If ten grains of chloral are sufficient to induce sleep one night, the same dose will do it again. I now very reluctantly resort to any other drug. I use the chloral hydrate from the start, and I am rarely disappointed. Should you fail with it in a certain case, you still have the opportunity to try other remedies. In my opinion, chloral hydrate is the best remedy. None of my patients have ever become habitues.

13 Garfield Place.

[Written for the MEDICAL BRIEF.] The Stomach-Its Minute Anatomy and Its Secretion, Together with an Original Definition of a

Gland.

BY ARTHUR C. BELL, A. M., M. D., PH. G., Dean of the Faculty and Professor of the Princi

ples and Practice of Medicine, Clinical Medicine, Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Ophthalmolgy: College of Physicians and Surgeons, Dallas, Tex.; Ex-Professor of Pathology and Physiology in the University of Dallas; Ex-Professor of the Practice of Medicine and Materia Medica Dallas Medical College, Dallas, Tex.; Ex.-Third Vice-President Tri-State Medical Society. Dallas, Tex.

The stomach is a wonderful organ. It is, indeed, a hollow gland. It is marvelous in its mechanism. No anatomy can command more respect. It is the first great chemical laboratory in the gateway leading to the system. It is one of the two great laboratories. It is the acid laboratory in which the Great Chemist dissolves all foods used by man, and converts them into a substance called chyme.

In this laboratory, simple as it is, with only two re-agents, hydrochloric acid and pepsin, the Great Master causes to fall to pieces every food known to the race.

Then he passes the substances onward through the gate of St. Peter, called the pyloric orifice, where it is exposed to a new chemical laboratory. This is the alkaline laboratory, the intestine. The Great Master of Chemistry needed but two laboratories by which his children might dissolve, digest all foods needed for his body. The first was an acid by which foods fell into pieces as chyme. The second was alkaline, by which this food fell down into finer divisions. Not like

so many colleges, proud to show a large and handsomely-equipped laboratory.

This laboratory is not for public inspection. All the Master shows, in a general way, is as round a little belly as one might wish to see. How different the gods from men! The Great Chemist exhibits a stomach, and an intestine. Man exhibits retorts, blow pipes, filter stands, and showy paraphernalia. The stomach persistently dissolves other living tissues, but stubbornly refuses to dissolve itself. No man may tell us why.

Let us proceed to demonstrate the minute anatomy of the stomach. Look at cut (Fig. 1). You will see the inner coat (MM). It is the beautiful mucosa. This is the honeycomb coat. This constitutes the glandular coat of the stomach. You can see that this coat is magnified, so that you may perceive the peptic follicles (P. F.). These peptic follicles are magnified as in cut (Fig. 2 or Fig. 3). These are the cells which throw out pepsin and hydrochloric acid. This mixture of pepsin and Hel, so marvelously simple, constitutes the first great solvent for all the foods of man. Acid and pepsin, mighty solvent, dissolves other living tissues, but refuses to dissolve the stomach. Acid and pepsin, mighty antiseptic, purifies the contents of the stomach, and keeps down abnormal ferments. Master stroke of the Great Alchemist. Simple the thought, but full of power.

The muscularis mucosa (Mus. M.), is a thin fragment of muscular tissue, having two layers, an external longitudinal and an internal circular layer. This serves as a base for the peptic follicles to rest upon. This is not considered as a separate coat. Neither could it be called a basement membrane.

The next coat is the submucosa. This coat is made up of connective tissue strands, blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, and intercellular cement substance, uniting the cells all together. This is much coarser than the mucosa. It is strong and firm for protection. It is to transmit the blood vessels and nerves to the secreting mucosa. External to this are the three muscular layers.

Longitudinal layer (L. M.).

Circular layer (C. N.), and oblique muscular (O. M.) layer.

The pyloric orifice is at (Pyl. Fig. 1). The cardiac orifice is at (C. Fig. 1). The rugæ (R.) are simply folds in the mucous coat of the stomach.

Part of the duodenum (D.) may be

seen.

Thus there are four coats, the mucosa, the submucosa, the muscular, and the peritoneum.

tion of capillary (C.). Thus, the unit of gland substance is one epithelial cell, basement membrane, and a section of a capillary. Fix this thought in your mind. It is the glandular unit. The stomach, liver, or kidneys are simply congregations of these microscopical glands. Thus, a large gland, as the spleen, is simply a host of little glands.

If ten grains of chloral are sufficient to induce sleep one night, the same dose will do it again. I now very reluctantly resort to any other drug. I use the chloral hydrate from the start, and I am rarely disappointed. Should you fail with it in a certain case, you still have the opportunity to try other remedies. In my opinion, chloral hydrate is the best remedy. None of my patients have ever become habitues.

13 Garfield Place.

[Written for the MEDICAL BRIEF.] The Stomach-Its Minute Anatomy and Its Secretion, Together with an Original Definition of a

Gland.

BY ARTHUR C. BELL, A. M., M. D., PH. G., Dean of the Faculty and Professor of the Princi

ples and Practice of Medicine, Clinical Medicine, Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Ophthalmolgy: College of Physicians and Surgeons, Dallas, Tex.; Ex-Professor of Pathology and Physiology in the University of Dallas; Ex-Professor of the Practice of Medicine and Materia Medica Dallas Medical College, Dallas, Tex.; Ex.-Third Vice-President Tri-State Medical Society. Dallas, Tex.

It

The stomach is a wonderful organ. is, indeed, a hollow gland. It is marvelous in its mechanism. No anatomy can command more respect. It is the first great chemical laboratory in the gateway leading to the system. It is one of the two great laboratories. It is the acid laboratory in which the Great Chemist dissolves all foods used by man, and converts them into a substance called chyme.

In this laboratory, simple as it is, with only two re-agents, hydrochloric acid and pepsin, the Great Master causes to fall to pieces every food known to the race.

Then he passes the substances onward through the gate of St. Peter, called the pyloric orifice, where it is exposed to a new chemical laboratory. This is the alkaline laboratory, the intestine. The Great Master of Chemistry needed but two laboratories by which his children might dissolve, digest all foods needed for his body. The first was an acid by which foods fell into pieces as chyme. The second was alkaline, by which this food fell down into finer divisions. Not like

so many colleges, proud to show a large and handsomely-equipped laboratory.

This laboratory is not for public inspection. All the Master shows, in a general way, is as round a little belly as one might wish to see. How different the gods from men! The Great Chemist exhibits a stomach, and an intestine. Man exhibits retorts, blow pipes, filter stands, and showy paraphernalia. The stomach persistently dissolves other living tissues, but stubbornly refuses to dissolve itself. No man may tell us why.

Let us proceed to demonstrate the minute anatomy of the stomach. Look at cut (Fig. 1). You will see the inner coat (MM). It is the beautiful mucosa. This is the honeycomb coat. This constitutes the glandular coat of the stomach. You can see that this coat is magnified, so that you may perceive the peptic follicles (P. F.). These peptic follicles are magnified as in cut (Fig. 2 or Fig. 3). These are the cells which throw out pepsin and hydrochloric acid. This mixture of pepsin and Hel, so marvelously simple, constitutes the first great solvent for all the foods of man. Acid and pepsin, mighty solvent, dissolves other living tissues, but refuses to dissolve the stomach. Acid and pepsin, mighty antiseptic, purifies the contents of the stomach, and keeps down abnormal ferments. Master stroke of the Great Alchemist. Simple the thought, but full of power.

The muscularis mucosa (Mus. M.), is a thin fragment of muscular tissue, having two layers, an external longitudinal and an internal circular layer. This serves as a base for the peptic follicles to rest upon. This is not considered as a separate coat. Neither could it be called a base. ment membrane.

The next coat is the submucosa. This coat is made up of connective tissue strands, blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, and intercellular cement substance, uniting the cells all together. This is much coarser than the mucosa. It is strong and firm for protection. It is to transmit the blood vessels and nerves to the secreting mucosa. External to this are the three muscular layers.

Longitudinal layer (L. M.).

Circular layer (C. N.), and oblique mus cular (O. M.) layer.

The pyloric orifice is at (Pyl. Fig. 1). The cardiac orifice is at (C. Fig. 1). The ruga (R.) are simply folds in the mucous coat of the stomach.

Part of the duodenum (D.) may be

seen.

Thus there are four coats, the mucosa, the submucosa, the muscular, and the peritoneum.

tion of capillary (C.). Thus, the unit of gland substance is one epithelial cell, basement membrane, and a section of a capillary. Fix this thought in your mind. It is the glandular unit. The stomach, liver, or kidneys are simply congregations of these microscopical glands. Thus, a large gland, as the spleen, is simply a host of little glands.

I will now explain secretion and what it is.

He

Thus, the epithelial cell (E. C.) is simply an unicellular animal. He works and performs his duty unerringly. He becomes tired. He rests. He hungers. can not move from place to place in search of food. It is brought to him. It is sent to him every hour, every moment by the Great Physiologist. Look at the capillary (C., Fig. 4). That capillary brings blood. The serum of the capillary transudes through the walls of the capillary. Serous transudation. The epithelial cell absorbs this serous transudation and assimilates this fluid food unto himself. He appropriates it unto himself.

Thus, assimilation takes place at any microscopical cell in the body. Now, what is secretion? Here it is. The epithelial cell eats or absorbs his serum food. At the free end he throws off the waste of his body secretion. Thus, his bowels act, if he has a bowel, and you call it secretion.

Thus, I have explained to you, both what a gland is, and what secretion is. The secretion or excretion of a cell, or gland, is the waste product of a gland or cell. It is called excretion if it is of no more service to the body and is thrown off. Ex means out.

You will perceive that the cell (E. C.) is required to absorb his food up through the basement membrane (B. M.). The basement membrane is also made up of a single layer of endothelial cells. Each cell gets its food from the serous transudation. Cells which are not glandular do not secrete. Their waste is taken up by the lymphatics and thrown into the sewer system, the thoracic duct.

The Master Physiologist has so fixed these cells that an epithelial cell in the liver will select such food from the serum as will be bile when he throws it off as his waste. If not bile it will be glycogen, or urea. He has constructed their appetites so that each would select for food such material as should be removed from the system. It is not only good food at that time, but his select food. Thus, the gastric follicles select such food from the serum which transudes from the capillaries around them as when absorbed by the cells in the peptic follicles, will produce

a waste, an exudate which we smack our lips upon, and call it pepsin and hydrochloric acid.

The epithelial cells in the kidney are made so as to select such serum from the blood as will be urine when it has been used in their bodies first as food, and then as waste. When thus their bowels move we call it urine. The food they ate was not urine, but they made it urine by their own economy. See the wisdom of heaven. The epithelial cells in the salivary glands absorb such waste as will be their food. When their bowels move it causes the mouth to water with their juicy offal.

Look at Fig. 2 and examine the cells (c. c. c. c. c.). Each central cell is identical with the epithelial cell (Fig. 5), and each one is a perfect, but minature gland as Fig. 5. Each gland (C. C. C. C.) is an animal perfect and distinct in and of itself. Each one survives upon the serum which exudes out through the capillary (Cp. Cp. Cp.).

Each cell is, of necessity, resting upon a small section of the basement membrane (B. M., Fig. 5).

The basement membrane reminds me of an open glove finger, with the epithelial cells cemented against the inside, and a capillary plexus of blood vessels resting around, woven around, the outside, which exudes serum for the nourishment of the epithelial cells inside. It is plainly appar ent then that what is commonly considered a gland is multiplied millions of glands. A gland is always at least one epithelial cell resting upon a basement membrane, with a capillary on the opposite side of the basement membrane. This definition is universal. It is like an oyster fixed to the coral seas, and absorbing its food from the nourishment in the sea waters. Like the epithelial cells, it is an animal. The oyster has the power of intelligent selection of his food. The ocean is charged with foods for many classes of animals. He simply absorbs that material suited to his use, and omits the rest.

Thus, the epithelial cells are flushed with the fluids of the blood, the serum. This serum has in it the food from the latest meal, and all the waste products carried and thrown into it by the lymphatics, which absorb all waste products from