ilar compilations of official dispatches and bulletins have been published in German-Kriegskalender und Kriegsdepeschen nach den amtlichen Berichten (Berlin, Bong, 1915); and in French-Grande Guerre: Recueil des communiqués officiels des gouvernements et états-majors de tous les belligérants (Payot, Paris). A French Official Review of the First Six Months of the War has, been issued by Reuter's Agency and published by Constable (London).

NAVAL WARFARE. An admirable brief description of The Fleets at War is given by Archibald Hurd in one of the Daily Telegraph War Books. The same author has described The German Fleet (Hodder and Stoughton, 1915). For reference purposes, the following may be consulted to advantage: Fred. T. Jane, Fighting Ships for 1914; Brassey's Naval Annual War Edition (London, Clowes, 1915); The Fleet Annual and Naval Year Book, War Edition (Fleet, Limited, 1915); The Royal Navy List (Witherby, 1915); Fleets of the World (Nash, 1915); and L. G. C. Laughton, The British Navy in the War (London, Methuen, 1915). For naval battles of the war, consult the British Official Navy Despatches (Graphic, London, 1914); Rear Admiral S. E. Wilmot, The Battle of the North Sea in 1914 (London, Rees, 1914); L. C. Jane, The Action Off Heligoland (Oxford Pamphlets); and Battles of the South Seas (Yachting Monthly, 1915). In regard to the effect of the war upon neutral commerce, consult E. J. Clapp: Economic Aspects of the War (Yale University Press, 1915); and W. R. Shepherd (editor), The Protection of Neutral Rights at Sea (New York, Sturgis and Walton Co., 1915).

AERIAL WARFARE. C. Grahame-White and Harry Harper, Aircraft in the Great War: A Record and Study (London, Fisher Unwin, 1915).

BIOGRAPHICAL. For concise information one may consult Lloyd's Who's Who of the Great War (Hodder and Stoughton, 1914); the British Who's Who; the German Wer Ist's; and the French Qui êtes-vous, in addition to encyclopædias and year books of recent date. Kurt Mühsam, Deutsche Heerführer (Berlin, Haber, 1914, 2 vols), gives biographies of leading German generals. F. W. Wile, Men Around the Kaiser (Heinemann, 1914), and A. G. Gardiner, The War Lords (London, Dent, 1915), are interesting studies. Only a few of the many individual biographies may be mentioned: F. W. Hackwood, Life of Lord Kitchener (Lippincott); Harold Begbie, Kitchener (Boston, Houghton, 1915); H. G. Groser, Lord Roberts (Pilgrim Press, 1914); Christian Gauss, The German Emperor as Shown in His Public Utterances (New York, Scribner's, 1915); R. P. Mahaffy, Francis Joseph I, His Life and Times (2nd edition, London, Duckworth, 1915); Alexander Kahn, Life of General Joffre (Heinemann, 1915). A most significant collection of David Lloyd George's speeches has been published under the suggestive title, Through Terror to Triumph (G. H. Doran Co.).

OTHER BOOKS. Among the other books bearing upon the war, the following are of special interest and importance: W. E. Walling, The Socialists and the War (New York, Holt, 1915); H. G. Wells, The War and Socialism (London, Clarion Press, 1914); Gabriel Langlois, Le clergé, les catholiques, et la guerre (Paris,

1915); Alfred Loisy, The War and Religion, translated from the French by Arthur Galton (Oxford, Blackwell, 1915); F. W. Hirst, The Political Economy of War (Dent, 1915), a very remarkable discussion of the war's economic aspects; C. E. Musgrave (editor), Trade and the War, trade maps, charts, and statistics (London Chamber of Commerce, 1915); Norman Angell, The Problems of the War and the Peace (London, Heinemann, 1915); Gilbert Slater, Peace and the War in Europe (London, Constable, 1915); J. A. Hobson, Towards International Government (London, Allen and Unwin, 1915); Murray H. Robertson, Krupp's and the International Armaments Ring (London, Holden and H., 1915); Coleman Phillipson, International Law and the Great War (London, Fisher Unwin, 1915); Norman Angell, The World's Highway (George H. Doran Co., 1915); G. D. H. Cole, Labour in War Time (Macmillan, 1915). Of the books more especially concerned with the effect of the war upon the United States, Roland G. Usher, Pan-Americanism (Century Co.), Hugo Muensterberg, The War and America (Appleton), and Theodore Roosevelt, America and the World War (Scribner's), have been sufficiently read to warrant their insertion, but not necessarily their recommendation, in this list.

WARREN, SAMUEL PROWSE. American composer and organist, died Oct. 7, 1915. He was born in Montreal, Canada, in 1841. From 186164 he studied music in Berlin, and in 1865 became organist in New York City. After two years at All Souls Church, he was appointed in 1868 organist of Grace Church, New York. He held this position until 1874, when he became organist at Holy Trinity. After two years he returned to Grace Church, where he remained until 1894. From 1891 until his death, he was organist at the First Presbyterian Church in East Orange, N. J. He was conductor of the New York Vocal Union, from 1880 to 1888. He composed many anthems, partsongs, songs, organ and piano solos, and transcriptions.

ŴASHBURN, GEORGE. American clergymen and educator, died Feb. 15, 1915. Born in Middleboro, Mass., in 1833, and graduated from Amherst College in 1853, he spent one year at Andover Theological Seminary, and was ordained to the Congregational ministry in 1863. Prior to that time he had served as missionary under the American Board at Constantinople. After continued service in this capacity until 1868, he was appointed professor of philosophy at Robert College, Constantinople. He was acting president of that institution from 1870 to 1878, and president from the latter year until 1903, when he resigned. He was a recognized authority upon questions of politics in southeastern Europe. In 1909 he was lecturer at the Lowell Institute in Boston. He was the author of Fifty Years in Constantinople, and was for many years a regular contributor to important American and English periodicals.

WASHINGTON. POPULATION. The estimated population of the State on July 31, 1915, was 1,471,043. The population in 1910 was 1,141,990.

AGRICULTURE. The acreage, production, and value of the principal crops, as estimated by the United States Department of Agriculture in 1914-15, were as follows:

Value $811,000 710,000

275,000 13,750,000 13,959,000

Acreage 39,000

Prod. Bu.

Wheat

1914 ....1915

36,000

1,053,000 972,000

Oats

1914 1915 1914

297,000

8,000

1914

8,000

146,000 158,000 7,263,000 7,098,000 61,000 8,235,000 59,000 7,552,000 812,000 a 1,868,000 796,000 1,751,000

LIVE STOCK. The United States Department of Agriculture estimated that on Jan. 1, 1916, and Jan. 1, 1915, horses numbered 308,000 and 311,000 valued at $28,952,000 and $29,856,000, mules numbered 15,000 and 15,000 valued at $1,590,000 and $1,560,000, milch cows numbered 263,000 and 253,000 valued at $15,912,000 and $18,722,000, other cattle numbered 221,000 and 215,000 valued at $6,696,000 and $7,504,000, sheep numbered 568,000 and 546,000 valued at $3,010,000 and $2,621,000, swine numbered 314,000 and 327,000 valued at $2,669,000 and $3,607,000. The production of wool in 1915 and 1914 was 3,638,000 and 3,818,000 pounds respectively.

The

MINERAL PRODUCTION. The production of gold in the State in 1914 was $557,173, a decrease of $139,102 from the value of 1913. The production of silver was 264,861 fine ounces valued at $146,468, compared with 331,239 ounces valued at $200,068 in 1913. The total production of coal in the State in 1914, was 3,064,820 short tons valued at $6,751,511. With the exception of 1905 and 1908 the total output of coal in 1914 was the lowest since 1902. production of coal in Washington has been considerably reduced in recent years by the output of petroleum in California and its use as a fuel for manufacturing, railroads, and steamers. Other causes contributing to the decrease were the general industrial depression, particularly in the lumber business, and the exceptionally mild weather during the winter months. The value of the total mineral production in 1914 was $13,830,739 compared with $17,579,743 in

1913.

TRANSPORTATION. The total mileage of the railways in the State on July 30, 1915, was 8022. This includes mileage of all kinds. The increase of mileage during the year amounted to 425 miles. Railways having the longest mileage were the Great Northern 1196, Oregon and Washington 992, Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul 583, and the Northern Pacific 1955.

EDUCATION. The total school population in 1915 was 303,614. There were enrolled in the public schools 240,521, with an average daily attendance of 190,129. The teachers numbered 7276 females, and 1792 males. The total expenditures for the support of the schools were $12,889,495.

FINANCE. The total receipts for the fiscal year ending Dec. 30, 1915, amounted to $11, 927,794. The disbursements amounted to $10,945,613. There was a balance in the treasury on Oct. 1, 1914, of $3,850,284, and on Sept. 30, 1915, of $4,842,465.

CHARITIES AND CORRECTIONS. The charitable and correctional institutions include Western Hospital for the Insane, Eastern Hospital for

WASHINGTON, BOOKER T. American negro educator, died Nov. 14, 1915. He was born, according to his best knowledge, near Halesford, Franklin County, Va., in either 1858 or 1859. His mother was a slave, and he himself was born in slavery. The name Booker was given him by his mother as a joking allusion to his early fondness for books. The name Washington he himself assumed later. The initial T. stood for Taliaferro, which he had heard was the name of his father. The boy, in his earliest youth, had aspirations for an education. Soon after the close of the Civil War he went to Malden, W. Va., where he worked in the salt mills for nine months in the year, attending school for three months. The task of gaining an education proved a difficult one. He managed to find time to attend a night school, and finally, by promising to begin work unusually early in the morning and to keep at it unusually late in the evening, he was able to attend day school with some regularity. After several years spent in this manner, accumulating what bits of knowledge he could and working hard in the meantime, Washington found work in the house of a New England woman, where he remained until 1861. He then heard of the school for negroes at Hampton, Va., and resolved to go there. He took what little money he had been able to save from his wages of $6 a month, and made his way to Hampton on foot. He was warmly received by the principal of the institution, General Armstrong, for whom he always retained the greatest affection

and loyalty. He remained at Hampton until he had graduated from school with the honors of his class, having worked his way through the entire course. After his graduation he returned to his own home in Virginia, and taught school for a time before he continued his studies at Wayland Seminary, in Washington, D. C. While in that institution, he was invited to become a teacher at Hampton, and remained there for two years. In 1881 the citizens of Tuskegee, Ala., appealed to General Armstrong for an institution along the lines of the school at Hampton, which would develop negroes into useful citizens, teaching them self-respect, giving them the ability to support themselves, and stirring them with proper ambition. Booker Washington was chosen to found such an institution. When he arrived at Tuskegee, there were neither lands nor building. In fact, the resources of the new institution were only a promise of $2000 annually from the State of Alabama towards the expenses of the school. Washington worked at the establishment of the institution with an energy and optimism which never flagged. He began his work in a small shanty with one assistant, instructing 30 pupils. From that time on the growth of the institution was phenomenal. The graduates from Tuskegee were found to be a new sort of negroes, with competent minds and hands, who had selfrespect, and who had been taught to make an adequate living. The success of the institution inspired interest in the work throughout the country, and Washington became famous as the most prominent educator of his race. New buildings were constructed at Tuskegee chiefly by the students themselves. In 1915 there were 50 buildings worth $2,000,000 or more, and property of 2000 acres.

Washington first became a national character in 1894, when he spoke for the negro on the opening day of the Atlanta Exposition. He had previously acquired some local fame as an orator, but on this occasion he was held as the successor of Frederick Douglass and the leader of the negro race. He was thereafter in great demand as a popular speaker and appeared before many of the best known organizations in the country. His powers as an orator were remarkable. Mr. Washington's creed concerning his people was well explained in his own words: "We must teach our young people to save their money. We must cease to have the reputation of a spending, shiftless, thriftless, and povertystricken race. It is vitally necessary for the progress of the race that we become creators of enterprise, and not dependent on the good will and energy of other races."

Although Dr. Washington was by no means the first of his race to demonstrate the fact that colored people may be trained to become efficient and useful citizens, he was undoubtedly the greatest educator ever produced by his race. It is probable that no negro was ever more honored by white men than he. This often led to embarrassing situations. President Roosevelt at one time entertained him at dinner at the White House and thereby greatly scandalized many people in the South. He became intimate with Andrew Carnegie, and the latter eventually gave $600,000 to the Tuskegee Institute. Dr. Washington's work among the members of his race was based upon the belief that the negro would win social and political advance

ment only after he had achieved economic independence and stability. He held that time was better spent in demonstrating the capacity of the black man in those callings that are now open to him than in seeking opportunities in fields where every factor was opposed to him. This policy brought him into conflict with other leaders of his race, whose demand was for higher education for the negro, and for other opportunities such as white men enjoyed. Dr. Washington's last public appearance was at the National Council of Congregational Churches in New Haven, Conn., in October, 1915. It is said that he made there one of the best speeches of his life. Shortly after this, he suffered with the nervous breakdown which ended in his death. He wrote and spoke much on educational subjects. His published writings include: Future of the American Negro (1899); Sowing and Reaping (1900); Up from Slavery (1901); Character Building (1902); The Story of My Life and Work (1903); Working with Hands (1904); Tuskegee and Its People (1905); Putting the Most into Life (1906); Life of Frederick Douglass (1907); The Negro in Business (1907); The Story of the Negro (1909); My Larger Education (1911); and The Man Farthest Down (1912). He received honorary degrees from Harvard University and Dartmouth College.

WASHINGTON, UNIVERSITY OF. A State institution for higher education, founded in 1861 at Seattle, Wash. The total enrollment in all departments in the autumn of 1915 was 2851. The faculty numbered 165. In June, 1915, Dr. Henry Suzzallo, of Columbia University, was elected president. Miss Isabella Austin, dean of women, died in August, 1915; and Miss Ethel Coldwell was appointed in her place. Arthur Tegan Priest, who was formerly dean of the college of liberal arts, was appointed professor of debating. The productive funds of the university in 1915 amounted approximately to $50,000, and the annual income to $25,000. The library contained about 73,000 volumes.

The pro

See

WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY. An institution for higher education, founded in 1749 at Lexington, Va. The total enrollment in all departments in the autumn of 1915 was 501. The faculty numbered 32. G. G. Greever, Ph.D., was appointed associate professor of English; William D. Hoyt, Ph.D., was appointed associate professor of biology; and Robert A. Tucker, M.A., associate professor of commerce. ductive funds on April 30, 1915, amounted to $864,902, and the annual income to $104,759. The library contained about 50,000 volumes. The president was Henry Louis Smith, Ph.D. WASHINGTON SQUARE PLAYERS. DRAMA, AMERICAN and ENGLISH. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY. An institution for higher education, founded at St. Louis, Mo., in 1853. The total enrollment in all departments in the autumn of 1915 was 1841, which included 587 in Saturday courses for teachers, and others in evening courses. The faculty numbered 218. There were no notable changes in the membership of the faculty during the year, and no noteworthy benefactions were received. The productive funds amounted in the autumn of 1915 to $9,123,184, and the income to $716,471. The library contained 153,323 bound volumes and 58,008 pamphlets. The chancellor was David F. Houston.