William L. Igoe, Leonidas C. Dyer, Walter L. Hensley, Joseph J. Russell, Perl D. Decker, Thomas L. Rubey. MONTANA.-SENATORS: * Henry L. Myers, Thomas J. Walsh. REPRESENTATIVES (Democrats, 2): At large, John M. Evans, Tom Stout. NEBRASKÁ. -SENATORS: *Gilbert M. Hitchcock, George W. Norris. REPRESENTATIVES (Democrats, 3; Republicans, 3): Charles F. Reavis, Charles O. Lobeck, Dan V. Stephens, Charles H. Sloan, Ashton C. Shallenberger, Moses P. Kinkaid.

NEVADA.-SENATORS: + Francis G. Newlands,

* Key Pittman. REPRESENTATIVE (Republican,

At large, E. E. Roberts.

1):

NEW HAMPSHIRE.-SENATORS: Jacob H. Gallinger, Henry F. Hollis. REPRESENTATIVES (Republicans, 2): Cyrus A. Sulloway, Edward H. Wason.

NEW JERSEY.-SENATORS: * James E. Martine, William Hughes. REPRESENTATIVES (Democrats, 4; Republicans, 8): William J. Browning, Isaac Bacharach, Thomas J. Scully, Elijah C. Hutchinson, John H. Capstick, Archibald C. Hart, Dow H. Drukker, Edward W. Gray, Richard Wayne Parker, Frederick R. Lehlbach, John J. Eagan, James A. Hamill.

NEW MEXICO.-SENATORS: *Thomas B. Catron, Albert B. Fall. REPRESENTATIVE (Republican, 1): At large, Benigno C. Hernandez.

NEW YORK.-SENATORS: James A. O'Gorman, James W. Wadsworth, jr. REPRESENTATIVES (Democrats, 18; Republicans, 24; Socialist, 1): Frederick C. Hicks, Charles P. Caldwell, Joseph V. Flynn, Harry H. Dale, James P. Maher, Frederick W. Rowe, John J. Fitzgerald, Daniel J. Griffin, Oscar Wm. Swift, Reuben L. Haskell, Daniel J. Riordan, Meyer London, George W. Loft, Michael F. Farley, Michael F. Conry, Peter J. Dooling, John F. Carew, Thomas G. Patten, Walter M. Chandler, Isaac Siegel, Murray Hulbert, Henry Bruckner, William S. Bennet, Woodson R. Oglesby, James W. Husted, Edmund Platt, Charles B. Ward, Rollin B. Sanford, James S. Parker, William B. Charles, Bertrand H. Snell, Luther W. Mott, Homer P. Snyler, George W. Fairchild, Walter W. Magee, Norman J. Gould, Harry H. Pratt, Thomas B. Dunn, Henry G. Danforth, S. Wallace Dempsey, Charles B. Smith, Daniel A. Driscoll, Charles M. Hamilton.

NORTH CAROLINA.-SENATORS: F. M. Simmons, Lee S. Overman. REPRESENTATIVES (Democrats, 9; Republican, 1): John H. Small, Claude Kitchin, George E. Hood, Edward W. Pou, Charles M. Stedman, Hannibal L. Godwin, Robert N. Page, Robert L. Doughton, Edwin Y. Webb, James J.

Britt.

Mc

NORTH DAKOTA.-SENATORS: * Porter J. Cumber, Asle J. Gronna. REPRESENTATIVES (Republicans, 3): Henry T. Helgesen, George M. Young, Patrick D. Norton.

OHIO.-SENATORS: *Atlee Pomerene, † Warren G. Harding. REPRESENTATIVES (Democrats, 9; Republicans, 13): Nicholas Longworth, Alfred G. Allen, Warren Gard, J. Edward Russell, Nelson E. Matthews, Charles C. Kearns, Simeon D. Fess, John A. Key, Isaac R. Sherwood, Robert M. Switzer, Edwin D. Ricketts, Clement Brumbaugh, Arthur W. Overmyer, Seward H. Williams, William C. Mooney, Roscoe C. McCulloch, William A. Ashbrook, David A. Hollingsworth, John G. Cooper, William Gordon, Robert Crosser, Henry I. Emerson.

OKLAHOMA.-SENATORS: + Thomas P. Gore, Robert L. Owen. REPRESENTATIVES (Democrats, 7; Republican, 1): James S. Davenport, William W. Hastings, Charles D. Carter, William H. Murray, Joseph B. Thompson, Scott Ferris, James V. McClintic, Dick T. Morgan.

OREGON. SENATORS: † George E. Chamberlain, Harry Lane. REPRESENTATIVES (Republicans, 3): Willis C. Hawley, Nicholas J. Sinnott, C. N. McArthur.

PENNSYLVANIA. SENATORS: † Boies Penrose, *George T. Oliver. REPRESENTATIVES (Democrats, 6; Republicans, 30): At large, Thomas S. Crago, Mahlon M. Garland, Daniel F. Lafean, John R. K. Scott, Wil liam S. Vare, George S. Graham, J. Hampton Moore, George W. Edmonds, Peter E. Costello, George P. Darrow, Thomas S. Butler, Henry W. Watson, William W. Griest, John R. Farr, John J. Casey, Robert D. Heaton, Arthur G. Dewalt, Louis T. McFadden, Edgar R. Kiess, John V. Lesher, Benjamin K. Focht, Aaron S. Kreider, Warren W. Bailey, C. William Beales, Charles H. Rowland, Abraham L. Keister, Robert F. Hopwood, Henry W. Temple, Michael Liebel, jr.. Henry J. Steele, S. Taylor North, Samuel H. Miller, Stephen G. Porter, William H. Coleman, John M. Morin, Andrew J. Barchfeld.

RHODE ISLAND.-SENATORS: Henry F. Lippitt, LeBaron B. Colt. REPRESENTATIVES (Democrat, 1, Republicans, 2): George F. O'Shaunessy, Walter R. Stiness, Ambrose Kennedy.

SOUTH CAROLINA.-SENATORS: Benjamin R. Tillman, † Ellison D. Smith. REPRESENTATIVES (Democrats, 7): Richard S. Whaley, James F. Byrnes, Wyatt Aiken, Samuel J. Nicholls, David E. Finley, J. Willard Ragsdale, Asbury F. Lever.

SOUTH DAKOTA.-SENATORS: + Thomas Sterling, Edwin S. Johnson. REPRESENTATIVES (Democrat, 1; Republicans, 2): Charles H. Dillon, Royal C. Johnson, Harry L. Gandy. TENNESSEE.-SENATORS: *Luke Lea, John K. Shields. REPRESENTATIVES (Democrats, 8; Republicans, 2): Sam R. Sells, Richard W. Austin, John A. Moon, Cordell Hull, William C. Houston, Joseph W. Byrns, Lemuel P. Padgett, Thetus W. Sims, Finis J. Garrett, Kenneth D. McKellar.

TEXAS.-SENATORS: * Charles

A. Culberson,

+ Morris Sheppard. REPRESENTATIVES (Democrats, 18): At large, Jeff. McLemore, James H. Davis; Eugene Black, Martin Dies, James Young, Sam Rayburn, Hatton W. Sumners, Rufus Hardy, Alexander W. Gregg, Joe H. Eagle, George F. Burgess, James P. Buchanan, Robert L. Henry, Oscar Callaway, John H. Stephens, James L. Slayden, John N. Garner, William R. Smith.

UTAH.-SENATORS: Reed Smoot, George Sutherland. REPRESENTATIVES (Democrat, 1; Republican, 1): Joseph Howell, James H. Mays.

VERMONT.-SENATORS: † William P. Dillingham, * Carroll S. Page. REPRESENTATIVES (Republicans, 2): Frank L. Greene, Porter H. Dale.

VIRGINIA. SENATORS: + Thomas S. Martin, * Claude A. Swanson. REPRESENTATIVES (Democrats, 9 Republican, 1): William A. Jones, Edward E. Holland, Andrew J. Montague, Walter A. Watson, Edward W. Saunders, Carter Glass, James Hay, Charles C. Carlin, C. Bascom Slemp, Henry D. Flood. WASHINGTON.-SENATORS: † Wesley L. Jones,

* Miles Poindexter. REPRESENTATIVES (Democrat, 1; Republicans, 4): William E. Humphrey, Lindley H. Hadley, Albert Johnson, William L. LaFollette, C. C. Dill.

WEST VIRGINIA.-SENATORS: *William E. Chilton, Nathan Goff. REPRESENTATIVES (Democrats, 3; Republicans, 3): At large, Howard Sutherland; M. M. Neely, William G. Brown, jr., Adam B. Littlepage, Hunter H. Moss, jr., Edward Cooper.

WISCONSIN.-SENATORS: Robert M. La Follette, Paul O. Husting. REPRESENTATIVES (Democrats, 3; Republicans, 8): Henry A. Cooper, Michael E. Burke, John M. Nelson, William J. Cary, William H. Stafford, Michael K. Reilly, John J. Esch, Edward E. Browne, Thomas F. Konop, James A. Frear, Irvine L. Lenroot. WYOMING.-SENATORS: * Clarence D. Clark, Francis E. Warren. REPRESENTATIVE (Republican, At large, Frank W. Mondell. ALASKA.James Wickersham. HAWAII.-J. Kuhio Kalanianaole. PHILIPPINES.-Manuel L. Quezon, Manuel Earn

1):

shaw.

1914

1915

.$ 27,080,512.29 $ 24,028,999.41

35,172,434.50 106,749,532.01

94,266,145.51

37,630,781.37

103,080,275.74

101,019,212.50

140,718,434.53

144,868,716.61

9,486,819.67 51,118,889.00

9,771,902.76

26,989,000.00

5,218,250.00

1,099,734.87

5,627,700.00

997,899.54

ELECTIONS IN 1915. The year 1915 was not important politically. There were State elections in Kentucky, New Jersey, New York, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee. These are covered in the political sections under those States. The most important issue in the several States was woman suffrage. An account of the results of votes on woman suffrage amendments will be found in the article WOMAN SUFFRAGE. Perhaps the most important single event relating to the elections was the defeat of the proposed new constitution in New York.

The results of the elections in general gave comfort to both political parties, although it was apparent that the Republicans had gained strength in many of the States, notably in Massachusetts, where a Republican defeated the Democratic nominee for Governor.

There was much talk of presidential possibilities in 1916. President Wilson was practically the only Democratic candidate mentioned seriously, while for the Republicans the most conspicuous names proposed were those of Justice Hughes, Senator John W. Weeks of Massachusetts, Senator William Borah of Idaho, Senator Albert B. Cummins of Iowa, former Senator Burton of Ohio, and Governor Whitman of New York.

The Democratic National Committee met in Washington on December 7th and selected St. Louis as a meeting place for the national convention for 1916, and June 14th was fixed as the date. The committee adopted resolutions calling for the renomination of President Woodrow Wilson. The Republican National Committee on December 14th selected Chicago as a meeting place for the convention in 1916, and fixed the date on June 7th.

ADMINISTRATION. The history of the administration of President Wilson in 1915 is told in detail through many articles and sections of articles in the YEAR BOOK. See Congress, supra; Foreign Relations, infra; UNITED STATES AND THE WAR; etc. Here are given only such incidents as do not properly fall under the larger divisions.

On January 8th the President delivered the Jackson Day speech in Indianapolis. It was directed largely to a defense of the policies of the administration, and especially of the Mexican policy. The address was couched in a familiar style that had not hitherto characterized Mr. Wilson's public utterances. Two important addresses were given in April and May. The first of these was delivered at the Associated Press luncheon in New York City on April 20th, and the second at Convention Hall, in Philadelphia, on May 10th. Both dealt with the proper at titude of the United States toward the warring nations in Europe. The second address was delivered shortly after the Lusitania disaster. Mr. Wilson said, in the course of its delivery:

"There is such a thing as a nation being too proud to fight." This was taken to have a special reference to the situation resulting from the destruction of the Lusitania, but the President hastened to disavow any such application.

On October 6th the President announced his engagement to Mrs. Norman Galt of Washington. They were married on December 18th. President Wilson announced on October 6th that he would vote for the woman suffrage amendment in New Jersey.

The President addressed the Manhattan Club in New York City on November 4th, on preparedness.

FOREIGN RELATIONS. The most important relations of the United States with foreign countries during 1915 concerned the war in Europe. These are dealt with in the article UNITED STATES AND THE WAR, and, regarding them, the sections on History under various belligerent countries may advantageously be consulted, as well as the article WAR OF THE NATIONS. Scarcely less important were the difficulties with Mexico, which throughout the year continued in an acute stage. This question is treated fully in the article MEXICO, section History. The United States was concerned directly with uprisings in Haiti, which began in the spring of 1915. Conditions there continued so threatening that in June the cruiser Washington was sent to Cap Haitien. In a riot which occurred in July, a number of persons were killed. These included General Oscar, and Gen. Orestes Zamor, the former President. The President, Guillaume, had taken refuge in the French legation. He was removed on July 28th, and was shot. American marines and bluejackets were landed, and had an engagement on July 28, with Haitian forces, which opposed them. On the night of the following day two American sailors were killed in an attack on Port-au-Prince. In this attack six natives were killed and two wounded. On July 31st a small force of marines from the French cruiser Descartes were landed, with the consent of the United States government, to guard the French legation. A special commission was sent on August 2nd by Admiral Caperton, commanding the Washington, to Cap Haitien to bring about the disbanding of the revolutionary forces in the northern part of the island, but this commission failed in its purpose. On August 5th, the American forces from the battleship Connecticut occupied the fort which dominates Port-au-Prince. Further points in the city were occupied on the following day, and on August 8th Admiral Caperton reported that he had taken over the administration of the customs at Cap Haitien. An election for President was held on August 12th. Gen. Sudre Dartiguenav was a successful candidate. The election was followed by new uprisings. As a result of these the American forces took possession of Cap Haitien. They occupied St. Marc on August 18th, overcoming the resistance offered. On August 23rd, a force of 350 men and 12 field guns were sent to Haiti on the battleship Tennessee. The American government on August 24th announced that it had addressed a note to the Government of Haiti, expressing its desire that there should be accepted without delay the draft of the convention for 10 years, under which there should be established an ef fective control of Haitian customs, and that these should be administered by a receiver-gen

eral appointed by the American government, and with American employees. Under the terms of the convention, the rural and municipal police were to be natives, under the command of American officers. The plan included the payment of the debts of Haiti to foreigners, and an engagement that no Haitian territory should be ceded to any foreign power. On September 3rd, Admiral Caperton issued a proclamation declaring martial law in Port-au-Prince and adjacent territory occupied by the forces under his command. All custom ports in the country were under United States control by the middle of September. The projected treaty was signed on September 16th, and still later the new Government of Haiti was recognized by the United States. A party of American marines was attacked by Haitian rebels on September 19th. Two Americans were wounded, and 16 rebels were killed. In another attack near Cap Haitien on September 26th, 40 Haitians and 1 American were killed; 10 Americans were wounded. Another American was killed on September 27th. On September 29th an agreement was signed by Colonel Waller, command ing the United States marines in Haiti, and General Petion, leader of a band of rebels. The latter agreed to lay down his arms, and not to further resist the American and Haitian authorities. Another agreement was signed on October 1st, by Colonel Waller and Morency, another rebel leader. The Haitian Chamber of Deputies on October 7th ratified the treaty with the United States by a vote of 75 to 6. A detachment of American troops on the same day attacked bands of rebels who refused to lay down their arms. These bands were disbursed, and no Americans were injured. The American forces came into contact with other bands of rebels during the month, but did not meet with serious resistance.

The Brazilian Chamber on October 6th approved an arbitration treaty between the United States and Brazil. Relations with other countries of the North and South American continents were cordial during the year.

The United States government had no difficulties of importance with Asiatic countries. The conditions in regard to Japanese immigration remained as in 1914. There is practically no immigration from Japan, as a result of an understanding between the governments of the two nations. The passage of anti-alien legislation in Arizona, which was directed chiefly at Japan, did not result in any protest from the Japanese government.

UNITED STATES AND THE WAR. The first effect of the outbreak of the European war in August, 1914, upon the United States, was to leave the people amazed and stunned at what appeared to be an utter collapse of European civilization. Despite the many forewarnings given by the succession of European crises during the previous 10 years, few persons in this country believed that the nations of Europe would plunge into a conflict the consequences of which none could foresee. With the realization that the great cataclysm had come, there spread over the country a fear approaching panic as to what would be the effects of the war upon the United States. The complete dislocation of international trade, and the closing of all the great stock markets of the world, gave rise to financial and economic

Y. B.-22

problems which were absolutely unprecedented. By the close of the year, however, the country had adjusted itself in a measure to the new conditions. But it soon became apparent that problems far more serious than those produced by the temporary disturbance caused by the outbreak of the war confronted the United States. Many incidents forcibly recalled the situation in which the United States was placed in that other great European conflagration 100 years ago. Then, as now, the United States was the one great neutral power. Moreover, it was evident that now, as in the earlier struggle, this country would be called upon to furnish large quantities of supplies to the belligerent powers. The same vexing problems of neutral trade, contraband, and blockade which troubled the country then, once more arose. In one respect, however, the situation of the United States in the present war differed materially from its position during the Napoleonic struggle. The country is now far more a world power than it was 100 years ago. Our economic and political interests are now worldwide. The 3000 miles of water which separate this country from Europe are not the barrier now that they were a century ago. Moreover, new methods of warfare, especially the operations of submarines, introduced new and perplexing problems for both neutrals and belligerents. All of these conditions made it evident that the situation which confronted the United States government in maintaining its neutrality was an extremely difficult one. The problem was made more serious by the attitude of groups of persons in this country whose sympathies were with one or the other of the belligerents in Europe. The following are the most important questions which have arisen during the year 1915, involving the United States and the various European powers.

THE UNITED STATES AND GREAT BRITAIN. Blockade and Neutral Trade. During the early months of the war Great Britain established her complete control of the seas, except in so far as it was interrupted by the operations of the German submarines. That Great Britain would take full advantage of her sea power was to be expected, and that in so doing serious difliculties would arise in regard to the rights o neutral nations was also clear. In the first place there was the always vexed question of contraband. There was no Hague Convention which dealt with the question of conditional and absolute contraband. As the Declaration of London was declared by Great Britain not to be in force, the question had to be determined by the general rules of international law. But upon this question there was no general agreement among the nations. Belligerent powers naturally wished to extend the list of contraband, while neutral powers quite as naturally wished to restrict it.

A more serious and difficult question affecting neutrals arose, due to the peculiar geographical position of Germany. On two sides the country was bounded by neutral powers which touched the sea. Through Holland and the Scandinavian countries contraband might be shipped from the United States or other neutral countries to Germany and thus nullify England's sea power. The problem which confronted Great Britain was how to prevent contraband articles from reaching Germany without interfering with legitimate trade between