1. SENATE IN SESSION, OLD CAPITOL.-2. SENATE CHAMBER OF THE NEW CAPITOL.-3. ASSEMBLY CHAMBER OF THE NEW CAPITOL.-4. ALLEGORICAL FRESCOE, NEW ASSEMBLY CHAMBER.-5. ASSEMBLY IN SESSION, OLD CAPITOL.

with a procession and banquets, the ringing of bells, and the booming of guns, and now another hundred years has brought us to its bi-centennial anniversary.

We have purposely omitted a roll-call of the prominent clergymen, physicians, lawyers journalists, and business men in general whose names have made Albany famous. Nor have we compared the old Dutch customs with the modern, except in a few salient points. Our task has been to sketch development, rather than detail, and, for that reason, we could not note many incidents that might appeal to local pride. Nothing could

CAPITAL OF PIER.

be more interesting than the growth of trade and business since Cornelius Van Steenwyck owned large blocks in Albany; no history could be more instructive than the story of religion from the time the Rev. Johannes Megapolensis became the first minister in Albany,

and Dominie Polhemus was fighting for his salary, in what is now Brook. lyn, while his parishioners complained of prayers that were too short and too attenuated. We must conciude as we began. Nature gave to Albany a pre-eminent place in history. In founding the city and keeping it free from entanglements with the Indians, the Dutch builded better than they knew. The closing of a second hundred years, with grand achievements in the past and extensive improvements in the present, is a fit occasion for doing these founders justice. The Holland methods may have been a trifle slow for to-day, but Dutch conservatism saved the State in many a trying hour. The lessons taught by this people have been thoroughly learned. The hundred years that are to come will prove the success or the failure of popular government. New questions of immense importance already cast their shadows in the horizon. The coming struggles will be watched by no American more keenly than by the citizen of Albany. In all that makes for peace and prosperity he will join every other citizen in the sentiment :

And cast in some diviner mold,

May the new cycle shame the old."

Andere G. Mather

ANTHONY WAYNE

[PROMINENT MEN OF THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD]

Among the Continental generals or prominent commanders in the American Revolutionary War, there were two born-soldiers, equally remarkable for their instinctive conception of the requirements and the duties of the profession. The first, Arnold, was very highly estimated by General Armstrong, author of The Newburgh Letters. He was famous for his march through the wilds of Maine to the support of Montgomery before Quebec in 1775; for his successful march to the relief of Fort Stanwix in 1777; and as the real hero and victor in the field, over Burgoyne, in both the battles commonly known as Stillwater or Saratoga, in the same year. The other and the superior, was Anthony Wayne, best known as the captor of Stony Point in 1779, but worthy of higher notice for his maneuvering against "the great and good" Cornwallis in Virginia, especially at Green Spring in 1781, and in his victory on the Miami in 1794. Wayne was a soldier, and, in the field, he was that and nothing else. All his instincts were military; the breath of his nostrils was war, and he snuffed up the battle afar off, like the war-horse in Job. Like a true and chivalric soldier, he was a gentleman in his instincts, clean, neat, and even prinky; somewhat of a martinet without a real martinet's inflexibility.

Self-constituted judges who cannot see beyond the surface-cannot look into the depths-called him " Dandy Wayne," forgetting that in very many cases dandyism or even finical attention to dress, is one of the qualities that enter into the composition of a real hero. In a letter to Washington, upon the subject of a Light Corps, Wayne developed his "insuperable bias in favor of an elegant uniform and soldierly appearance; so much so that I would much rather risk my life and reputation at the head of the same men, in an attack, clothed and appointed as I could wish, merely with bayonets and a single charge of ammunition, than to take them as they appear in common, with sixty rounds of cartridges. It may be a false idea, but I cannot help cherishing it." Hepburn, one of the best officers of Gustavus Adolphus, was so much of a "dandy" that the king rebuked his ultra attention to appearance in clothes and arms so sharply that the Scot was induced to throw up his commission, and although the king, "ate humble pie," and apologized and even condescended to ask Hepburn to assist him with his courage, coolness, and comprehension to avert a disaster

at Nurnberg, Hepburn, while he responded to the royal request, still persisted in leaving the Swedish service, and went where he could dress and plume himself as he pleased. Others called Wayne "Mad Anthony," which was exactly the epithet, der Tolle, applied to Helmold Wrangel, who was one of the boldest, ablest, and most enterprising commanders in the Swedish Army, when it was considered the best in the world and the finest school for officers; and also to Duke Christian, of Brunswick, whose superior never led a cavalry charge. Murat was a fool to him. Mad as they elected

to style Duke Christian, he was as marvelous a creator of armies as if he almost possessed the art of evoking them, as Glendower boasted he could call spirits from the vasty deep. Wayne was a soldier; Arnold was anything and everything, from general to jockey; ready to turn his hand to anything that promised to pay; smart enough for every occasion, and successful where it depended entirely upon himself. Both were full of soldierly instincts, but entirely different in sentiment and principle. While they could use inadequate material to advantage at crises, they likewise could soon convert it into adequate, and then they could use every kind of material, or personal, to better advantage than any of their associates. Wayne was the Prince Leopold of Glogau; the Chevert of Prague; the Laudon of Schweidnitz; and, withal, the Davoust of Auerstadt.

He was under a cloud for a short time for his mishap at Paoli, but if any general can find an excuse for permitting his troops to be surprised, Wayne was excusable on that occasion. There may have been other officers in the Continental Army occupying subordinate positions—who might have developed, with opportunity, into illustrious leaders, equal to great professional chiefs; but destiny denied to them the chances or occasions which were necessary for them to develop and exhibit their capacity to plan and to lead.

Wayne had a proper descent for a soldier. His grandfather was a native of Yorkshire, England, whose people have always been noted for manliness and a certain smartness which ranges between praiseworthy astuteness and simple cunning. Early in life he emigrated to Ireland and settled in the County of Wicklow, the next south of Dublin. His business was farming, but he filled civil as well as military offices, and commanded a squadron (company?) of dragoons in the Battle of the Boyne-one of the most notable collisions in the world, which ought to rank in the class of decisive battles, because, immediately, it settled the fate of Ireland and the Stuart dynasty, mediately, that of England, and remotely, that of the whole world. In serving under William III., Wayne must have profited by observing one of the greatest exemplars of our race; to whom Freedom owes more than most men can conceive, and who, as Hallam admits, "honored the British Crown by wearing it." This Captain, or Major Anthony Wayne, emigrated a second time, and in 1722, came out to America, purchased an extensive realty in Chester County, Province of Pennsylvania, and of these lands assigned a portion to each of his four sons. He must have been a

man of means and of a judgment fitted for his position. As well as he had done his duty in civil office and as a soldier, he performed it in private life. He gave a good education to his boys, and he left them well settled in life. "His youngest son, Isaac Wayne, father of the American general, was a man of strong mind, great industry, and enterprise. He frequently represented the County of Chester in the Provincial Legislature, and, in the capacity of a commissioned officer, repeatedly distinguished himself in expeditions against the Indians. He was at all times celebrated for his patriotism and universally admired for his integrity. After a long life of usefulness to his country, family, and friends, he died in the year 1774, leaving one son and two daughters."

This only son was Major-General Anthony Wayne, born in the township of East Town, Chester County, Pennsylvania, 1st January, 1745. It is to be feared that he was a wild slip, and he gave a great deal of trouble to his uncle, Gabriel Wayne, to whom his education was committed, who, for