idolatry in every shape, that they avoided every custom that appeared in the least degree connected with it. Thus, when a largess was given in honour of the emperors L. Septimius Severus the father, and M. Aurelius Caracalla the son, a solitary soldier, as we learn from Tertullian, was seen carrying the garland, which had been given him on that occasion, in his hand, while the rest wore it upon their heads. On being interrogated by the commander why he refused wearing it, he replied, that "he had become a Christian."* He was immediately punished before the army, and sent into prison. What became of him afterwards is not related. But it must be clear, if he lived and cherished his Christian feelings, that when the day of the renewal of his oath, or of the worshipping of the standards, or of any sacrifice in the camp, should arrive, he would refuse these services, or abandon his profession.

But though unquestionably the idolatrous services required of the soldiers of those times hindered Christians from entering into the armies, and compelled those who were coverted in them to leave them, nothing is more true, than that the belief that it was unlawful for Christians to fight occasioned an equal abhorrence of a military life. One of the first effects, which Christianity seems to have produced upon its first converts, when it was pure and unadulterated, and unmixed with the interpreta

* The priests wore the garland when they sacrificed to the Heathen gods.

tions of political men, was a persuasion that it became them, in obedience to the Divine commands, to abstain from all manner of violence, and to become distinguishable as the followers of peace. We find accordingly from Athenagoras and other early writers, that the Christians of his time abstained when they were struck from striking again, and that they carried their principles so far as even to refuse to go to law with those, who injured them. We find also from the same Athenagoras, and from Theophilus Antiochenus, Tatian, Minucius Felix, and others, that they kept away from the shows of the gladiators. This they did, not only because these shows were cruel, but because, as Theophilus says, "lest we should become partakers of the murders committed there." A similar reason is also given by Athenagoras on this occasion: "Who is there," says he, "that does not prize the shows of the gladiators, which your emperors make for the people? But we, thinking that there is very little difference whether a man be the author or a spectator of murder, keep away from all such sights." And here it may be observed, that the gladiators themselves were generally prisoners of war or reputed enemies, and that the murder of these was by public authority, and sanctioned, as in war, by the State. Now what conclusion are we to draw from these premises? Can we think it possible, that they, who refused to strike again, or to go to law with those who injured them, and who thought an attendance at the gladiatorial spectacles criminal, on the principle that he who stood by was a mur

derer though the murder was sanctioned by law, should not have had an objection to the military service, on the principle that it was unlawful to fight?

In short, the belief of the unlawfulness of war was universal among Christians in those times. Every Christian writer of the second century, who notices the subject, makes it unlawful for Christians-to bear arms. And if the Christian writers of this age were of this opinion, contrary to all their sentiments before their conversion, and wholly from their knowledge of Divine truths,-why should not others, who had a common nature with these, be impressed on receiving the same truths, in a similar manner? And so undoubtedly they were. And as

this belief was universal among the Christians of those times, so it operated with them as an impediment to a military life, quite as much as the idolatry that was connected with it; of which the following instances, in opposition to that of Marinus, may suffice.

The first case I purpose to mention shall be, where there was an objection to entering into the military service upon this principle. And here I apprehend none can be more in point than that of Maximilian, as preserved in the Acts of Ruinart. (Maximilian having been brought before the tribunal, in order to be enrolled as a soldier, Dion, the proconsul, asked him his name. Maximilian, turning to him, replied, "Why wouldst thou know my name? I am a Christian, and cannot fight.”

Then Dion ordered him to be enrolled; and when he was enrolled, it was recited out of the register that he was five feet ten inches high. Immediately after this, Dion bade the officer mark him. But Maximilian refused to be marked, still asserting that he was a Christian. Upon which Dion instantly replied, "Bear arms, or thou shalt die.").

To this Maximilian answered, "I cannot fight, if I die: I am not a soldier of this world, but a solof God." Dion then said, "Who has persuaded thee to behave thus?" Maximilian answered, "My own mind, and He who has called me." Dion then spoke to his father, and bade him persuade his son. But his father observed, that his son knew his own mind, and what it was best for him to do.

After this had passed, Dion addressed Maximilian again in these words: "Take thy arms, and receive the mark." "I can receive," says Maximilian," no such mark. I have already the mark of Christ." Upon which Dion said, "I will send thee quickly to thy Christ."—" Thou mayst do so,” says Maximilian, "but the glory will be mine.")

Dion then bade the officer mark him. But Maximilian still persisted in refusing, and spoke thus: "I cannot receive the mark of this world. And if thou shouldst give me the mark, I will destroy it. It will avail nothing. I am a Christian, and it is not lawful for me to wear such a mark about my neck, when I have received the saving mark of the Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of the Living God, whom thou knowest not, who died to give us life, and

whom God gave for our sins. Him all we Christians obey. Him we follow, as the Restorer of our life and the Author of our salvation."

Dion instantly replied to this, "Take thy arms, and receive the mark, or thou shalt suffer a miserable death."-"But I shall not perish," said Maximilian. ("My name is already enrolled with Christ. I cannot fight."

Dion said, "Consider, then, thy youth, and bear arms. The profession of arms becomes a young man." Maximilian replied, "My arms are with the Lord. I cannot fight for any earthly consideralabn. I am now a Christian."

Dion, the proconsul, said, "Among the lifeguards of our masters Dioclesian and Maximian, and Constantius and Maximus, there are Christian soldiers, and they fight." Maximilian answered, "They know best what is expedient for them; but 'I am a Christian, and it is unlawful to do evil."

Dion said, "Take thy arms. Despise not the profession of a soldier, lest thou perish miserably." -"But I shall not perish," says Maximilian; "and if I should leave this world, my soul will live with Christ the Lord."

Dion then ordered his name to be struck from the roll; and when this was done he proceeded: "Because out of thy rebellious spirit thou hast refused to bear arms, thou shalt be punished according to thy deserts, for an example to others ;" and then he delivered the following sentence: "Maximilian! because thou hast with a rebellious spirit refused to