forts at the entrance to the Dardanelles had been mere outposts, designed to delay rather than to stop the invader. The decisive battle would be the battle for the Narrows. On March 6th, while the Vengeance, Albion, Majestic, Prince George, and Suffren steamed up into the straits and engaged the subsidiary forts just below Chanak and Kilid Bahr, the Queen Elizabeth, Agamemnon, and Ocean, lying in the Gulf of Saros, trained their powerful guns on the forts at Chanak. As the hills of the Gallipoli Peninsula lay between the three last mentioned ships and their target, the bombardment was directed entirely by aeroplane observation. On March 7th, the forts at the Narrows were again subjected to bombardment. At the close of the day's action, the British withdrew in elation, believing that they had put the Chanak forts out of commission without losing a single ship, and sustaining only slight injuries to the Gaulois, Agamemnon, and Lord Nelson. London was jubilant at the news. By March 18th all was ready for the supreme effort which would carry the Anglo-French fleet past the dangerous Narrows and on into the Sea of Marmora. With the advantages of a calm sea and a clear sky in their favor, the Queen Elizabeth, Inflexible, Agamemnon, Triumph, Prince George, and Lord Nelson entered the straits and took up a position 7 or 8 miles distant from the Narrows. A little over an hour later, a second squadron, composed of the four French ships, steamed up in front of the English ships and from a closer range concentrated their fire against the Turkish forts. As the forts ceased firing the fleet opened the third and culminating phase of the attack. Six English battleships, the Albion, Vengeance, Swiftsure, Majestic, Ocean, and Irresistible, were to close in on the Narrows forts. The French squadron had to shift its position to make way for this new attack. Then suddenly forts which were supposed to have been dismantled blazed forth again. Floating mines were sent down the channel (being carried by the current which runs toward the Egean). Three large shells and a mine simultaneously struck the French ship Bouvet. Within three minutes, almost before the echoes of the mighty explosion had died and the cloud of smoke cleared away, the Bouvet sank, with her crew on board. Another mine hit the Irresistible; but the crew of the British ship was picked up by destroyers, under fire. The next victim was the Ocean, suddenly sunk by a mine. Meanwhile the Turkish guns had proved unable to sink any of the attacking battleships, but they had set the Inflexible on fire, opened a great gap in the armor-plate of the Gaulois, and inflicted severe punishment on other ships. At twilight the great fleet quietly steamed out of the straits, followed by a salvo of parting shots from the forts which the fleet had striven to annihilate. More than two thousand men and three battleships had been sacrificed in vain.

Instead of admitting defeat and abandoning the Dardanelles campaign entirely, however, the Allies, probably at the insistent demand of the British government, decided to land troops on the Gallipoli Peninsula in the hope that a land attack might succeed where the navy had failed. From March 18th to April 25th, while it waited for troops to arrive on the scene, the Allied fleet continued a desultory bombardment of the forts inside the straits and prevented the Turks from

repairing the ruined forts at Kum Kale and Sedd-el-Bahr. Smyrna was shelled by way of diversion. A British submarine, the E-15, was unluckily grounded and had to be blown up, lest it should fall into the possession of the Turks. THE LAND ATTACK ON THE DARDANELLES (APRIL-JUNE). The land attack on the Dardanelles was undertaken at the end of April by an Anglo-French expeditionary force of 120,000 men under the command of Gen. Sir Ian Hamilton. The expeditionary force was a motley affair, made up of an Australian division, a New Zealand division, a detachment of Indian troops, a division of British Territorials, the British Naval Division (which had been sent to Antwerp at an earlier stage of the war), and the 29th Division of the British army. As General Joffre was unwilling to spare any regular troops from the battle line in France, the French contributed only a small detachment of Fusiliers Marins, colonials, and the Foreign Legion. This heterogeneous aggregation, amounting in all to three army corps, was destined to attack a much stronger Turkish army, commanded by a skillful German General, Liman von Sanders, and ensconced in practically impregnable positions. The Gallipoli Peninsula extends southwest from its neck at Bulair about 45 miles to its tip at Cape Helles (near Sedd-elBahr), broadening out from 3 miles in width (at a point just west of Bulair) to more than 10 miles (in the middle) and then narrowing down again towards the tip. The tip of the peninsula strongly resembles a human foot, with its heel almost closing the straits at Kilid Bahr, and its toe at Sedd-el-Bahr. Just where the ankle bone ought to be, we find the hill called Pasha Dagh. Down nearer the toe is another hill, Achi Baba, dominating the town of Krithia. Above the ankle is the hill of Sari Bair. The ultimate aim of the expeditionary force was to capture the forts at the heel of the foot, at Kilid Bahr, either by directly attacking or by encircling and isolating them. Three plans of campaign are suggested by a glance at the map. (1) An army might be landed near Bulair and work back down into the peninsula cutting communications with Constantinople and taking the forts in the rear. (2) Armies might be landed along the ankle and shin-to continue the metaphor of the foot at Gaba Tepe, Ari Burnu, and Suvla Bay, and fight their way across the ankle, first capturing the hill of Sari Bair, over to Maidos and Kilid Bahr. (3) A frontal attack might be made, beginning at the tip of the toe, and encountering the strong Turkish positions at Achi Baba and, 5 miles further on, at Pasha Dagh. Sir Ian Hamilton elected to combine the second and third plans. On a beautiful Sunday morning, at daybreak, April 25th, British troops were landed at six different points on the Gallipoli Peninsula, while French troops were disembarked on the Asiatic coast at Kum Kale. One of the British landing parties, made up of Australian and New Zealand troops, landed at Ari Burnu to fight their way across the ankle. (The landing beach was called Anzac Cove, the name "anzac" being composed of the initials of "Australian and New Zealand Army Corps.") The other five British landings, at beaches "Y," "X," "W," "V," and "S," were all directed against the toe of the foot. At Ari Burnu, north of Gaba Tepe, the Australasian landing party gallantly charged up the beach

under heavy fire, ousted the Turkish riflemen from their trenches, and then scrambled up the cliffs which rose abruptly 40 feet from the water's edge. There the Australasians withstood a fierce Turkish counter-attack, February 26th, made good their position, and feverishly proceeded with the work of constructing trenches. At Beach "Y," which is due east of Krithia, the landing was easily accomplished, but a Turkish counter-attack compelled the landing party to reëmbark, leaving the Turks in undisputed possession of the beach. At beach "X" the landing party was strongly assailed, but held its ground. At beach "W" the troops were caught in wire entanglements and mowed down by concealed machine guns, but the position won on the shore was maintained against all attacks. The landing at beach "V," close to Sedd-el-Bahr, was perhaps the most difficult of all, and was accomplished only with severe losses. At beach "S," near Eski Hissarlik Point, the landing was successfully accomplished from trawlers. The French landing party at Kum Kale was brilliantly successful; after capturing 500 prisoners, the French troops were able to come to the assistance of the British at beach "S" and take up a position on the extreme right of the line. The landing parties from beaches "S," "V," "W," and "X" advanced together, April 28th, in the direction of Krithia, until the Anglo-French line ran from a point 3 miles north of Cape Tekke, on the Egean side, to a point 1 mile north of Eski Hissarlik, on the Dardanelles side. By May 1st, practically the entire expeditionary force had been landed; the Australasian Corps had entrenched itself north of Gaba Tepe, its purpose being to hold the attention of as many Turkish troops as possible, while the main Anglo-French force at the toe of the peninsula, approximately two army corps, delivered the principal attack on the Turkish position at Krithia. By moonlight, May 1st, the Turks made a determined effort to dislodge the invader south of Krithia. Furious bayonet charges pierced the line of British and French trenches, but at dawn of May 2nd the Allies rallied for a counter-attack which forced the Turks to retire precipitately. In a three-day battle, May 6-8, the Anglo-French line made a supreme attempt to expel the Turks from Krithia. By dint of desperate infantry charges, covered by field and naval artillery, the Allies were barely able to advance a thousand yards. To their intense disappointment and chagrin they realized that the terrain had been carefully prepared by expert engineers; wire entanglements, concealed trenches, and hidden batteries were encountered at every turn. The Turkish guns on the hill of Achi Baba commanded the whole position, and were so well protected that even the heavy guns of the British dreadnoughts, which assisted in the attack, could not disable them. In the secondary theatre of operations at Gaba Tepe, the Australasian corps captured three lines of Turkish trenches on the slopes of Sari Bair, and immediately lost them, May 9-10. Ten days later, May 19th, the Turks fiercely attacked the trenches which the Australasian troops had hastily dug in the form of a great semi-circle about the landing beach. The Australasians manfully stood their ground, and by night the Turks were forced to admit defeat, leaving over 7000 of their men (according to British reports) killed or wounded on the field of battle. Mean

while the fighting on the Krithia front had continued without decisive results. An important advance was made on May 28th by the French troops (on the extreme right of the battle line), who after many bootless attempts at last succeeded in capturing "Le Haricot," a redoubt which the Turks had concealed on the western slope of the Kereves Dere Valley. A third general attack on the Krithia line was ordered by Gen. Sir Ian Hamilton for June 4th. On a front of 3 miles the British line was moved forward about 500 yards, but the French lost "Le Haricot." The battle of June 4th marked the failure of the Allies' campaign on the tip of Gallipoli: three bloody battles had been fought, ammunition had been wasted in terrific bombardments, and somewhere between 40,000 and 70,000 men had been sacrificed; yet the principal Turkish_position at Achi Baba remained unconquered and unconquerable, blocking the path to Kilid Bahr. Furthermore, support for the land forces was no longer to be had from the big guns of the fleet; for after the loss of three battleships in May-the Goliath, torpedoed by a Turkish destroyer, May 12th; the Triumph, torpedoed by a German submarine in full daylight, while numerous destroyers were on the lookout, May 26th; and the Majestic, torpedoed, probably by the same submarine, May 27th-the Queen Elizabeth and the more powerful of the battleships prudently withdrew from the Ægean, leaving at the Dardanelles only a few battleships of antiquated type, with a number of French and British cruisers, a flotilla of destroyers, a monitor, and some submarines. At the end of April, it should be remarked, two British submarines had covered themselves with glory by raiding the Sea of Marmora. The E-14, commanded by Edward C. Boyle, had penetrated the Narrows, entered the Sea of Marmora, sunk two Turkish gunboats and a transport, and returned safely. The E-11, commanded by Eric Naismith, had done even better, sinking three Turkish transports, three store ships, and a gunboat.

(5) The Second Battle of Ypres: April-May.

The failure to force the Dardanelles was only one item in the long list of disappointments which the Allies experienced in 1915. First the long-expected "spring offensive" in France had netted the British one little village, Neuve Chapelle, March 10th. The French had not been much more successful. Then the Dardanelles naval attack had proved futile, March 18th. The assistance so impatiently expected at the beginning of the year from Rumania and Greece was never proffered. Italy delayed entering the war until the end of May. And meanwhile the Russian campaign in Galicia, so promising in March, met with terrible disaster in May, as will presently appear, and disheartening news came from the Western front. At the very time when military critics in England and France were pointing out that General Joffre's "nibbling" tactics were wearing down the strength of the German line in the West, a new blow was delivered with tremendous force by the German army in Belgium. On April 17th the British sappers had blown up the German trenches on Hill 60, a little more than 2 miles southeast of Ypres, and the summit had been occupied by British infantry. Failing to retake Hill 60 by reckless infantry assaults and by furious

under heavy fire, ousted the Turkish riflemen from their trenches, and then scrambled up the cliffs which rose abruptly 40 feet from the water's edge. There the Australasians withstood a fierce Turkish counter-attack, February 26th, made good their position, and feverishly proceeded with the work of constructing trenches. At Beach "Y," which is due east of Krithia, the landing was easily accomplished, but a Turkish counter-attack compelled the landing party to reëmbark, leaving the Turks in undisputed possession of the beach. At beach "X" the landing party was strongly assailed, but held its ground. At beach "W" the troops were caught in wire entanglements and mowed down by concealed machine guns, but the position won on the shore was maintained against all attacks. The landing at beach "V," close to Sedd-el-Bahr, was perhaps the most difficult of all, and was accomplished only with severe losses. At beach “S,” near Eski Hissarlik Point, the landing was successfully accomplished from trawlers. The French landing party at Kum Kale was brilliantly successful; after capturing 500 prisoners, the French troops were able to come to the assistance of the British at beach "S" and take up a position on the extreme right of the line. The landing parties from beaches "S," "V," "W," and "X" advanced together, April 28th, in the direction of Krithia, until the Anglo-French line ran from a point 3 miles north of Cape Tekke, on the Egean side, to a point 1 mile north of Eski Hissarlik, on the Dardanelles side. By May 1st, practically the entire expeditionary force had been landed; the Australasian Corps had entrenched itself north of Gaba Tepe, its purpose being to hold the attention of as many Turkish troops as possible, while the main Anglo-French force at the toe of the pen insula, approximately two army corps, delivered the principal attack on the Turkish position at Krithia. By moonlight, May 1st, the Turks made a determined effort to dislodge the invader south of Krithia. Furious bayonet charges pierced the line of British and French trenches, but at dawn of May 2nd the Allies rallied for a counter-attack which forced the Turks to retire precipitately. In a three-day battle, May 6-8, the Anglo-French line made a supreme attempt to expel the Turks from Krithia. By dint of desperate infantry charges, covered by field and naval artillery, the Allies were barely able to advance a thousand yards. To their intense disappointment and chagrin they realized that the terrain had been carefully prepared by expert engineers; wire entanglements, concealed trenches, and hidden batteries were encountered at every turn. The Turkish guns on the hill of Achi Baba commanded the whole position, and were so well protected that even the heavy guns of the British dreadnoughts, which assisted in the attack, could not disable them. In the secondary theatre of operations at Gaba Tepe, the Australasian corps captured three lines of Turkish trenches on the slopes of Sari Bair, and immediately lost them, May 9-10. Ten days later, May 19th, the Turks fiercely attacked the trenches which the Australasian troops had hastily dug in the form of a great semi-circle about the landing beach. The Australasians manfully stood their ground, and by night the Turks were forced to admit defeat, leaving over 7000 of their men (according to British reports) killed or wounded on the field of battle. Mean

while the fighting on the Krithia front had continued without decisive results. An important advance was made on May 28th by the French troops (on the extreme right of the battle line), who after many bootless attempts at last succeeded in capturing "Le Haricot," a redoubt which the Turks had concealed on the western slope of the Kereves Dere Valley. A third general attack on the Krithia line was ordered by Gen. Sir Ian Hamilton for June 4th. On a front of 3 miles the British line was moved forward about 500 yards, but the French lost "Le Haricot." The battle of June 4th marked the failure of the Allies' campaign on the tip of Gallipoli: three bloody battles had been fought, ammunition had been wasted in terrific bombardments, and somewhere between 40,000 and 70,000 men had been sacrificed; yet the principal Turkish position at Achi Baba remained unconquered and unconquerable, blocking the path to Kilid Bahr. Furthermore, support for the land forces was no longer to be had from the big guns of the fleet; for after the loss of three battleships in May-the Goliath, torpedoed by a Turkish destroyer, May 12th; the Triumph, torpedoed by a German submarine in full daylight, while numerous destroyers were on the lookout, May 26th; and the Majestic, torpedoed, probably by the same submarine, May 27th-the Queen Elizabeth and the more powerful of the battleships prudently withdrew from the Ægean, leaving at the Dardanelles only a few battleships of antiquated type, with a number of French and British cruisers, a flotilla of destroyers, a monitor, and some submarines. At the end of April, it should be remarked, two British submarines had covered themselves with glory by raiding the Sea of Marmora. The E-14, commanded by Edward C. Boyle, had penetrated the Narrows, entered the Sea of Marmora, sunk two Turkish gunboats and a transport, and returned safely. The E-11, commanded by Eric Naismith, had done even better, sinking three Turkish transports, three store ships, and a gunboat.

(5) The Second Battle of Ypres: April-May.

The failure to force the Dardanelles was only one item in the long list of disappointments which the Allies experienced in 1915. First the long-expected "spring offensive" in France had netted the British one little village, Neuve Chapelle, March 10th. The French had not been much more successful. Then the Dardanelles naval attack had proved futile, March 18th. The assistance so impatiently expected at the beginning of the year from Rumania and Greece was never proffered. Italy delayed entering the war until the end of May. And meanwhile the Russian campaign in Galicia, so promising in March, met with terrible disaster in May, as will presently appear, and disheartening news came from the Western front. At the very time when military critics in England and France were pointing out that General Joffre's "nibbling" tactics were wearing down the strength of the German line in the West, a new blow was delivered with tremendous force by the German army in Belgium. On April 17th the British sappers had blown up the German trenches on Hill 60, a little more than 2 miles southeast of Ypres, and the summit had been occupied by British infantry. Failing to retake Hill 60 by reckless infantry assaults and by furious