the newly appointed nuncio to Mexico. He remained in that country until the death of Emperor Maximilian, after which he accompanied the nuncio on his mission to the United States. During this visit he conceived an admiration for American people and institutions, which continued throughout his life. On his return to Italy he was sent to Munich and afterwards to Peru in a diplomatic capacity. In 1869 he went to Brussels as secretary to the delegate at that post. Three years later he was sent to Vienna, and the year following returned to Belgium as nuncio. While holding this post, he achieved a high reputation for tact and diplomacy. When, on account of the education question, diplomatic relations between Belgium and the Holy See were temporarily suspended, he was appointed nuncio at Vienna. There he won such popularity and dealt so successfully with religious and lay controversies that request was made that he be made cardinal. At the Consistory held on March 14, 1887, this was done. In 1893 he was nominated Cardinal Archbishop of Bologna. He was considered the most probable successor to the papacy on the death of Pope Leo XIII. In 1903, on the death of Cardinal Bishop Oreglia, Vannutelli became Dean of the Sacred College. In this office he was the senior counselor of two pontiffs. After the death of Pope Pius X, and prior to the election of the present Pope, he was the senior of the four cardinals highest in Church councils. In 1913 both he and his brother retired to voluntary exile from Rome. It was reported that this was the result of the rise in power of Cardinal Merry del Val, Papal Secretary of State under Pius X. VASSAR COLLEGE. An institution for the higher education of women, founded in 1861 at Poughkeepsie, N. Y. The total enrollment in all departments in the autumn of 1915 was 1120. The faculty numbered 138. Prof. Burges Johnson was appointed to the chair of English, and Prof. Durant Drake to the chair of philosophy. In October the college celebrated with appropriate ceremonies the 50th anniversary of its founding. The productive funds at the end of the fiscal year amounted to $1,641,125, and the income at the end of the fiscal year ending 1915 was $349,000. The library contained about 86,000 volumes. The president in 1915 was Henry Noble MacCracken. VENEREAL DISEASES. See PROSTITU TION. VENEZUELA. A republic on the northern coast of South America, between Colombia and British Guiana. Capital, Caracas. AREA AND POPULATION. The estimated area is 1,020,400 square kilometers (393,976 square miles), an area somewhat larger than Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas, which total 389,288 square miles. The population, as estimated for March 31, 1915, was 2,812,668. It is not unlikely that this figure exaggerates the actual number of inhabitants. Marriages in 1913 and 1914, respectively, 9863 and 7492; births, 76,588 and 75,817; deaths, 52,847 and 51,697; immigration, 11,536 and 10,610; emigration, 10,681 and 9742. The birth rate at Caracas in 1913 was 24.99, and the death rate 38.47. Urban populations are variously estimated. Caracas is supposed to have about 80,000 inhabitants, Maracaibo 50,000, and Valencia 40,000. Primary instruction is nominally compulsory, but illiteracy is prevalent. At the end of 1912, there were 1408 schools, with 45,515 pupils enrolled, including 118 private schools, with 5280 pupils. These schools are officially reported as "one-teacher" schools. In addition, graded schools, generally with six teachers, numbered 52, with an enrollment of 7099. The average attendance in the one-teacher schools was only 32,415, and in the graded schools 4853. Of the 45,515 pupils enrolled in the one-teacher schools, 21,270 were illegitimate children. The state religion is Roman Catholicism. The country is divided into 412 parishes, with (in 1912) 477 churches and chapels and 428 priests. PRODUCTION AND COMMERCE. Cultivated crops include coffee, sugar cane, cacao, and cereals. The forests yield rubber, balata, copaiba, and vanilla. Large mineral deposits exist, but gold, copper, asphalt, salt, petroleum, and iron are the only minerals worked in commercial quantities. Imports and exports have been valued as follows, in thousands of dollars: In the years 1912-13 and 1913-14, the principal exports were valued as follows, in bolivars: coffee, 78,702,479 and 74,679,745; cacao, 12,009,555 and 22,804,201; rubber and balata, 12,344,129 and 8,085,729; hides, 10,668,177 and 10,167,105; cattle, 1,067,291 and 3,391,579; gold, 6,131,345 and 2,425,644. The coffee export in 1913-14 amounted to 62,876 metric tons; rubber and balata, 1743; cacao, 17,798; raw sugar, 3163; tonka beans, 155. Trade by countries, in thousands of dollars: In 1914 there were entered at the ports 1089 vessels, of 1,057,878 tons. COMMUNICATIONS. The country is very inadequately supplied with roads and railways, but there are some 11,000 miles of navigable river. The railways extend from coastal points into the interior, but are not connected to form a system. In 1914 there were 12 railways in operation, aggregating 960 kilometers (597 miles); 5 of the lines are national, and 7 foreign. Telegraphs in 1914, 211 offices, with 8780 kilometers of line; telephones in 1914, 6900 kilometers of line and 20,930 kilometers of wire; post offices in 1914, 296. FINANCE. The standard of value is gold. The monetary unit is the bolivar, whose par value is equivalent to the franc, or 19.295 cents. Revenue and expenditure in the fiscal year 191415 were 60,370,993 and 64,873,598 bolivars, respectively. For the fiscal year 1915-16, the budget balanced at 39,594,500 bolivars. Estimated receipts included customs, 10,700,000 bolivars, and stamps and taxes on salt, spirits, and cigars, 14,775,000. The larger estimated disbursements were: finance and the public debt, 12,881,744 bolivars; war and marine, 9,535,147; interior, 8,895,702; fomento, 2,563,710; public instruction, 2,252,073. Public debt, Dec. 31, 1914: foreign, 112,105,296 bolivars; internal, 60,631,834; total, 172,737,130. GOVERNMENT. Under the constitution bearing date of June 19, 1914, the Congress consists of a Senate and a Chamber of Deputies. Senators are 40 in number, elected for three years by the legislative assemblies of the several states. Deputies are chosen by direct vote for three years, one deputy for each 35,000 inhabitants. The executive authority is vested in a President, elected by the Congress for seven years. HISTORY. Presidency of Juan Gomez. On May 3rd the National Congress of Venezuela by unanimous ballot elected Gen. Juan Vicente Gomez President of the republic for a term extending from 1915 till April 19, 1922. Gomez was first vice-president when Cipriano Castro held office, and succeeded to the presidency when the latter retired in 1909. In April, 1910, Gomez was elected President for a term of four years, and in 1914 he was succeeded by Gen. V. Márquez Bustillos. He was appointed commanderin-chief of the Venezuelan army at this time, and held the post till elected President on May 3rd. In June and July Congress passed several important laws, including statutes regulating the transfer of real property, public credit, revenue, public instruction, certificates and official titles, public registry, elections, and the tariff. In July the government announced that the imports for 1914 totaled $13,987,465, while the exports equaled $21,520,534. The budget for 1915-16, as announced in August, balanced the expenses and receipts at 39,594,500 bolivars, or $7,641,738.50. Collapse of Revolution. Late in August advices reaching Curacao stated that the revolt which had been begun in September, 1914 (see 1914 YEAR BOOK), in the eastern part of Venezuela had been crushed. General Du Charme, the revolutionary leader, was captured by government troops after a battle at Maturin, August 23rd, and was executed without trial. The revolutionary movement had been carried on under the name of Gen. José Manuel Hernandez (“El Mocho") for a year before the Gomez government was able to suppress it in August. With the defeat of the revolutionists, guerilla bands sprang up in the eastern states, offering much trouble to the government forces and terrorizing the district. VERMONT. POPULATION. The estimated population of the State on July 31, 1915, was 362,452. The population in 1910 was 355,956. AGRICULTURE. The acreage, production, and value of the principal crops, as estimated by the United States Department of Agriculture, in 1914-15, were as follows: LIVE STOCK. The United States Department of Agriculture estimated that on Jan. 1, 1916, and Jan. 1, 1915, horses numbered 89,000 and 88,000, valued at $11,570,000 and $11,528,000; milch cows numbered 273,000 and 268,000, valued at $14,742,000 and $13,936,000; other cattle numbered 170,000 and 167,000, valued at $3,961,000 and $3,858,000; sheep numbered 100,000 and 105,000, valued at $590,000 and $536,000; swine numbered 113,000 and 108,000, valued at $1,164,000 and $1,404,000. The production of wool in 1915 and 1914 was 571,000 and 589,000 pounds, respectively. MINERAL PRODUCTS. Stone is the only important mineral product of Vermont. In 1914 the value of the output was $6,635,477, compared with $7,313,355 in 1913. The value of the total mineral product in 1914 was $8,665,867, compared with $9,647,985 in 1913. TRANSPORTATION. The total railway mileage in the State on July 30, 1913, was 1080. Railways having the longest mileage were the Rutland Railway Company, the Central Vermont, and the Boston and Maine. There was no construction of railway track in 1914 or 1915. EDUCATION. The total enrollment in the public schools in 1915 was 65,095. The teachers numbered 3018. The total expenditures for the year were $2,325,214. FINANCE. The total receipts for the fiscal year ending July 12, 1915, amounted to $1,876,652. There was a balance on hand on July 1, 1914, of $252,721. The disbursements during the period amounted to $1,916,680, leaving a cash balance on hand, July 12, 1915, of $212,693. CHARITIES AND CORRECTIONS. The institutions under the control of the State include the State Penitentiary at Windsor, House of Correction at Rutland, Industrial School at Vergennes, State Asylum for the Insane at Waterbury, Soldiers' Home at Bennington, and the Vermont Sanatorium at Pittsford. There are also 10 hospitals under State control. There is no board of charities in the State. POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT. C. W. Gates was inaugurated Governor of the State on January 7th. In his inaugural address he discussed at length the relations and responsibilities of the different departments of the State government, and their attitude toward the people. The Legislature on March 22nd passed an act providing for eugenic marriages. A fine of $500 was fixed for any person who should marry outside the requirements of the law. In the voting on March 2nd, 4 cities in the State were gained for prohibition; 16 towns and cities out of a total of 246 voted for licenses. On February 12th a bill passed the Senate extending the franchise to women in the town and city elections, and for presidential electors. It was defeated in the House. The Legislature 1,713,000 voted to submit a prohibition law to the people 32,000 at the municipal election in the spring of 1916. 1,846,000 The measure proposed forbids the sale of liquor 1,847,000 even for medical purposes. A workmen's com Value 29,000 14,000 16,000 pensation law was passed. 315,000 STATE GOVERNMENT. Governor, Charles W. 310,000 Gates; Lieutenant-Governor, Hale K. Darling; 2,100,000 1,974,000 Secretary of State, Guy W. Bailey; Treasurer, 20,305,000 Walter F. Scott; Auditor, Horace F. Graham; 17,345,000 Adjutant-General, Lee S. Tillotson; AttorneyGeneral, Herbert G. Barber; Commissioner of Education, U. S. Stone; Commissioner of Agriculture, E. S. Brigham-all Republicans. 14,000 JUDICIARY. Supreme Court: Chief Justice, Loveland Munson; Associate Justices, John H. Watson, William H. Taylor, Seneca Haselton, George M. Powers; Clerk, L. C. Moody. 205 175 30 30 24 24 121 * House also had 14 additional members. affiliations not stated. 151 checked, and there was a steady diminution in the number of cases until June 18th, when the last herd known to be infected at that time had been slaughtered and buried and the premises disinfected. On July 28th, however, it was dis covered in Steuben County, N. Y., and seven Joint Ballot herds were slaughtered. Again, on August 8th, it appeared at Wheeling, Cook County, Ill., and shortly afterwards a diseased herd was found in each of the States of Indiana and Minnesota. In October it appeared at Leicester, Mass., but Political by November 10th, it had been eradicated in every State but Illinois, where 11 counties had been reinfected and the slaughter of some 400 herds was made necessary. Subsequent investigations have shown the outbreak at Wheeling to have been produced by contaminated hog cholera serum prepared in Chicago in October, 1914, at an establishment where the disease had not been known to exist at any time. Twenty-one States and the District of Columbia had been invaded by the scourge up to the close of the fiscal year ended June 30th; 152,157 head of afflicted or exposed animals, distributed in 3021 herds on 2707 premises, had been slaughtered, of which 69,742 were cattle, 73,574 were swine, 8742 were sheep, and 99 were goats. The total appraised value of these animals amounted to $5,243,138.55, while the disposal of the carcasses cost a total of $156,049.22 and property to the value of $22,158.51 was destroyed in disinfection. One-half of these amounts and the salaries and expenses of inspectors were paid by the Federal Department of Agriculture. VERMONT, UNIVERSITY OF. A State institution for higher education, founded at Burlington, Vt., in 1791. The attendance in all departments in the autumn of 1915 was about 600. The faculty numbered about 100. No noteworthy benefactions were received during the year, and there were no notable changes in the faculty. The productive funds amounted to about $250,000. The library contained 92,000 volumes. The president was Guy Potter Benton, D.D. VETERINARY MEDICINE. At the annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association held at Oakland, Cal., from August 30th to September 2nd, 1915, R. A. Archibald was elected president; V. A. Moore, R. W. Ellis, A. Eichhorn, C. D. McGilvray, and G. H. Hart, vice-presidents; F. H. Schneider, treasurer; and C. M. Haring, secretary. A plan for reorganization was rejected by the members present, who, however, adopted a new standard for entrance requirements. The acquisition of an official publication was authorized at this meeting, which resulted in the purchase of the American Veterinary Review. This publication, the oldest veterinary journal published in America. after having completed its 47th volume was transferred the 1st of October, and became the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. Dr. Pierre A. Fish of the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine was elected by the committee in charge and accepted the editorship of the new journal, three numbers of which were issued before the close of the year, the first from New York City, following which the transfer of the publishing and editorial departments to Ithaca was made. The Secretary of Agriculture emphasized the fact that the meat supply of the country can easily be materially increased by controlling or eliminating the common live stock diseases, the direct losses from which are enormous while the indirect losses can not be estimated at all. It was conservatively estimated on the basis of data for 30 years that the annual direct losses from animal diseases are approximately $212, 000,000, distributed as follows: Hog cholera, $75,000,000; Texas fever and cattle ticks, $40,000,000; tuberculosis, $25,000,000; contagious abortion, $20,000,000; blackleg, $6,000,000; anthrax, $1,500,000; scabies of sheep and cattle, $4,600,000; glanders, $5,000,000; other live stock diseases, $22,000,000; parasites, $5,000,000; and poultry diseases, $8,750,000. FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE. The work of eradicating the foot-and-mouth disease, which first appeared in Michigan in October, 1914, was pressed with great vigor under the appropriation of $2,500,000. After months of work the outbreak was brought under control, its spread was The disease in an exceedingly mild form spread rapidly among the National Dairy Show cattle, all but 7 of the 719 animals proving to be susceptible to it. None of these animals succumbed to the disease, although 75 per cent of the calves that were born while the cows were affected died. While the udders of many of the cows were affected, but six cows lost one or more quarters. After thorough tests had proved that they did not harbor the affection, they were released on May 31st, having been kept in quarantine for seven months at an expense per head which amounted to several times the average value of farm cattle. The agricultural appropriation act authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to reimburse the owners of this herd to the extent of one-half of the expense incurred on account of the quarantine, the total expense not to exceed one-half of the beef or dairy value of such cattle. SPLENETIC OR TEXAS FEVER AND TICK ERADICATION. The slogan "Dip the Tick" was adopted by the Federal Department of Agriculture for a special campaign against the cattle tick, a parasite which costs the South more than $40,000,000 each year. Two-color posters were displayed in every post office in the tick-infested country. and circulars and leaflets profusely illustrated with halftone cartoons and diagrams emphasizing the importance of tick eradication were prepared for broadcast distribution to farmers in the South. The work of tick eradication conducted by the Federal Department of Agriculture in coöperation with the State authorities was prosecuted with vigor under an appropriation of $438,800 and was making possible a fuller development of the cattle industry in the South. With the release on December 1st of 12,313 square miles, an aggregate of some 50,000 square miles had been released, making a total area of 275, 782 released since the work was commenced in 1906, or more than one-third of the original area. Cattle dipping vats to the number of 6678 were in operation where cattle were dipped under Federal or State supervision to rid them of ticks and 11,268,668 inspections were made of cattle for ticks. HOG CHOLERA. Field experiments, demonstrations, and educational and preventive work were carried on during the year under the appropriation made by Congress. The use of properly prepared serum had a pronounced effect. Systematic eradication work conducted in 16 counties in nearly as many States showed that whereas 178 hogs in 1000 died from cholera in 1912 and 169 in 1913, only 49 in 1000 died in 1914. But 62,690 died in these counties in 1914, as compared with approximately 200,000 in each of the two years preceding. The results of the work indicate that the eradication of hog cholera from the United States, if it can ever be accomplished, must be a work of many years. During the year 80 places were licensed to manufacture antihog-cholera serum and hog-cholera virus. DOURINE. Good progress was made in the eradication work with dourine carried on during the year in Montana, Nebraska, North and South Dakota, Wyoming, and on the Navajo Indian Reservation in Arizona and New Mexico. In the course of this work 52,896 samples of blood were tested, of which 1515 or 2.7 per cent gave positive reactions, most of the positives coming from other sections than those covered during the previous year. TUBERCULOSIS. Studies of tuberculosis in progress for a number of years led the Federal Bureau of Animal Industry to the conclusions (1) that its propagation among cattle depends more largely on actual contact between tuberculous and healthy cattle than on any other possible cause of infection; (2) that no wide separation between stables and pens occupied by tuberculous and healthy herds of cattle is necessary to protect the latter against infectious material discharged by the former; (3) that a thorough cleaning of an infected stable in preparing it for a healthy herd is a factor of possibly even greater importance than the use of disinfectants; and (4) that tuberculosis among hogs depends almost exclusively on their direct exposure to tuberculous cattle and to material derived from such cattle, and only very slightly on the exposure of healthy to tuberculous hogs. ANTHRAX. In an experimental preparation of an immune serum to be used in connection with the spore vaccine for the immunization of animals against anthrax the Federal Bureau of Animal Industry met with considerable success, having proved the effectiveness of the simultaneous method of vaccination beyond a doubt. The serum was also found to have a considerable curative value. BACILLARY WHITE DIARRHEA OF CHICKS. It was found possible by means of the macroscopic agglutination test of the blood for Bacterium pullorum to remove infected fowls from breeding flocks. Such testing was successfully carried on by the Connecticut Experiment Station and was commenced by the Massachusetts Experiment Station. RABIES. A serious wave of rabies infection of wild and domesticated animals, particularly of coyotes, which threatened to become widespread in the Northwest, led the Federal De partment of Agriculture to start control work in Northern California in coöperation with the State authorities. TRICHINOSIS. Further investigations led to the discovery that refrigeration at a temperature not higher than 5° F. for a period of 20 days is effective in destroying Trichinella spiralis in pork. SCABIES. During the course of the work of eradicating parasites causing scabies 15,659,624 sheep were inspected, of which 3,790,967 were dipped; 1,264,009 cattle were inspected, and 588,228 dipped; and 3105 horses were inspected, of which 2682 were dipped. OX WARBLES. Investigations reported by Carpenter and his assistants in Ireland and later confirmed by Hadwen in Canada show that Hypoderma bovis may enter its host by penetrating the skin. Bibliography. Among the works published were the following: P. Cagny and R. Gouin, Hygiène et maladies du bétail (2 ed., Paris, 1915); R. A. Craig, Common Diseases of Farm Animals (Philadelphia and London, 1915); W. Ellenberger and H. Baum, Lehrbuch der Topographischen Anatomie des Pferdes (Berlin, 1914); L. Franck, Handbuch der tierärztlichen Geburtshilfe (5th rev. and enl. ed., Berlin, 1914); C. Kunk, Die Vitamine (Wiesbaden, 1914); F. B. Hadley, The Horse in Health and Disease (Philadelphia and London, 1915); E. W. Hoare, editor, A System of Veterinary Medicine (vol. ii, Chicago, 1915); G. S. Hopkins, A Guide to the Dissection of the Blood Vessels and Nerves of the Pectoral and Pelvic Limbs of the Horse (Ithaca, N. Y., 1914); W. W. Keen, Animal Experimentation and Medical Progress (Boston and New York, 1914); J. A. Kolmer, Infection, Immunity, and Specific Therapy (Philadelphia, 1915); R. Ostertag, trans. by E. V. Wilcox, Guide for Meat Inspectors (New York, 1915); H. C. Reeks, The Common Colics of the Horse, Their Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment (3d ed., Chicago, 1914); C. G. Saunders, Canine Medicine and Surgery (Chicago, 1915); R. Schmaltz, Atlas de Anatomie des Pferdes (part 3, Berlin, 1914); F. S. Schoenleber and R. R. Dykstra, Castration of Domesticated Animals (New York, 1915); S. Sisson, The Anatomy of the Domestic Animals (2d ed, rev., Philadelphia and London, 1914); E. J. Wortley, Poultry Diseases (New York, 1915); H. Zinsser, Infection and Resistance (New York, 1914). VICTORIA. A state of the Commonwealth of Australia, bounded by New South Wales on the north and South Australia on the west. The area is 87,884 square miles. Population, according to the 1911 census, 1,315,551, exclusive of full-blooded aboriginals; 1914 estimate, 1,430,667. The capital is Melbourne, which is also the temporary capital of the Commonwealth; its population, including surburbs, was 588,971 in 1911. The executive authority is vested in a Governor appointed by the crown and aided by an executive council of 12 members. There is a Parliament consisting of two Houses-the Legislative Council of 34 members, elected for the 17 provinces for six years, and the Legislative Assembly of 65 members, elected for three years. There is universal adult suffrage. Governor in 1915, Sir Arthur Lyulph Stanley; Lieutenant-Governor, Sir J. Madden; premier, treas urer, and minister of labor, Sir Alexander James and Jan. 1, 1915, horses numbered 361,000 and Peacock. See AUSTRALIA. RAILWAYS. The government railways of Victoria during the year 1915 suffered from diminished returns due to a lessened traffic and war conditions generally. The causes assigned were reduction in schedule rates for starving stock, fodder, and seed-wheat, as well as for military men, animals, and equipment for the expeditionary forces carried at one-half full rates, for increased material for road making for which a low rate was made, and an unusually large and unproductive train mileage due to drought, and the reduction in tonnage of freight. As the result of the decreased revenue and the increase in working expenses due to the payment of higher wages, passenger fares and freight rates were increased and these higher rates came into operation on October 1st, from which an increase of £260,000 it was hoped would be secured. There were on June 30, 1915, 3875 miles of line open for traffic as compared with 3835 miles on June 30, 1914. Progress on the electrification of the Melbourne suburban railways was considerably retarded by the abnormal conditions due to the war. Ac cordingly it was not possible to give any indication of the probable date of the introduction of electric traction. HISTORY. In March the Victorian Rifle Association raised a special corps of sharpshooters for the front. Late in April the State of Victoria invited subscriptions in London to a loan of £2,250,000 to be used in the construction of railways. The money raised was to be entirely expended in Great Britain in the purchase of supplies. London capitalists subscribed to the full amount of the loan. Difficulties with German mining interests in Victoria in August caused the introduction of a bill providing for the cancellation of all contracts with German capitalists and the reorganization of several of the mining companies so as to exclude German capital. VILKITZKY'S EXPLORATIONS. See ExPLORATION; and POLAR RESEARCH. VILLA, FRANCISCO. See MEXICO, History. VIRGINIA. POPULATION. The estimated population of the State on July 31, 1915, was 2,171,014. The population in 1910 was 2,061,612. AGRICULTURE. The acreage, production, and value of the principal crops, as estimated by the United States Department of Agriculture, in 1914-15, were as follows: 354,000, valued at $35,739,000 and $38,586,000; mules numbered 64,000 and 62,000, valued at $7,680,000 and $7,936,000; milch cows numbered 359,000 and 349,000, valued at $14,898,000 and $15,182,000; other cattle numbered 472,000 and 450,000, valued at $13,310,000 and $12,870,000; sheep numbered 734,000 and 720,000, valued at $3,597,000 and $3,240,000; swine numbered 1,023,000 and 956,000, valued at $7,161,000 and $7,552,000. The production of wool in 1915 and 1914 was 1,978,000 and 2,063,000 pounds, respectively. MINERAL PRODUCTION. The total production of iron ore in the State in 1914 was 346,382 long tons, compared with 492,649 long tons in 1913. The marketed value of the product in 1914 was $719,415, compared with a value of $983,279 in 1913. The production of coal in the State was 7,959,535 short tons, valued at $8,032,448. This was 868,533 tons less than in 1913, with a decline in value of $920,205. In spite of this the output was greater than in any year previous to 1913. The number of men employed in the coal mines in 1914 was 9183. The value of the total mineral production in 1914 was $16,400,347, compared with $17,178,580 in 1913. TRANSPORTATION. The total railway mileage of the State on June 30, 1914, amounted to 7401; of this 3497 was main track. About 185 miles of new track was constructed during the year. EDUCATION. The total school population in the State in 1914 was 616,168. The enrollment in the public schools was 427,927. The average daily attendance was 281,976. The teachers employed numbered 11,336, of whom 9383 were females, and 1953 were males. The average monthly salary of male teachers was $60.59, and of females $40.66. FINANCE. The report of the auditor of public accounts for the fiscal year ending Sept. 30, 1915, showed a balance on Oct. 1, 1913, of $482,823. The receipts for the year amounted to $7,797,532; the disbursements to $7,645,357, leaving a balance on Oct. 1, 1914, of $635,417. CHARITIES AND CORRECTIONS. The charitable and correctional institutions under the control of the State include the Penitentiary at Richmond, State Farm at Lassister Post Office, the State Hospital at Petersburg, the Eastern State Hospital at Williamsburg, Southern Hospital at Marion, Western Hospital at Staunton, Virginia State Epileptic Colony and Virginia Colony for Feeble-minded at Madison Heights, the Catawba Sanatorium at Catawba, the Virginia School for the Deaf and Blind at Staunton, and the Vir60,562,000 $42,999.000 ginia School for the Colored Deaf and Blind at 39,380,000 31,898,000 Newport News. In addition there are several 16,974,000 18,332,000 institutions supported by the State, but owned 779,000 11,296,000 12,200,000 3,094,000 and controlled by independent boards. The State Board of Charities and Corrections has control 944,000 of the jails and alms houses. Prod. Bu. A creage 2,125,000 1,921,000 1,230,000 225,000 5,625,000 191,000 2,960,000 70,000 1,015,000 58,000 754,000 Hay 1915 1914 112,000 7,280,000 Value 1,717,000 679,000 261,000 STATE GOVERNMENT. Governor, Henry C. 229,000 Stuart; Lieutenant-Governor, J. T. Ellyson; 10,675,000 Secretary of Commonwealth, B. O. James; Audi5,606,000 14,836,000 tor, C. Lee Moore; Treasurer, A. W. Harman, 8,050,000 Jr.; Superintendent of Instruction, R. C. 13,571,000 Stearnes; Attorney-General, J. Garland Pollard; 10,238,000 870,000 Adjutant-General, W. W. Sale; Commissioner 880,000 of Agriculture, George W. Koiner; Commissioner of Insurance, Joseph Button-all Democrats. LIVE STOCK. The United States Department of Agriculture estimated that on Jan. 1, 1916, JUDICIARY. Supreme Court of Appeals: Chief Justice, James Keith; Justices, S. G. Whittle, |