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HORATIO S. KRANS, PH.D. LITERATURE, FRENCH ALBERT SCHINZ, PH.D.,

PROFESSOR OF FRENCH LITERATURE, SMITH COLLEGE.

LITERATURE, GERMAN

AMELIA VON ENDE,

CONTRIBUTOR TO NEW YORK "EVENING POST" AND "THE NATION."

LITERATURE, ITALIAN

ALBERT ARTHUR LIVINGSTON, PH.D.,

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF THE ROMANCE LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY.

LITERATURE, SCANDINAVIAN

HARRY V. E. PALMBLAD, A.M.,

INSTRUCTOR IN GERMANIC LANGUAGES AND LITERATURES, UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS. LITERATURE, SPANISH

JOHN DRISCOLL FITZ-GERALD, PH.D., MEMBER OF THE HISPANIC SOCIETY OF AMERICA, CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE SPANISH ROYAL ACADEMY, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF ROMANCE LANGUAGES, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS. MANUFACTURES, CIVIL ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGY, AERONAUTICS, AND FIRE PROTECTION HERBERT TREADWELL WADE. MEDICINE

ALBERT WARREN FERRIS, A.M., M.D.,

MEDICAL EXPERT TO STATE RESERVATION COMMISSIONERS AT SARATOGA SPRINGS; CONSULT ING PHYSICIAN, ITALIAN HOSPITAL, NEW YORK; AND OF BINGHAMTON STATE HOSPITAL; FORMER SENIOR RESIDENT PHYSICIAN, GLEN SPRINGS, WATKINS, N. Y.; FORMER PRESIDENT, N. Y. STATE COMMISSION IN LUNACY; FORMER ASSISTANT IN NEUROLOGY, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY; FORMER ASSISTANT IN MEDICINE, NEW YORK UNIVERSITY AND BELLEVUE HOSPITAL MEDICAL COLLEGE; ASSISTED BY

DAVID GILBERT YATES, M.D., SURGEON, NEW YORK CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL; SURGEON, DEMILT DISPENSARY, NEW YORK CITY. MILITARY PROGRESS

C. DEW. WILLCOX,

LIEUTENANT-COLONEL, U. S. A., PROFESSOR OF
MODERN LANGUAGES, U. S. MILITARY ACADEMY.

MILITARY STATISTICS FOREIGN
HERBERT TREADWELL WADE.

MUSIC

ALFRED REMY, M.A.,

EXTENSION LECTURER, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY;

FORMER PROFESSOR OF HARMONY AND COUNTER

POINT, INTERNATIONAL CONSERVATORY, NEW

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YORK; LECTURER ON THE HISTORY OF MUSIC, WAR OF THE NATIONS, AND SOCIAL

ISM

CARLTON H. HAYES, PH.D.,

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF HISTORY, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY.

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LEWIS SAYRE VAN DUZER,

CAPTAIN IN THE UNITED STATES NAVY, RETIRED; EX-SECRETARY OF THE UNITED STATES NAVAL INSTITUTE.

ZOÖLOGY

AARON L. TREADWELL, PH.D.,

PROFESSOR OF BIOLOGY, VASSAR COLLEGE.

ILLUSTRATIONS

FACING PAGE

174

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GERMANY: GERMAN AND AUSTRIAN MINISTERS IN 1915-VON BETHMANN-HOLLweg, Ad-
MIRAL VON TIRPITZ, BARON BURIAN VON RAJECZ, VON JAGOW
GREAT BRITAIN : FOUR FIGURES PROMINENT IN GREAT BRITAIN-KEIR HARDIE, ADMIRAL
SIR HENRY B. JACKSON, WINSTON CHURCHILL, EARL OF DERBY

GREECE: FOUR BALKAN STATESMEN PROMINENT IN 1915-M. VENIZELOS, M. SKOULOU-

DIS, M. RADOSLAVOF, TAKE JONESCO

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ITALY: FOUR MEN PROMINENT IN ITALY IN 1915-ANTONIO SALANDRA, BARON SIDNEY
SONNINO, PRINCE BERNHARD VON BÜLOW, COUNT LUIGI CADORNA

JAPAN: CORONATION OF THE MIKADO-COUNT OKUMA; SHINTO PRIESTS

LITERATURE:

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TURKEY: MILITARY LEADERS-FIELD MARSHAL VON DER GOLTZ AND ENVER PASHA
UNITED STATES: FOUR UNITED STATES SENATORS ELECTED IN 1915-R. F. BROUSSARD, T.
W. HARDWICKE, P. O. HUSTING, CHARLES CURTIS

UNITED STATES: EX-SECRETARY OF STATE W. J. BRYAN, SECRETARY OF STATE ROBERT

LANSING

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UNITED STATES: FOUR REPRESENTATIVES PROMINENT IN 1915-CLAUDE KITCHIN, D. W.
SHACKLEFORD, FRANK W. MONDELL, F. H. GILLETT

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UNITED STATES: FOUR MEN PROMINENT IN THE FOREIGN POLICY OF THE UNITED STATES
IN 1915-WILLIAM J. STONE, HENRY P. FLETCHER, COLONEL EDWARD M. HOUSE,
FRANK L. POLK.
UNITED STATES AND THE WAR: REPRESENTATIVES OF THE TEUTONIC POWERS IN THE
UNITED STATES-DR. BERNHARD DERNBURG, DR. KONSTANTIN THEODOR Dumba, Cap-
TAIN FRANZ VON PAPEN, CAPTAIN KARL BOY-ED .

UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES: FOUR EDUCATORS PROMINENT IN 1915-R. L. WILBUR,

HENRY SUZALLO, REV. J. A. MULRY, S. J., EDWARD C. ELLIOTT

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WAR OF THE NATIONS: THREE BRITISH GENERALS PROMINENT IN 1915-SIR DOUGLAS
HAIG, SIR CHARLES C. MONRO, SIR IAN HAMILTON

WASHINGTON, BOOKER T.

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WAR OF THE NATIONS-SKETCH MAPS OF FIELD OPERATIONS: ALLIES' LINE IN FRANCE
AND BELGIUM, JANUARY 1, 1915

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NOTE: Cross references in SMALL CAPITALS indicate that the allusion is to a separate article; cross references in italics denote that the reference is to a subdivision of a main article. A cross reference in italics, standing alone in an article, carries the reference to another subdivision of the same article. The letters q. v. (quod vide = Latin "which see") in parentheses following a word, indicate that the subject is treated under its own name elsewhere in the volume.

NOTE: In certain tables in this work it will be found, by addition, that the totals do not correspond to the sum of the items. This is the result of the omission or inclusion of certain small items which are not mentioned in the table, but are included in the totals. This is a usage frequently employed in the compilation of government statistics, from which sources the greater number of the tables in the YEAR BOOK are taken.

THE NEW
INTERNATIONAL

YEAR BOOK

B. C. PEACE TREATY. See ARGEN

A

TINA, section SO entitled; BRAZIL, History, Relations with Other South American Countries; CHILE, His•tory, Chilean Relations with For eign Countries; and INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND ARBITRATION.

ABYSSINIA. An independent empire of eastern Africa. The area is estimated approximately at 432,000 square miles. The population consists of Semitic Abyssinians, Gallas and Somalis, negroes, Falashas, and non-natives— in all between 9 and 11 millions. Addis Abeba, the capital, has about 60,000 permanent inhabitants and a floating population of about 30,000; Harar, 40,000; Aksum, 5000; Diré Dawa, 5000. The Coptic Christian is the national church, and education is in the hands of Coptic teachers. The ruler is a Coptic Christian, but large numbers of his subjects are Mohammedans and pagans. Cattle and sheep raising and a primitive sort of agriculture are the main industries. The forests yield rubber and valuable timber. Gold-mining tracts extend along the banks of the Baro River, and coal has been found.

Imports through Jibuti in 1909, about £811, 566; in 1910, £950,147. Exports by way of Jibuti average £335,000. Imports through Zeila, the Sudan, and Italian colonies, about £192,795 in 1909; exports average about £40,000. The total trade by way of Jibuti in 1911 was valued at 8,722,531 francs imports, and 11,765,844 francs exports; by way of Eritrea, 2,320,558 lire imports, and 3,072,100 lire exports; by way of Gambela in the Sudan, £E27,962 imports, and £E37,751 exports. A British source gives the total trade through Jibuti in 1912, imports and exports, at £588,924; imports through the Sudan £34,280 and exports, £38,720. The imports (chiefly from Great Britain, France, India, Italy, and the United States) are gray shirting, other cotton goods, arms and ammunition, foodstuffs, beverages, railway material, and petroleum. The exports are hides and skins, coffee, wax, ivory, civet, etc. A railway extends from Jibuti to Dire Dawa, a distance of 309 kilometers, of which 219 kilometers are in Abyssinian territory. An extension from Diré Dawa to Mehesso, 152 kilometers, was opened in 1913; the extension from Mehesso to Addis Abeba, 328 kilometers, is under construction. Telegraph lines connect the capital with Harar, with Jibuti, and with Massaua in Eritrea.

The government is essentially feudal in character, each large province being governed by a

Y. B.-1

1

ras, a prince or feudal chief, under an emperor whose power is absolute. Lij Yasu, born 1896, succeeded to the throne upon the death of Menelek II, Dec. 11, 1913. He is the son of Menelek's second daughter, Waizaro Shoa Rögga, and Ras Mikael, the chief of the Wollo Gallas. Menelek II (born 1844) had been emperor from 1889 until his death; but, owing to his incapacity, the government had been administered since 1910 by his grandson under the advice and direction of regents.

According to a statement made in December by Pierre Alype, a member of the Colonial Committee of the French Chamber of Deputies, the Emperor of Abyssinia had offered to furnish the Entente Allies with 200,000 troops whenever necessary.

ence.

ACADEMY, FRENCH (ACADÉMIE FRANÇAISE). The first to be founded (1635) and the most noted of the five academies constituting the Institute of France, the other four being: the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-lettres, the Academy of Sciences, the Academy of Fine Arts, and the Academy of Moral and Political SciThe members of the French Academy, elected for life, and known as the "Forty Immortals," take rank as the leading Frenchmen of letters of their time; and collectively they are the last resort in all disputed literary matters. Fifteen hundred francs are given as a yearly honorarium to each member, and more than 12,000 francs are distributed annually in prizes. Two members, Alfred Jean François Mézières (q.v.) and Paul Hervieu (q.v.), died during 1915, leaving seven vacancies, which were not filled.

ACADEMY OF ARTS AND LETTERS, AMERICAN. A body of distinguished men, limited to 50, and selected from the membership of the National Institute of Arts and Letters. The Institute was organized at a meeting of the American Social Science Association in 1898. It was patterned in a general way after the French Academy. From its foundation in 1904, its president has been William Dean Howells. The Academy and the National Institute hold joint annual meetings, the last of which took place in Boston on Nov. 18 and 19, 1915. The gold medal of the academy was awarded to Dr. C. W. Eliot, ex-president of Harvard University. Since the last meeting in 1914 eight new members have been elected. On Nov. 24, 1915, the membership included: William Dean Howells, Henry James, Henry Adams, Theodore RooseChester velt, John Singer Sargent, Daniel French, John Burroughs, James Ford Rhodes,

Horatio William Parker, William Milligan Sloane, Robert Underwood Johnson, George Washington Cable, Andrew Dickson White, Henry van Dyke, William Crary Brownell, Basil Danneau Gildersleeve, Woodrow Wilson, Arthur Twining Hadley, Henry Cabot Lodge, Edwin Howland Blashfield, William Merritt Chase, Thomas Hastings, Hamilton Wright Mabie. Brander Matthews, Thomas Nelson Page, Elihu Vedder, George Edward Woodberry, Kenyon Cox, George Whitefield Chadwick, Abbott Handerson Thayer, Henry Mills Alden, George de Forest Brush, William Rutherford Mead, Bliss Perry, Abbott Lawrence Lowell, James Whitcomb Riley, Nicholas Murray Butler, Paul Wayland Bartlett, Owen Wister, Herbert Adams, Augustus Thomas, Timothy Cole, Cass Gilbert, William Roscoe Thayer, Robert Grant, Frederick MacMonnies, Julian Alden Weir, William Gillette, Paul Elmer More, George Lockhart Rives.

The first seven members were: William Dean

Howells, Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Edmund Clarence Stedman, John La Farge, Samuel Langhorne Clemens, John Hay, and Edward MacDowell. William Milligan Sloane is chancellor and treasurer, and Robert Underwood Johnson, 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York City, is permanent secretary.

ACCIDENT INSURANCE. See INSURANCE; and WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION.

ACCIDENTS. See RAILWAY ACCIDENTS; SAFETY AT SEA; WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION; and COAL, Accidents.

ACCUMULATOR. See ELECTRIC BATTER

IES.

ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS. An American soldier, publicist, and historian, died March 20, 1915. He was born in Boston in 1835. His father, Charles Francis Adams, was an American minister to England, and was the son of John Quincy Adams, and the grandson of John Adams. The son, Charles Francis Adams, was educated in a private school, and at Harvard College, from which he graduated in 1856. He studied law and in 1858 was admitted to the Massachusetts bar. At the outbreak of the Civil War he entered the service as a first lieutenant in the first Massachusetts Cavalry. He was promoted successively to be captain, lieutenantcolonel, and colonel of a regiment of colored cavalry, and was finally mustered out, and brevetted as brigadier-general of volunteers. After leaving the army, he entered the railway business, and gained a national reputation as an expert in traffic and administrative problems. He was a member of the Board of Railroad Commissioners of Massachusetts from 1869-79, and from 1877-90 he was director of the Union Pacific Railroad, and was president of the same road from 1884-90. Mr. Adams was best known, however, for his numerous important services to the public. He was chairman of the Commission which planned the Massachusetts Metropolitan Park System. From 1882-94 and again from 1895-1907, he was overseer of Harvard University. He was one of the foremost historical writers of the United States; had a remarkable grasp of political and economic problems; and was constantly in demand for lectures on political, economical, and historical subjects. Mr. Adams was bitterly opposed to the high tariff policy. Much of his historical work had to do with the Civil War. He greatly admired General Lee, and wrote much

about him. It was he who suggested that a monument of General Lee be erected in Washington. Mr. Adams's brothers, Brooks and Henry, are both well known historians. He was a member of many learned societies. His published writings include: Chapters on Erie and Other Essays (written with his brother, Henry Adams, 1871); Railroads, their Origin and Problems (1878); Notes on Railway Accidents (1879); Massachusetts, Its Historians and Its History (1893); Life of Charles Francis Adams (1900); Richard Henry Dana, a Biography (1891); Lee at Appomattox and Other Papers (1902); and Studies Military and Diplomatic. He received the degree of LL.D. from Princeton University in 1895.

ADAMSON, ALFRED. A rear admiral retired of the United States navy, died Feb. 23, 1915. He was born in Brownville, New York, in 1836. In 1861 he was appointed third assistant engineer, United States navy, and he passed through successive steps of promotion until he became chief engineer in 1879. He was retired on account of age in 1898. In 1906 he was advanced to the rank of rear admiral retired in recognition of his Civil War services.

ADDAMS, JANE. See WOMAN MOVEMENT. ADEN. A British possession in Southwestern Arabia, forming a part of the Bombay Presidency of British India. It consists of a peninsula and a small strip of coast. Area, 75 square miles, or with the Island of Perim 80 square miles. Population in 1911, 46,165, as compared with 43,974 in 1901. A territory extending inland from Aden, about 9000 square miles in area, is under British protection; estimated population, about 100,000. The town of Aden is strongly fortified and constitutes an important coaling and transshipment station. Except the small quantities of exports and imports to and from Arabia, the trade is almost wholly transit. In 1913-14 imports of private merchandise by sea were valued at £3,756,964; by land, £170,213; imports of treasure, £450,305. Private exports by sea in that year, £3,267,283; by land, £140,159; exports of treasure, £741,687. The leading imports by sea are cotton goods, grain, hides and skins, and tobacco. The exports by sea include these articles together with coffee, gums, civet, and wax. In 1913-14 there were entered at the port of Aden 1529 merchant vessels, of 3,925,044 tons. Aden is subject to the government of Bombay and is administered by a resident, who is also commander of the troops in the garrison. Administratively attached to Aden, besides Perim, are Socotra and the Kuria Muria islands.

In the course of the WAR OF THE NATIONS (q.v.) an attack was made on Aden by the Turks. Having occupied Lahej in July, the Turkish troops advanced to Sheikh Othman in the near vicinity of Aden and menaced the fortress of Aden. The British garrison successfully repulsed the attack, according to the statement given out in December by the British India Office, and only insignificant skirmishes occurred thereafter. The operations around Aden were considered of great importance, inasmuch as the capture of the town by the Turks would imperil the main line of communication between England and her Asiatic colonies.

ADICKES, FRANZ. German public official, died Feb. 4, 1915. He was born in 1846. For many years he was mayor of Frankfort, and

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