice of desire to abrogate is given by either party. A wage scale representing an advance of approximately 10 per cent over the preceding agreement is fixed. The Union agrees to avoid strikes, but the workers are guaranteed "an inalienable right to associate and organize themselves," and shall be immuned from discharge or discrimination on account of union activities. Complaints shall be investigated first by representatives of the two parties, and, if settlement is not reached, by a trial board consisting of one employer, one worker, and an impartial person. The employer, on the other hand, is given complete freedom in the selection of employees; the right to discharge the incompetent, the insubordinate, the inefficient, the unsuitable, and the unfaithful (which, however, he agrees not to exercise in an oppressive manner); the right to distribute work among the employees possessing the requisite skill; but he agrees to distribute work during slack seasons as equably as expedient; and he may reorganize his shop whenever conditions of business make it necessary for him to do so. The council which planned this agreement was requested by the mayor to continue as an investigating commission in order to increase the regularity of the industry, fix wages and other standards, and encourage trade education and more thorough organization throughout the industry.

DENMARK. Denmark recognizes practically the same principles of State interference in the settlement of labor disputes as does the Australian Commonwealth. A permanent arbitration court was established by the law of April 12, 1910. It consists of 12 members. Three associates and their alternates are elected annually by the Association of Danish Employers and Masters; the other three and their alternates are chosen by the Danish Federation of Labor, as long as these organizations represent the majority of employers and workmen on either side; and when they cease to do so, steps are to be taken for a change in the law. Since the organization of the court, 136 cases have been decided by it. During the years 1913-14, 48 cases (24 in each year) were referred to the court for decision. During the same years 31 proceedings were begun by employers' associations or individual employers, and 17 by trade unions; 8 cases were settled by the parties be fore final proceedings were had, 4 were dropped, and 1 was postponed. During the same two years, the largest number of disputes occurred in the building trades, where 22 cases were represented; transportation and the woodworking trades came next with 7 and 5 cases, respectively. The questions at issue were strikes and lockouts in 20 cases; interpretation of agreements or awards in 17 cases; alleged boycotts, 5; working conditions, 2; wages, 1; blacklisting or dismissal, 1; employment of non-unionists and non-compliance with the award of the court, 1. Fines were imposed during 1913 and 1914 in 15 cases, amounting approximately to $1207. The total costs involved in the settlement of the 48 cases during the same two years amounted to $1217, of which $282 was assessed on employers alone, $662 upon trade unions alone, $229 upon both employers and trade unions in equal

NORWAY. The enactment, Aug. 6, 1915, of an arbitration law in Norway is of special interest, as it recognized the principle of compulsory investigation and enforced delay in striking, which forms the essential feature of the Canadian Industrial Disputes Act of 1907. As originally drafted, the Norwegian law was a compulsory arbitration law, but opposition to it from the time of its proposal in 1910 compelled the omission of the compulsory feature. For its purposes, the law provides for the registration of trade unions and employers' associations and the legal recognition of the collective agreement; conciliation is a prominent feature of the act. In order to incorporate, a trade union must have at least 25 members. Collective agreements are required to be in writing and remain effective for three years unless otherwise provided, and three months' notice is required before their lawful termination. It is specifically provided that an individual contract of hire cannot waive the provisions of the collective agreement. Resort may not be had to a strike for determining the application or intent of a collective agreement, nor may it be resorted to under any circumstances unless conciliation proceedings be first attempted; and as long as the right to strike is in abeyance, it is not lawful to make changes in the conditions of work or wages of the employees, a provision inserted to prevent a so-called masked lockout. The labor court established under the act is the only tribunal before which the questions arising from an unlawful strike may be tried; but the parties themselves are left free to settle their disputes out of court by voluntary arbitration. The organization as such, and not an individual representative of it, is alone recognized before the court. The court consists of a chairman and four associates appointed by the Crown for a period of three years, two being nominated from trade-union members, and two from employers' associations. The country is divided into conciliation districts, at the head of each of which is a conciliation board. It is obligatory to report every actual or threatened cessation of work to this board. Fines ranging from 5 crowns ($1.34) up to 25,000 crowns ($6700) may be assessed against an employer or workman who takes part in or assists in an unlawful labor dispute.

SWITZERLAND. The new Swiss Factory Act provided for permanent cantonal conciliation boards. These boards may intervene in a dispute either on their own initiative, or at the request either of the parties concerned or of the local authorities. The boards have the right to compel the attendance of witnesses and to conduct investigations under oath. These conciliation boards are established for settling disputes only in private industries, while a special permanent committee, entitled "the Government Workshops Committee," is appointed to inquire into the claims of labor in government workshops and departments. The functions of this body are purely advisory, the power of action lying wholly with the Federal Council. The Government Workshops Committee has no authority in connection with the Federal railroad system. The conciliation boards and the government committee both contain representatives of employers and of employees.

GREAT BRITAIN. The Australian system of arbitration was suggested for Great Britain during the war period. A conference was held about the middle of 1915 between the representatives of the government and labor, 35 workmen's organizations being represented. It was agreed that there will be no stoppage of work on munitions or equipments of war. Differences on wages and conditions of employment shall be subject to conference between parties. In the case of failure to reach settlement there are three possible means of dealing with the situation: 1. Reference to the Committee on Production; 2. reference to a single arbitrator agreed upon by both parties or appointed by the board of trade; and 3. reference to a court of arbitration upon which labor is represented equally with employers. A threatened strike at the Vickers Naval Construction Works was settled by arbitration; a dispute involving 12, 000 men engaged in admiralty work at Southampton was compromised.

After a conference between the executive council of the miners and the representatives of the government in the strike of the Welsh coal miners, tentative terms were agreed upon, including a new standard rate of wages, payment for overtime, abolition of the maximum wage; these terms to be operative until six months after the close of the war, then to be terminated by the government or miners on three months' notice.

AUSTRALIA. The war caused considerable disturbance in industry in 1914 and it became a problem for the different conciliation boards to meet the demands for increases in wages in the making of new agreements. The question was appealed to the Industrial Arbitration Court. The court declared that government employees must not look for higher wages. As to other workers, increases should not be asked for which will prove detrimental to public interest. Community interests were emphasized as being of the greatest importance in deciding disputes.

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ARCHEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE AMERICA. The seventeenth general meeting was held in conjunction with the American Philological Association at Princeton, N. J., on Dec. 28-30, 1915. A joint session with the Society of Biblical Literature and Exegesis was held in Columbia University, New York, on the afternoon of Dec. 28th, and a joint session with the International Congress of Americanists was held in Washington, D. C., on Dec. 31st. The annual meeting of the council of the Institute, and meetings of the managing committees of the American School of Oriental Research in Jerusalem and the School of American Archæology were also held. A special meeting of the Archæological Institute was held in San Francisco, Aug. 2-5, 1915, in connection with the Panama-Pacific Exposition, and in conjunction with the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Sessions were held at the University of California and Leland Stanford University, and an adjourned meeting took place in San Diego, August 11-12, under the auspices of the San Diego Society of the Archæological Institute. Tuesday, August 3rd, was Archæological Institute Day at the Exposition, and President Shipley was presented with a bronze medal in honor of the occasion. Among the papers read were: "The Architecture of the Panama-Pacific

Exposition," by Eugen Neuhaus; "Spanish Colonial Architecture at the Panama-California Exposition," by Carleton M. Winslow; "Aspects of Neolithic Culture of the Santa Barbara Channel Islands, California," by Hector Alliot; "Roman Portrait Sculpture," by F. W. Shipley; "The Relation of Religion to Art in Antiquity and the Middle Ages," by Osvald Sivén; "Ghiberti's Gate of Paradise in Florence," by George Bryce; and "Archæology of the Panama-California Exposition," by Edgar L. Hewett. The president of the Institute is F. W. Shipley; secretary, Mitchell Carroll; Willard V. King, treasurer. Besides the School of Oriental Research at Jerusalem, the Institute maintains the American School at Athens and the School of Archæology at Santa Fé, N. Mex. It has about 3500 members.

ARCHEOLOGY. The great war has had its effect upon the activities of the scholars who in the past busied themselves with archæological investigations. In Turkey, for example, it has been impossible to carry on excavations, not only because of the unsettled state of the country, but also because the need for troops has withdrawn men from the localities where work has been carried on. Mesopotamia, now a field of combat, is no place for excavation, and at Sardis, where the Americans have been engaged for several years, it has been necessary to give up work, both because of the unsettled conditions there and because of the lack of laborers. In France, Germany, and England, no archæological work has been done: and in the past some excavation has always been done there. In Italy, too, there has been no archæological research. See also PEABODY MUSEUM.

On the other hand, the war has in a curious way been responsible for at least two discoveries of archæological interest. The first of these was made in the Necropolis of Eleantos in the peninsula of Gallipoli. On May 15th, during the fighting, a shell of large calibre, fired by the Turks, in exploding, blew open an excavation of considerable size behind the Allies' lines and laid bare a remarkably well preserved sarcophagus. Upon enlarging the opening thus made by the shell the Commandant Vermeersch found in addition to the sarcophagus a number of tombs and vases dating from the fourth century B.C. Among the finds were many terra cotta figurines of the Myrin type and of exceptional beauty. Particularly interesting was the discovery of two great jars, or pithoi, 1.60 m., both with an opening .50 cm. broad, which contained two skeletons each. The suggestion made is that these were the tombs of a couple of married people or lovers.

The second discovery referred to was made on the Island of Lemnos, where French troops were stationed. Here at Palaiapolis ("old town") on the northern side of the island and facing toward Samothrace, the soldiers in digging a trench uncovered a statue of Eros twothirds life size. The head, right arm, the left as far as the elbow, and both legs were missing.

EGYPT. Work in Egypt apparently, in spite of the rumors reaching this country of unrest in that quarter, has been carried on much as before. At Ballabish, near Nag' Hamadi, in Upper Egypt, the work of the Egyptian Exploration Fund has met with success. The work is being carried on under joint Anglo-American direction, and reports already show that Professor Whittemore has found a number of graves

which have been excavated. These are "pan" graves and they contained a vast quantity of pottery, chiefly of the twenty-sixth dynasty or later. They throw interesting light upon the burial customs of the common people of that period.

Acting on behalf of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston and Harvard University, Dr. Reisner has just published the results of the work at Gizeh in 1914. One of the results of the work was the identification of the royal cemetery of Chefreu (Khafra), and the proving that the custom of placing magical "reserve heads" of the dead in the tombs dates in this period. Among these heads some especially fine ones were recovered-notably that of a princess and one of Prince Sneferu-senb. Two heads of foreign type led Reisner to argue that Egypt experienced an early infiltration of stock from Syria. This was demonstrated, he believes, by the discovery in the tombs of strange vases of hard reddish clay similar to those found in first dynasty tombs at Abydos. Petrie believed them to be of Egean origin. Reisner thinks them Syrian. The portrait heads referred to above are of especial in terest, not only because of their lifelike quality, but also because there seems to be some reason for believing that they indicate that sometime during the fourth dynasty, 2900-2750 B.C., Egyptian blood experienced negroid contamination. Some of these heads came to light in 1914.

At Hârêt, Dr. Breccia cleared out the pylons of the first doorway of the temple of Sebek. On the cornice was found an inscription which stated that the vestibule and the pylon had been dedicated in the 34th year of Ptolemy Euergetes II (B.C. 137) to the deity Pnepherōs (P-nefer-ho, 'the beautiful-faced') or Soknopaios, in honor of Ptolemy and his consort Cleopatra and their children, by one Agathodoros and Isidora his wife, citizens of Alexandria. In place at the entrance which led into a large outer court, were found two crouching lions. Around the sides of this court were numerous doorways opening into various apartments. The walls had been covered with stucco except in certain places, where spaces were left for the insertion of paintings. Of these paintings the only one in a good state of preservation exhibits a procession of Pnepherōs. In it the god appears as a mummified crocodile crowned and borne by priests upon a stretcher, while other priests, some with palms or flowers, participate in the ceremonial. In the same court two sphinxes stood on guard at another doorway, which led into a smaller room. side this doorway was found a column bearing an inscription which tells that it was erected by the corporation of water-bird breeders in honor of Ptolemy X and Cleopatra III. A third court, entered through a pylon, had on one side a figure of a warrior in full armor and an inscription saying that the dedication was an act of gratitude on the part of Heron Soubattos. The third court, into which this doorway gave access, opened into the principal chapel of the sanctuary, which contained a large and elaborate altar, and which showed upon its walls the figures of deities. The altar is a very important illustration of the furniture of an Egyptian temple.

Be

The results of the excavations of the Metropolitan Museum at Lisht have just appeared. The work centred about the south pyramid, that is, the pyramid of Sesostris I (twelfth dynasty, about 1950 B.C.). On the northern side of the

pyramid temple two small pyramids were uncovered. One of these had been rifled. The shaft of the other was discovered at the southwest corner of the structure. It was 2 meters square and descended for 15 meters into the rock. At this depth a passage led off seemingly under the centre of the pyramid. This monument also had been rifled. Its chapel lay on the eastern side. As the excavation was carried on beyond the outer enclosure wall of the pyramid of Sesostris, a tomb was found near the causeway. This proved to be the burial place of Imhotep, one of the high officials of the King. It was a mastaba measuring 13 m. by 6 m., and was surrounded by a thick wall of sun-dried brick. In the paved area between the tomb and the wall were located two shaft burials which had been robbed in the past. One of the interesting finds in connection with these shafts was a rope some 11 m. long, which had been hastily braided by the robbers from strips of linen. The shaft of Imhotep's tomb on the northern side of the mastaba, 2.5 m. square, penetrated the bed rock to a depth of 15 m. Then in a southerly direction a passage led for some 5 m. into a burial chamber 4 m. square and 3 m. high. In the floor of this chamber a small sarcophagus chamber had been hewn in the solid rock and covered over with heavy blocks of limestone level with the floor. The tomb had been sacked.

One of the most interesting discoveries in connection with this tomb proved to be a chamber, about 65 cm. square, concealed in the thickness of the enclosure wall of the mastaba. It was roofed with planks and these covered with sundried brick. The interior of this small chamber was lined with pinkish plaster. The noteworthy part of the find was not the chamber, but two small royal figures carved out of cedar and identical, except that one wore the red and one the white crown. That with the white crown stood 56 cm. tall; that with the red crown, 58 cm. Traces of pinkish color remained on the nude portions of the figures, while the skirts and crowns were covered with stucco, the better to furnish a body for the color. Along with these two figures was found a small wooden shrine painted yellow, 58.7 cm. high by 31.5 cm. broad, and 22.5 cm. deep. It was closed by a bolt shot through copper staples in the double doors. Within it was an alabaster vase half full of a bluish ointment which had solidified. In this ointment stood a curious object which proved to be a cedar rod about 53 cm. long and 1.5 cm. thick at the point where it entered the ointment. This rod was carefully bound with linen wrappings which enclosed as well a "dummy" animal made up of skin and padding. It is believed to be the Anubis symbol; this and the other objects in the chamber are unique.

Work carried on eastward of Imhotep's tomb brought to light many tomb shafts. Among these, one particularly is interesting. It had never been disturbed and was a tomb of three chambers, all opening out of the same shaft at a depth of 6 m. In the northern chamber was found two wooden coffins, in one of which was the owner of the tomb with his walking stick beside him, and a little figure of the man himself. The eastern chamber contained but one burial, but the other, on the southern side of the shaft, was so packed with burials that the chamber was filled to the roof. Two coffins had

been even shoved in on their sides so as to be able to get them in.

To the south of the tomb of Imhotep the excavators found a series of house walls which seem to have been those of the houses of guardians and priests of the precinct of the temple.

At Memphis the Eckley B. Coxe, Jr., expedition has unearthed a temple which the excavators believe to belong to the period of Rameses II. The belief is held that it was erected by Seti I, and that it is the particular building described by Herodotus.

The expedition of the Metropolitan Museum of Art at work at Thebes has devoted particular attention to clearing the tomb of Surer, the scribe and fan-bearer of Amenhotep III, the heretic king. The tomb, quite elaborate in its organization, consists of these features, all hewn from the rock. After passing through a court yard one enters a transverse hall, the ceiling of which is supported by 20 fluted shafts of the proto-Doric type. This part had been cleared two years ago. From this transverse hall one then passed into an inner hall, the axis of which was at right angles to the preceding, 74 feet long, and divided into three aisles by 20 lotusbud columns. In this hall was found a papyrus manuscript containing an account of a suit between two women over a slave girl. Proceeding still further inward one enters another hall, somewhat rougher in execution than the others, containing four rows of 20 lotus-bud columns of that ungraceful type in which the bud is in verted. Finally, behind this last room one comes to a pillared hall, excavated only to onehalf its height, with three aisles of six piers.

An interesting feature in connection with this tomb is the fact that the name of Surer, the owner, had been scrupulously eliminated wherever it appeared in the inscriptions. Even the figure of the hapless man had been obliterated from a relief in which he was represented holding the fan for his royal master. The apparent reason for this is that Surer did not sympathize with Amenhotep, or Akhnaton, in his attempt to substitute the worship of the one god, the sun, for that of all others.

In the courtyard of the tomb were found several later burials, all of which had been pillaged. In one coffin the body of a woman had been crowded in on top of that of a man.

The same expedition also partially cleared the tomb of Puïmre, also at Thebes. The tomb was located high on the face of a cliff. A close examination of the tomb showed that shafts and chambers ran in every direction, over, under, and even into each other. At one place, which was reached by a flight of stairs about 80 feet long, the chambers were three stories deep. In two large rooms the débris, made by earlier plunderers who had torn the bodies limb from limb, was knee deep. The tomb chamber of Puïmre himself was at length discovered at a point deep in the rock and reached by a deep shaft that made down from the court, then by a sloping passage, two stairways, and finally through two intermediary chambers. The burial chamber itself was small, cut in the rock, and lined with slabs of sandstone to make it into a great sarcophagus. Even this had been robbed.

At Thebes, also, the same excavators cleared out the tombs of Userhêt and Thotemhab. During the clearing of the tomb of Nakht, the kneeling statue of Nakht, about 40 cm. high, was

found in the filling of the pit where it had fallen from a niche at the top. This statue was lost when the steamship Arabic was sunk.

GREECE. As might be expected, little has been done in the way of excavating in Greece. However, by making use of boys and old men, since the adult population for the most part is under arms, the American school in Athens has been able to carry on its work at Corinth. The excavations proved to be a godsend to the natives, owing to the lack of employment brought on by the war. The most notable finds made in clearing the Roman part of ancient Corinth consist in a draped statue of Augustus and of two youthful figures which are thought possibly to represent his grandsons. Experimental diggings in the neighborhood of Corinth have brought to light Mycenaean remains in six places. These remains consist of late pottery. As yet no great necropolis has been located. Some ruined walls of this Mycenæan period were also found. At Palaiokastro, in Cephalenia, excavations have brought to light indications of a cemetery of the Mycenæan Age.

In Crete, the Greeks have opened the Tholas tomb at Platanos, in the Messará, in Southern Crete. Here were discovered two bronze votive double axes, diadems, necklaces, rings, and other gold objects, besides 70 bronze daggers (10 being of the primitive triangular form), 10 ivory and stone seals, and 370 variegated stone vases similar to those found by Seager at Mochlos some years ago. Among the particularly interesting discoveries were a small stone idol resembling those of the pre-dynastic period in Egypt, and an ivory seal showing two apes. This is the first appearance of such a device upon a Minoan seal. From these the early relation of Crete and Egypt is thus established and they explain the similarity noted between certain early Cretan stone figures and those of wood or ivory that have been recovered from early pre-dynastic cemeteries in Egypt.

ARCHIBALD, F. J. See U. S. AND THE WAR. ARCHITECTURAL LEAGUE EXHIBITION. See PAINTING AND SCULPTURE.

ARCHITECTURE. Everywhere but in the United States, and sporadically in other neutral countries, the toll of war was laid heavily upon architectural progress during 1915. European effort was practically at a standstill in all the belligerent countries except England and Germany. In the former, due to the availability of men in the absence of any system of universal military service, a certain amount of building activity was apparent, although no great project of permanent value had been undertaken; and toward the end of the year even this little activity began to ebb out. In Germany, by a seeming trick of circumstances, the output was very nearly normal in all but monumental structures, and large public buildings and dwellings, but there were numerous competitions under way for schools, churches, city halls, and hospitals, not to mention various civic extensions-totaling in the case of Berlin alone no less than $75,000,000 for improvements to be undertaken at once. France, Italy, and the other nations at war produced nothing; in these countries even the periodicals in most cases suspended, or devoted their pages to historic buildings, restorations, and the like, as had been done for some time in the publications of the other nations as well. In the United States the year's contribu

tion was not highly commendable, though very nearly normal in quantity. Many buildings, even under the conditions of reduced output, must perforce be omitted in the succeeding paragraphs, but an attempt is made to strike a reasonable balance between quality and quantity in each country considered, a concise résumé rather than an accurate compilation. Since great reliance must be placed upon weekly and monthly publications in the preparation of such material, a goodly number of completed structures which are properly to be dated within the year 1915 cannot be included and must remain inedited until the succeeding issue of the YEAR

Book.

UNITED STATES

American financial supremacy, as determined by American agricultural and industrial advancement, bade fair in a short time to close the hiatus of architectural inactivity that had characterized the years 1914 and 1915. There was current a persistent general feeling that the United States had weathered successfully the unsteadying first effects of the gathering world storm that had all but snuffed out architectural growth in Europe. A noteworthy parallel was the increase in public confidence which invariably results in improved building conditions. That improvement had not been substantiated by any unprecedented number of new buildings; in fact, by way of discouraging example, the low tide conditions in New York City alone are well indicated by a single, though fortunately not representative, week in October, when but one set of plans for a new building had been filed for inspection. When it is recalled that New York's buildings cost over $33,000,000 less in 1914 than in 1913, the report would lead us to expect but little of the year under review. On the other hand, San Francisco and Chicago were busy. The latter outstripped New York by about $9,000,000 in the cost of its new buildings during 1914, and to the credit of San Francisco was placed the greatest increase in the country for the same period, over $7,000,000. These amounts must be modified somewhat for 1915.

A survey of the field shows practically the usual quota of residences, perhaps slightly reduced in number for the first half of the year, when war profits had not been so definitely established. Of smaller private dwellings, whose owners would be most readily affected by money conditions, there were very few. The same may be said of theatres-with the exception of those devoted to films-monuments, and public buildings. On the other hand, there were erected a fair number of hospitals, schools, churches, clubs, and, to a certain extent, of office buildings; the output of apartment houses was practically normal.

Fortunately the decreased output has not resulted in any serious qualitative deterioration. American effort toward a proper expression of American needs must ultimately result in an American architectural language; each year contributes its quantum of study and interpretation, not to say of imitation of accepted older forms; but the insistent problems of our daily life demand an architectural outlet that older manners cannot offer, and American ability is ample and able to devise such an outlet, both practically and stylistically. Even a poor building year, such as 1915, bears nevertheless the

indication of the slow but well-defined trend toward the goal of style and utilitarian perfection, manifested by conservative advance in the East, by bold experimentalism in the West, by solutions many and varied in the greater municipal centres.

EXPOSITIONS. The whole field of architecture in the United States was dominated by the fabulous groups of the Panama-Pacific International and the Panama-California Expositions at San Francisco and San Diego, respectively. These demonstrated the true province of expositions as factors in life; not only to enhance industrial possibilities, nor only to acclaim a memorable achievement of international scope and value, but also to offer a thorough index of national strength, ability, and resource in architectural planning and design, a record by the nation's best architects and a school of examples for many years to follow.

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To

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Panama-Pacific International Exposition. the municipal courage of San Francisco in living down the trials incidental to the earthquake and fire of 1906, but five years before the inception of its international project, the splendid Panama-Pacific buildings may be considered fitting monument. The undertaking financed to the extent of $17,000,000 solely by residents of California, without the usual Federal subsidy. The architectural control devolved upon a commission of nine practitioners from different parts of the country. After much preliminary consultation with various govern ment offices and many experts in construction, gardening, and the like, and after numerous conferences among themselves, the commission unanimously adopted the court plan, to be carried out on a site fronting the bay, near the Presidio Military Reservation, and overlooking the Golden Gate.

The work of grading and filling ground preparatory to the actual erection of units was one of the most extensive projects of the kind ever undertaken, for no less than 80 per cent of the whole site was involved. Of similar importance were the matters of piling and foundations, sewers and drains, tracks and roadways, ferry slips and piers, basins, lighting, planting. Full gauge railroad tracks during the period of construction ran into each palace; in fact, a tunnel was built under Fort Mason to facilitate connections with main railway lines. Separate ferry slips with regular service were likewise built, definite connection with transcontinental trains established, and a protected bay inlet provided for smaller boat traffic along the shores.

The plan was conceived on the basis of a single central circulation area or highly emphasized major axis, as was the case in previous expositions. The so-called court plan, however, which was adopted in the present instance, developed the whole project as a series of courtyards as the nuclei of design motives, rather than as a series of axially located buildings. Minor axes cut across the major artery at right angles and at each intersection a new court motive appears. As a result the various buildings took the keynote in design from the schemes adopted for the courtyards upon which they face. That is to say, as units in design, there were no buildings at all, but simply a series of coördinated courtyards. Thus, for instance, the Palace of Varied Industries was an agglomeration of five façades, determining the design of the