proper for any one to demand that for a certain class of patients any routine method should be followed, without regard to the wisdom and judgment of the physician as exercised for the individual case. The twilight method is not new in this country. It was employed experimentally about 10 years ago, and abandoned by American accoucheurs. A very instructive series of deliveries under scopolamin-morphin treatment was begun in the Michael Reese Maternity on Jan. 1, 1915, and carried on with the greatest care, in the service of Dr. L. E. Frankenthal. The preparations were perfect, and the results may be accepted as the best possible under the method. Nurses, graduates with extensive obstetric experience, were constantly in at tendance, as well as the junior or senior intern on obstetrics, and the day or night head nurse in charge of the Maternity. All results were tabulated and the observations were constantly checked by three physicians. The scopolamin used was from the best chemists and was most accurately dosed. Subdued light, smoked glasses, and a suppression of noise were enforced. The results were: No success in 26 cases; little in 7; partial in 8; fair in 5; good in 8; and completely successful in 6 cases. Memory tests were carefully carried out; 26 remaining clear throughout, 39 being cloudy. Thirty-two women complained of unquenchable thirst, incessantly begging for water with parched mouths. Headache and vertigo were present in 27 and 31 cases, respectively. Yet these same women would have gone through a normal confinement of from 8 to 11 hours' total duration, and been comfortable and happy thereafter; whereas they were rendered wretched for hours or days after delivery by the "twilight" method. Pain was felt by many, regardless of the number of doses of scopolamin. It was diminished in 39, absent in 1, average in 19, and increased in 1. Pain is similarly borne at Freiburg, as evidenced by the cases reported from that city in which ether, ethyl-chloride, etc., were used at the end. Restlessness was présent in 18, and delirium in 9, and in 7 of the latter cases restraint was necessary. The risk of self-infection was great in these latter cases. "The exhaustion of labor," absent at Michael Reese Maternity except in the occasional pathologic primipara, was distressingly constant in the "twilight" cases. Diffi culty with the placenta, and often dangerous narcotizing of the children have also to be reckoned with in the "twilight" cases. The wholesale adoption of the Freiburg method would be absolutely unjustifiable with the cruelty, danger, and distress practically unencountered by the modern American methods. Libby, of San Francisco, makes a similarly unfavorable report. A very interesting part of his careful report shows that a large proportion of the women became excited and even violent and unmanageable, a condition which is found to have been reported by Gauss, Preller, Hocheisen, Steffen, and Mayer, all of Germany, in from 1.4 to 26 per cent of their cases. See ANESTHESIA.

TYPHOID FEVER. The Journal of the American Medical Association published its third annual statistical study of the mortality in typhoid fever in the cities of the United States having 100,000 or more population. The communities in the group having over 500,000 population are New York, showing a death rate of 6.2 per 100,000 inhabitants; Chicago, with

7.1; Philadelphia, 9.4; Cleveland, 8.3; Boston, 9.1; St. Louis, 11.1; Detroit, 13.0; Pittsburgh, 13.8; Baltimore, 22.4. The excellent showing made in the city of New York is believed to be due to the careful studies made of the situation in that city. The chief factor, in the opinion of sanitarians, is the effective control of the milk supply practiced in New York City. It is noted that the average death rate of 1913 and 1914 was less than that of the years from 1906 to 1910. Chicago has a lower mortality for much the same reason. Philadelphia also shows an astonishing improvement; it has become one of the safest instead of the most dangerous cities in the United States as regards typhoid. Here purification of the water supply was the chief factor. Detroit's comparatively high rate is believed to be connected with the public water supply. Some attempts have been made to ameliorate this by the hypochlorite method, as a result of which the mortality is lower than that of previous years. Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and St. Louis have also reduced their mortality from 18 and 16.8, respectively, to 13.8 and 11.1, respectively, per 100,000. Baltimore shows a slight decrease, but it still has far the highest mortality in this group. Boston is the only city which shows an increase in 1914 over 1913, this being due partly to a milk-borne epidemic. Among the smaller cities many show an increase over an already high typhoid death rate. Birmingham, Ala., had a rate of 40.2 per 10,000 population; Nashville, Tenn., 47.3. The total average from 1910 to 1914 shows that the mortality has been practically cut into halves. The problem of the typhoid carrier has been attacked by several clinicians. Geronne succeeded in eliminating the typhoid bacilli from the intestines of chronic carriers. He used thymol as a disinfectant, giving animal charcoal with it in order to prolong its action. He administered 1 gram of charcoal and 1 gram of thymol three times a day, the charcoal half an hour before meals, the thymol in capsules half an hour after meals. This was kept up for from 8 to 14 days. Kalberlah had equally good results with tincture of iodine and charcoal. He gave from 7 to 15 drops of the iodine diluted in water from 3 to 5 times a day.

The use of vaccines in the treatment of typhoid fever and to some extent their value in prophylaxis, is still in the experimental stage, although many reports have been published on the subject in the last few years. Watters, after analyzing 1120 cases of typhoid fever treated with vaccines, is of the opinion that the death rate is lower, that the febrile stage is 10 days shorter, and that relapses are less frequent; the patients were less depressed, and averaged a lower temperature than the ordinary typhoid case. Ichikawa has used sensitized bacteria by intravenous injection. His method is as follows: living bacilli are treated with serum from convalescent typhoid fever patients, then washed, and finally suspended in salt solution containing 0.3 per cent phenol. The vaccine was not only effectual in typhoid, but also in paratyphoid fever. Ichikawa explains his remarkable results by saying that in typhoid only a small amount of antibodies is produced, so that the bacteria are not all killed. By injecting a large number of sensitized bacteria the manufacture of antibodies is enormously stimulated and all the bacteria are killed. He thinks that in ordinary subcutaneous

injections the bacteria are retarded in their progress and consequently the amounts of anti-bodies are too small to overcome the infection.

Pfeiffer and Kolle, in Germany, and Wright and Netley, England, published the results of experiments in preventing typhoid fever by vaccination with Bacillus typhosus killed by heat. The New York Department of Health has published its experiments in regard to immunization with typhoid vaccine. Many different varieties have been prepared since 1896. The culture used by the Department of Health is prepared as follows: "A laboratory culture of typhoid bacilli which has lost much of its virulence through long artificial cultivation is used. Large surfaces of agar in Blake bottles are inoculated from fresh agar cultures. After 24 hours' growth at 37 C. the bacteria are washed from the surface of the agar with normal salt solution. The suspension is then standardized by counting the bacilli by the Wright method. This is done by mixing an equal part of blood and the bacterial suspension. Smears are made from this mixture and strained. The number of bacilli and red cells are then counted under the microscope in about 25 fields. When the proportion between the two has been determined, the number of red cells per c.c. being known, the number of bacilli per c.c. can then be estimated; suspension is then heated one hour at 56 C. to kill the bacilli. After heating, the sterility of the suspension is tested by inoculating generous amounts into media and incubating these under ærobic and anærobic conditions. If no growth occurs, 0.25 per cent of carbolic acid is added to the suspension, which is diluted with 0.25 per cent carbolic acid in normal saline solution, so that 1 c.c. contains the appropriate dose. It is then bottled for distribution." While a few cases developed severe reaction, others were only partially immunized and still others resisted immunization entirely. The evidence is overwhelming that immunization by vaccine is as effective against typhoid fever as is a previous attack of the disease, and this immunity lasts from at least two to a great many years, in all but a very few individuals. Those who subsequently develop the disease have it in a lighter and less fatal form. Warning is given that in order to avoid severe reactions several precautions must be observed. Only healthy individuals should be vaccinated; individuals below par for any reason should not receive vaccination; children are not to be exposed to the sun after vaccination; and alcohol and hard work should be avoided in the case of adults.

The full text of this valuable article is to be found in the Journal of the American Medical Association, Jan. 2, 1915.

TYPHUS FEVER. The work on epidemics by Hippocrates, the father of medicine, describes most accurately cases of fever occurring as epidemics, which were in all probability cases of typhus. An Athenian pestilence well described by Thucydides was probably typhus. In the siege of Granada in 1489 as many as 17,000 of Ferdinand's soldiers perished of "tabardillo," doubtless typhus. It is the old "jail fever," "ship fever," or "spotted fever." It devastated Ireland; it was prevalent among the poor of England; and it has followed war for centuries. In 1914, Harry Plotz, of Mt. Sinai Hospital staff, New York, made the brilliant discovery of

the organism causative of this disease, described as a small, pleomorphic, obligatory anærobic gram-positive bacillus, not motile, not encapsulated and not acid-fast, varying in length from 0.9 to 1.93 microns, usually straight, sometimes slightly curved, and rarely appearing in coccoid forms. Plotz's work has been confirmed by Wilder, Ricketts, and others. The germ is carried by the body louse (pediculis vestimenti), and therefore the habits of this insect are being studied attentively. Gasoline or benzine, as well as passing a hot iron over the clothing, kills the vermin, for they cling to the inner side of it, and not to the body, when the patient is stripped. The disease has desolated large parts of Serbia, and between 50,000 and 60,000 people have died of it in that small country. An American sanitary commission, organized under the auspices of the American Red Cross and the Rockefeller Foundation of New York, with a fund of $50,000, consisted of Drs. Richard P. Strong, Andrew W. Sellers, George C. Shattuck, and Francis B. Grinnell of Boston; Thomas W. Jackson of Spartanburg, S. C.; and Hans Zinssner of New York; with Charles W. Eby of Washington as secretary. Sixty of 400 native Serbian physicians had died of the disease, and nurses and physicians of the American and British units of the Red Cross had also met death from this source. Acting on the clinical observations so carefully made by Nathan E. Brill, of New York, in investigating "Brill's Disease," determined to be typhus by the brilliant experimental work of Ricketts, and aided by the work of Anderson and Goldberger, the commission was able to terminate the epidemic of the disease in Serbia, and save countless valuable lives of the unfortunate people of that country as well as of the divisions of invading and allied forces who entered its territory, and thus doubtless to prevent the imminent spread of a pestilence over all Europe. The names of Dr. James F. Donnelly, who died at Gevaglia of typhus, and Drs. Ethan F. Butler and Ernest P. Magruder, both of Washington, D. C., should be mentioned for their heroism; while scores of assistant physicians and nurses unnamed risked their lives in the work. The erection of a sufficient laboratory, and the organization of a pathological and bacteriological bureau at the Quarantine station of the port of New York by the State Health Officer of the Port, Dr. J. J. O'Connell, puts the immigration officials in good condition for repelling this disease, if danger should approach at the close of the war. See also VITAL STATISTICS.

TYROL (TIROL). See AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. UGANDA PROTECTORATE. A British protectorate in east Africa. Pending a complete survey, the area cannot be stated with accuracy; up to the fifth parallel of north latitude, it is estimated at 121,437 square miles, including 16,377 square miles of water. The protectorate is divided into five provinces-Rudolph, Eastern, Northern, Western, and Buganda. The population, as estimated March 31, 1914, was 2,909,122; March 31, 1915, 2,927,494, consisting of 2,923,031 natives, 3560 Asiatics, and 903 Europeans. These figures for native inhabitants must be taken with some reserve, as there are insufficient data for an accurate calculation. The climate is not healthful. Sleeping sickness has ravaged the country, and malaria, spirillum fever, and dengue fever are prevalent,

proper for any one to demand that for a certain class of patients any routine method should be followed, without regard to the wisdom and judgment of the physician as exercised for the individual case. The twilight method is not new in this country. It was employed experimentally about 10 years ago, and abandoned by American accoucheurs. A very instructive series of deliveries under scopolamin-morphin treatment was begun in the Michael Reese Maternity on Jan. 1, 1915, and carried on with the greatest care, in the service of Dr. L. E. Frankenthal. The preparations were perfect, and the results may be accepted as the best possible under the method. Nurses, graduates with extensive obstetric experience, were constantly in at tendance, as well as the junior or senior intern on obstetrics, and the day or night head nurse in charge of the Maternity. All results were tabulated and the observations were constantly checked by three physicians. The scopolamin used was from the best chemists and was most accurately dosed. Subdued light, smoked glasses, and a suppression of noise were enforced. The results were: No success in 26 cases; little in 7; partial in 8; fair in 5; good in 8; and completely successful in 6 cases. Memory tests were carefully carried out; 26 remaining clear throughout, 39 being cloudy. Thirty-two women complained of unquenchable thirst, incessantly begging for water with parched mouths. Headache and vertigo were present in 27 and 31 cases, respectively. Yet these same women would have gone through a normal confinement of from 8 to 11 hours' total duration, and been comfortable and happy thereafter; whereas they were rendered wretched for hours or days after delivery by the "twilight" method. Pain was felt by many, regardless of the number of doses of scopolamin. It was diminished in 39, absent in 1, average in 19, and increased in 1. Pain is similarly borne at Freiburg, as evidenced by the cases reported from that city in which ether, ethyl-chloride, etc., were used at the end. lessness was present in 18, and delirium in 9, and in 7 of the latter cases restraint was necessary. The risk of self-infection was great in these latter cases. "The exhaustion of labor," absent at Michael Reese Maternity except in the occasional pathologic primipara, was distressingly constant in the "twilight" cases. Difficulty with the placenta, and often dangerous narcotizing of the children have also to be reckoned with in the "twilight" cases. The whole sale adoption of the Freiburg method would be absolutely unjustifiable with the cruelty, danger, and distress practically unencountered by the modern American methods. Libby, of San Francisco, makes a similarly unfavorable report. A very interesting part of his careful report shows that a large proportion of the women became excited and even violent and unmanageable, a condition which is found to have been reported by Gauss, Preller, Hocheisen, Steffen, and Mayer, all of Germany, in from 1.4 to 26 per cent of their cases. See ANESTHESIA.

Rest

TYPHOID FEVER. The Journal of the American Medical Association published its third annual statistical study of the mortality in typhoid fever in the cities of the United States having 100,000 or more population. The communities in the group having over 500,000 population are New York, showing a death rate of 6.2 per 100,000 inhabitants; Chicago, with

7.1; Philadelphia, 9.4; Cleveland, 8.3; Boston, 9.1; St. Louis, 11.1; Detroit, 13.0; Pittsburgh, 13.8; Baltimore, 22.4. The excellent showing made in the city of New York is believed to be due to the careful studies made of the situation in that city. The chief factor, in the opinion of sanitarians, is the effective control of the milk supply practiced in New York City. It is noted that the average death rate of 1913 and 1914 was less than that of the years from 1906 to 1910. Chicago has a lower mortality for much the same reason. Philadelphia also shows an astonishing improvement; it has become one of the safest instead of the most dangerous cities in the United States as regards typhoid. Here purification of the water supply was the chief factor. Detroit's comparatively high rate is believed to be connected with the public water supply. Some attempts have been made to ameliorate this by the hypochlorite method, as a result of which the mortality is lower than that of previous years. Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and St. Louis have also reduced their mortality from 18 and 16.8, respectively, to 13.8 and 11.1, respectively, per 100,000. Baltimore shows a slight decrease, but it still has far the highest mortality in this group. Boston is the only city which shows an increase in 1914 over 1913, this being due partly to a milk-borne epidemic. Among the smaller cities many show an increase over an already high typhoid death rate. Birmingham, Ala., had a rate of 40.2 per 10,000 population; Nashville, Tenn., 47.3. The total average from 1910 to 1914 shows that the mortality has been practically cut into halves.

The problem of the typhoid carrier has been attacked by several clinicians. Geronne succeeded in eliminating the typhoid bacilli from the intestines of chronic carriers. He used thymol as a disinfectant, giving animal charcoal with it in order to prolong its action. He administered 1 gram of charcoal and 1 gram of thymol three times a day, the charcoal half an hour before meals, the thymol in capsules half an hour after meals. This was kept up for from 8 to 14 days. Kalberlah had equally good results with tincture of iodine and charcoal. He gave from 7 to 15 drops of the iodine diluted in water from 3 to 5 times a day.

The use of vaccines in the treatment of typhoid fever and to some extent their value in prophylaxis, is still in the experimental stage, although many reports have been published on the subject in the last few years. Watters, after analyzing 1120 cases of typhoid fever treated with vaccines, is of the opinion that the death rate is lower, that the febrile stage is 10 days shorter, and that relapses are less frequent; the patients were less depressed, and averaged a lower temperature than the ordinary typhoid case. Ichikawa has used sensitized bacteria by intravenous injection. His method is as follows: living bacilli are treated with serum from convalescent typhoid fever patients, then washed, and finally suspended in salt solution containing 0.3 per cent phenol. The vaccine was not only effectual in typhoid, but also in paratyphoid fever. Ichikawa explains his remarkable results by saying that in typhoid only a small amount of antibodies is produced, so that the bacteria are not all killed. By injecting a large number of sensitized bacteria the manufacture of antibodies is enormously stimulated and all the bacteria are killed. He thinks that in ordinary subcutaneous

injections the bacteria are retarded in their progress and consequently the amounts of anti-bodies are too small to overcome the infection.

Pfeiffer and Kolle, in Germany, and Wright and Netley, England, published the results of experiments in preventing typhoid fever by vaccination with Bacillus typhosus killed by heat. The New York Department of Health has published its experiments in regard to immunization with typhoid vaccine. Many different varieties have been prepared since 1896. The culture used by the Department of Health is prepared as follows: "A laboratory culture of typhoid bacilli which has lost much of its virulence through long artificial cultivation is used. Large surfaces of agar in Blake bottles are inoculated from fresh agar cultures. After 24 hours' growth at 37 C. the bacteria are washed from the surface of the agar with normal salt solution. The suspension is then standardized by counting the bacilli by the Wright method. This is done by mixing an equal part of blood and the bacterial suspension. Smears are made from this mixture and strained. The number of bacilli and red cells are then counted under the microscope in about 25 fields. When the proportion between the two has been determined, the number of red cells per c.c. being known, the number of bacilli per c.c. can then be estimated; suspension is then heated one hour at 56 C. to kill the bacilli. After heating, the sterility of the suspension is tested by inoculating generous amounts into media and incubating these under ærobic and anæærobic conditions. If no growth occurs, 0.25 per cent of carbolic acid is added to the suspension, which is diluted with 0.25 per cent carbolic acid in normal saline solution, so that 1 c.c. contains the appropriate dose. It is then bottled for distribution." While a few cases developed severe reaction, others were only partially immunized and still others resisted immunization entirely. The evidence is overwhelming that immunization by vaccine is as effective against typhoid fever as is a previous attack of the disease, and this immunity lasts from at least two to a great many years, in all but a very few individuals. Those who subsequently develop the disease have it in a lighter and less fatal form. Warning is given that in order to avoid severe reactions several precautions must be observed. Only healthy individuals should be vaccinated; individuals below par for any reason should not receive vaccination; children are not to be exposed to the sun after vaccination; and alcohol and hard work should be avoided in the case of adults.

The full text of this valuable article is to be found in the Journal of the American Medical Association, Jan. 2, 1915.

TYPHUS FEVER. The work on epidemics by Hippocrates, the father of medicine, describes most accurately cases of fever occurring as epidemics, which were in all probability cases of typhus. An Athenian pestilence well described by Thucydides was probably typhus. In the siege of Granada in 1489 as many as 17,000 of Ferdinand's soldiers perished of "tabardillo," doubtless typhus. It is the old "jail fever," "ship fever," or "spotted fever." It devastated Ireland; it was prevalent among the poor of England; and it has followed war for centuries. In 1914, Harry Plotz, of Mt. Sinai Hospital staff, New York, made the brilliant discovery of

the organism causative of this disease, described as a small, pleomorphic, obligatory anaerobic gram-positive bacillus, not motile, not encapsulated and not acid-fast, varying in length from 0.9 to 1.93 microns, usually straight, sometimes slightly curved, and rarely appearing in coccoid forms. Plotz's work has been confirmed by Wilder, Ricketts, and others. The germ is carried by the body louse (pediculis vestimenti), and therefore the habits of this insect are being studied attentively. Gasoline or benzine, as well as passing a hot iron over the clothing, kills the vermin, for they cling to the inner side of it, and not to the body, when the patient is stripped. The disease has desolated large parts of Serbia, and between 50,000 and 60,000 people have died of it in that small country. An American sanitary commission, organized under the auspices of the American Red Cross and the Rockefeller Foundation of New York, with a fund of $50,000, consisted of Drs. Richard P. Strong, Andrew W. Sellers, George C. Shattuck, and Francis B. Grinnell of Boston; Thomas W. Jackson of Spartanburg, S. C.; and Hans Zinssner of New York; with Charles W. Eby of Washington as secretary. Sixty of 400 native Serbian physicians had died of the disease, and nurses and physicians of the American and British units of the Red Cross had also met death from this source. Acting on the clinical observations so carefully made by Nathan E. Brill, of New York, in investigating "Brill's Disease," determined to be typhus by the brilliant experimental work of Ricketts, and aided by the work of Anderson and Goldberger, the commission was able to terminate the epidemic of the disease in Serbia, and save countless valuable lives of the unfortunate people of that country as well as of the divisions of invading and allied forces who entered its territory, and thus doubtless to prevent the imminent spread of a pestilence over all Europe. The names of Dr. James F. Donnelly, who died at Gevaglia of typhus, and Drs. Ethan F. Butler and Ernest P. Magruder, both of Washington, D. C., should be mentioned for their heroism; while scores of assistant physicians and nurses unnamed risked their lives in the work. The erection of a sufficient laboratory, and the organization of a pathological and bacteriological bureau at the Quarantine station of the port of New York by the State Health Officer of the Port, Dr. J. J. O'Connell, puts the immigration officials in good condition for repelling this disease, if danger should approach at the close of the war. See also VITAL STA

TISTICS.

TYROL (TIROL). See AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. UGANDA PROTECTORATE. A British protectorate in east Africa. Pending a complete survey, the area cannot be stated with accuracy; up to the fifth parallel of north latitude, it is estimated at 121,437 square miles, including 16,377 square miles of water. The protectorate is divided into five provinces-Rudolph, Eastern, Northern, Western, and Buganda. The population, as estimated March 31, 1914, was 2,909,122; March 31, 1915, 2,927,494, consisting of 2,923,031 natives, 3560 Asiatics, and 903 Europeans. These figures for native inhabitants must be taken with some reserve, as there are insufficient data for an accurate calculation. The climate is not healthful. Sleeping sickness has ravaged the country, and malaria, spirillum fever, and dengue fever are prevalent,

The principal export is cotton; others are coffee, skins, cotton seed, and ghee. A railway, 61 miles, extends from Jinja, on Victoria Nyanza, to Namasagali, at the entrance of the Nile on Lake Kioga. Another railway, 8 miles, extends from Port Bell to Kampala. Steamers ply Victoria Nyanza, connecting at Port Florence with the Uganda Railway, which is wholly within the East Africa Protectorate. Mengs is the native capital; the King of Uganda is Daudi Chua, born Aug. 8, 1896, grandson of the celebrated Mutesa. The British headquarters is Entebbe.

ULSTER AND HOME RULE. See GREAT BRITAIN, History.

UNEMPLOYMENT. At the opening of the year the country was in the midst of the most severe unemployment crisis in many years; worse conditions had not been experienced since 189394 with the possible exception of the winter of 1907-08. There was, however, through the year steady improvement, conditions of employment at the end of the year being better than normal. In European countries the drafting of many millions into the war and the stimulation of many lines of production by military needs had likewise changed an unfavorable situation into one with less than normal unemployment. This was especially true in England and France; but in the Central Powers and in Russia the utilization of women in many occupations was an indication that the demand for labor was not less than the supply. In the United States the conditions of the winter of 1914-15 impressed the country as never before with the momentous nature of the problem of unemployment. The number of unemployed in New York was variously estimated at from 140,000 to 500,000. Emergency measures included bundle day, milk depots, bread lines, relief stations, and the activities of numerous leagues and associations, and of the city government, besides those of a large committee of citizens led by Judge E. H. Gary. The Hotel de Gink for unemployed enjoyed an ephemeral notoriety. In Chicago there were similar efforts, but the Industrial Commission created to deal with the situation declared the problem too large for private charity, and the mayor declared it too large for public resources. In the education of the public an important agency was the American Association for Labor Legislation (q.v.). It was generally recognized that thorough and comprehensive study both of the industrial situation and of the men and women out of work was needed; that the unemployed should be classified and special provision made for the feeble-minded, the inebriate, the lazy, and the vagrant by State farms and institutions; that governments must learn to cooperate by dove-tailing public works with variations in private industry by plans for the drainage of swamp lands, provision against floods, building roads, development of irrigation plants, and reforestation; and that some plan of unemployment insurance, preferably compulsory, under government supervision is necessary. UNITED STATES. The Bureau of Labor Sta

tistics, in coöperation with the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, conducted canvasses as to the extent of the unemployment in Greater New York and on the Pacific Coast. The New York investigation in February comprised 54,849 families, of which 11,723, or over 20 per cent, had unemployed wage earners. These families comprised 229,000 persons, of whom 95,000 were wage earners; of the latter, 16.2 per cent were unemployed. The second survey covered 12 cities in the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Coast States in June and July. It comprised 36,537 families in which were 49,333 wage earners. It was found that 12.9 per cent of all these wage earners were wholly unemployed, and 20.2 per cent were working only part-time. The highest percentage of unemployment was in Portland, where 20 per cent were wholly unemployed, and 17.3 per cent were partially unemployed; and the lowest in Ogden, Utah, where 4.5 per cent were unemployed, and 14.3 per cent were working parttime. During April and May the Bureau made an investigation in 15 cities of the East and Middle West outside of New York, covering nearly 400,000 families with 644,358 wage earners. It was found that 73,800, or 11.5 per cent of the wage earners, were wholly unemployed, and in addition, 16.6 per cent were working on part-time. The highest percentage of unemploy ment was in Duluth and the lowest in Bridgeport. The proportion of part-time workers ranged from 32.3 per cent at Wilkesbarre, and 29 per cent at Pittsburgh and Milwaukee, to 5.3 per cent at Minneapolis, and less than 3.5 per cent at St. Paul and Springfield, Mo.

The very sharp upward turn in business, however, during the late summer and fall changed the unemployment situation very rapidly for the better. This was especially notable in all branches of the metal trades due to the enor mous development of munitions manufactures. This included all branches of the iron and steel industry. The movement of the large crops and the unprecedented export trade not only increased the employment on railroads and other transportation facilities, but brought the railroads into the market for supplies. Conditions improved steadily to the end of the year, the unemployment in the later months being less than during any immediately preceding years. This favorable condition for labor was due in part to the fact that immigration fell off by more than 500,000 during the year, and that emigration of reservists had drawn off a considerable amount of unskilled labor.

Legislation. The legislation of the year dealt mainly with employment offices. Califor nia provided for free public employment offices under the Labor Commission and appropriated $2000 for an investigation of unemployment. The Legislature also passed a resolution requesting an investigation of unemployment by Congress and the adoption of remedial measures by the Federal government. Idaho adopted a memorial reiterating the prohibition against the employment of aliens upon public works and requesting of Congress a similar rule regarding Federal undertakings within that State. The Legislature also adopted a law requiring county commissioners to provide emergency employment for any citizen resident not less than six months within the State. Applicants must be residents of their county for more than 90 days, must prove their inability to secure employment, and