Trojan war five states of Thessaly were led by Eolian chiefs': in western and central Greece, Ithaca, Phocis, Orchomenus. The Etoli according to one tradition were Æolian j. By some accounts Bootus the founder of the Booti was derived through Mimas from Eolus k Of Eolus himself nothing is told except that he reigned in some part of Thessaly; and no acts are ascribed to him commensurate with the power which his sons are reported to have exercised in every part of Greece. Whence we may infer that Eolus was nothing more The sons of Æolus named by Hesiod (three of whom are attested by Homer1), and perhaps Deion, seem to be real persons, but no otherwise brothers than as they were contemporary chiefs of Æolic race. than a personification of the Æoles. Odyssey, we may suppose him under fifty at the action of the Iliad, and place the death of Iphitus within thirty years of the fall of Troy. The incidents, then, in the Iliad and Odyssey place the death of Hercules at little more than twentyfive years before the fall of Troy. Nestor, when visited by Telemachus in the tenth year after Troy was taken, had six sons living, who are named in the following order : Echephron, Stratius, Perseus, Aretus, Thrasymedes (Iliad. . 81), and Pisistratus, who was apparently the youngest: Odyss. y. 413-415. Nestor himself may be supposed, according to the reasoning of Eustathius ad Il. a. p. 97., past sixty when he sailed to Troy, and past seventy when the city was taken. h For his descent through Talaüs from Amythaon see p. 41. i. The history of Adrastus is told by Herodot. V. 67. his expedition against Thebes, by Pindar Nem. IX. 25-65. According to Pausanias I. 43, 1 (conf. 44, 7). he died in the Megarid on his return from the second Theban war. The first occurred before the reign of Agamemnon, when Tydeus came to Argos to collect succours: Iliad. &. 375–378. où γὰρ ἔγωγε Ἤντησ ̓ οὐδὲ ἴδον. And yet during the infancy of Diomed, who could not remember his father; for Tydeus left him eT TUTOòv éóvta when he perished at Thebes : I. ζ'. 222, 223. Diomed, however, calls himself veratos, as compared with Ulysses and Agamemnon: II. §. 112. and was young enough to be the youngest son of Nestor : 7.57. where it is remarked in Schol. Ven. πλñ, ὅτι οὐχ ἁρμόζει τῷ τρεῖς γενεὰς βεβιωκότι λέγειν, “ ἐμὸς σε ἂν πάϊς εἴης" κατὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν. And Heyne ad loc. observes, Scilicet hoc cavens poeta adjecit iπλότερος γενεῇ. But Antilochus, Nestor's son, was one of the youngest men in the army: . 569. V. 587. 789-791. And Nestor's youngest son Pisistratus was of the same age with Telemachus. sary. Both these remarks, then, were unnecesBut the notices given in the Iliad of the age of Diomed will place the first Theban war not more than thirty years before the fall of Troy. i I use the term Thessaly, as on other occasions, by an anticipation of the name, and in an extended sense, including Magnesia. The five states under Æolian leaders were these: 1. Phylacë, Pyrasus, Antron, Pteleos, under Protesiläus and Podarces. 2. Pheræ, Bobe, Glaphyrë, Iolcos, under Eumelus. 3. Methonë, Thaumacia, Meliboa, Olizon, under Philoctetes and Medon. 4. Ormenium, Asterium, Titanus, under Eurypylus. 5. Magnesia under Prothous. The other four states of Thessaly were under Pelasgic chiefs: see above p. 21. x. j Pausanias quoted above p. 41. o. derives Aëthlius from Eolus, and Apollodorus I. 7, 5. also derives them from Eolus through Calycë: Kaλúκης καὶ ̓Αεθλίου παῖς Ενδυμίων γίνεται, ὅστις ἐκ Θεσσα λίας Αἰολέας ἀγαγὼν Ηλιν ᾤκισε. At a later period Ætolia was occupied or conquered by the Æolians : Strabo Χ. p. 451. Ωλενον καὶ Πυλήνην ὀνομά ζει πόλεις ὁ ποιητὴς [11. β'. 639] Αἰτωλικάς· ὧν τὴν μὲν Ωλενον ὁμωνύμως τῇ ̓Αχαϊκή λεγομένην Αἰολεῖς κατέ σκαψαν, πλησίον οὖσαν τῆς νεωτέρας Πλευρῶνος. Ib. p. 465. τὴν Πλευρωνίαν ὑπὸ Κουρήτων οἰκουμένην καὶ Κουρήτιν προσαγορευομένην Αἰολεῖς ἐπελθόντες ἀφείλοντο, τοὺς δὲ κατέχοντας ἐξέβαλον. p. 464. Εφορος φήσας συμμιχθέντων αὐτοῖς [sc. τοῖς Ἐπειοῖς] ὕστερον Αἰολέων, τῶν ἅμα Βοιωτοῖς ἐκ Θετταλίας ἀναστάντων, κοινῇ μετὰ τούτων τὴν χώραν κατασχεῖν. From this later occupancy, sixty years after the fall of Troy, we may derive the Eolian name in Etolia. Calydon and Pleuron were called Lolis : Thucyd. III. 102. ἀνεχώρησαν ἐς τὴν Αἰολίδα τὴν νῦν καλουμένην Κατ λυδῶνα καὶ Πλευρώνα. Hesych. Αἰολικὸν θέαμα, ἀντὶ τοῦ Αἰολικόν [1. Αἰτωλικόν] παρὰ Θεοκρίτῳ [Ι. 56]. ἡ γὰρ Καλυδών Αἰολὶς ἐκαλεῖτο. Schol. Theocr. 1. c. Αἰολικὸν τὸ Αἰτωλικόν. Αἰολεῖς γὰρ οἱ Αἰτωλοί. k See below under Amphictyon. 1 Κρηθῆς Αἰολίδας Odyss. λ'. 236. Σίσυφος Αιολίδης Iliad. . 154. Zahμaños Odyss. X. 235. It may be remarked that Æolus himself is not distinctly named by Homer. 4. Xuthus is the son of Hellen m and father of Achæus and Ion. He was driven first from Thessaly into Attica, and then from Attica into Peloponnesus, where he settled and died n. Both his father and his sons appear to have been imaginary persons, being nations and not individuals. It is therefore probable that Xuthus himself was also an imaginary person; and we may concur with Mr. Muller in rejecting him. The name of Xuthus is traced in Sicily, where another Xuthus, son of another Æolus, is placed by Diodorus P. 5. Achæus son of Xuthus settled in Laconia, and the inhabitants were called Achæans from him. Strabo 9: Αχαιὸς φόνον ἀκούσιον πράξας ἔφυγεν εἰς Λακεδαίμονα καὶ Ἀχαιοὺς τοὺς ἐκεῖ κληθῆναι παρεσκεύασε. According to others he returned to Thessaly; and the Achæeans of Thessaly received their name from Achæus son of Xuthus 1. We may discern in this account of Achæus an example of the name of a people converted into the name of a person; and of the practice of ascribing to one person and one period the acts of many persons and of distant times. It has been shewn alreadys that the Achæans were in Phthiotis many generations before the time assigned to Achæus son of Xuthus. The Achæans in Laconia, where an exile seeking refuge is supposed to give his name to a whole people, also preceded him in time. The other account, which deduces the Achæans from Achæus son of Phthius, better marks the progress and the time of this people, who first appear in Phthiotis (having gone forth, according to Dionysius, out of the Pelasgi of Argos 1) two generations before Deucalion. That they were known before the time of Xuthus the supposed father of their founder, appears from the account given of Xuthus himself, who is called an Achæan by Euripides ". The The history of the two persons named Achæus connects the Achæans with two races. account of Dionysius derives them from the Pelasgi. The legends respecting Achæus son of Xuthus connect them with the Hellenes. They are made the parents of the Hellenes in the legend which describes Achæus as the father of Phthius and grandfather of Hellen. They accompany Neleus and the Eolidæ into Peloponnesus. They inhabit Alos, a town founded by Athamas, whose inhabitants retain the name of Achæans down to the time of Herodotus y. m Hesiod quoted above p. 44. k. n Pausan. VII. 1. ἀποθανόντος Ἕλληνος Ξοῦθον οἱ λοιποὶ τοῦ Ἕλληνος παῖδες διώκουσιν ἐκ Θεσσαλίας, ἐπενεγκόντες αἰτίαν ὡς ἰδίᾳ χρήματα ὑφελόμενος ἔχοι τῶν πατρῴων· ὁ δὲ ἐς ̔Αθήνας φυγών θυγατέρα Ερεχθέως ἠξι ώθη λαβεῖν, καὶ παῖδας ̓Αχαιὸν καὶ Ἴωνα ἔσχεν ἐξ αὐτῆς. ἀποθανόντος δὲ Ερεχθέως, τοῖς παισὶν αὐτοῦ δικαστὴς Ξοῦ θος ἐγένετο ὑπὲρ τῆς ἀρχῆς, καὶ (ἔγνω γὰρ τὸν πρεσβύτατον Κέκροπα βασιλέα εἶναι) οἱ λοιποὶ τοῦ Ερεχθέως παῖδες ἐξελαύνουσιν ἐκ τῆς χώρας αὐτόν· ἀφικομένῳ δὲ ἐς τὸν Αἰγιαλὸν καὶ οἰκήσαντι αὐτῷ μὲν ἐγένετο ἐνταῦθα ἡ τελευτή. Strabo quoted above p. 44. m. mentions his settlement in Attica. His occupation of Peloponnesus is related by Apollodorus I. 7, 3. Ξούθος λαβὼν τὴν Πελοπόννησον ἐκ Κρεούσης τῆς Ερεχθέως ̓Αχαιὸν ἐγέν νησε καὶ Ἴωνα, ἀφ ̓ ὧν ̓Αχαιοὶ καὶ Ἴωνες καλοῦνται. and by Herodotus VII. 94. • Muller Dor. vol. I. p. 267. P Diod. V. 8. τοῦ δὲ Αἰόλου υἱοὺς γενέσθαι τὸν ἀριθ. μὸν ἕξ· Αστύιχον καὶ Ξούθων, κ. τ. λ.—ἐβασίλευσε δὲ καὶ Ξοῦθος τῆς περὶ τοὺς Λεοντίνους χώρας, ἥτις ἀπ' ἐκείνου μέχρι τοῦ νῦν Ξουθία προσαγορεύεται. Steph. Βyz. Ξουθία. πόλις Σικελίας. Φίλιστος τρίτῳ Σικελικῶν. This connexion of the Achæans with both contributes to shew an affinity between the Hellenes and Pelasgi. The Achæans are placed in Argos and Laconia about the time of Danaüs, and occupied those provinces till the time of the Dorian conquest 2. 6. Ion son of Xuthus and brother of Achæus is acknowledged by Herodotus, and described by Philochorus, Strabo, and Pausanias. From him Attica and the northern shore of Peloponnesus were called Ionia a. Even Aristotle acknowledged Ion b. He is accounted the teacher of the religious ceremonies, and is placed by Eusebius 150 years before the Trojan erad; a period consistent with the genealogy which places Ion in the fifth generation before z See Pausan. VII. 1, 3. quoted at Ρ. 16. s. He adds, τότε δὲ ὑπὸ Δωριέων ἐκπεπτωκότες ἔκ τε Αργους καὶ ἐκ Λακεδαίμονος ἐπεκηρυκεύοντο Ἴωσιν αὐτοί τε καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς Τισαμενὸς ὁ Ὀρέστου γενέσθαι σύνοικοί σφισιν ἄνευ πολέμου κ. τ. λ. • Harpocr. Βοηδρόμια· ἑορτή τις ̓Αθήνησιν οὕτω και λουμένη, ἣν φησι Φιλόχορος ἐν δευτέρᾳ νενομίσθαι ἐπειδὴ Ἴων ὁ Ξούθου ἐβοήθησε σπουδῇ πολεμουμένοις Αθηναίοις ὑπὸ Εὐμόλπου τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος, Ερεχθέως βασιλεύοντος. βοηδρομεῖν γὰρ τὸ βοηθεῖν ὠνομάζετο. Strabo VIII. p. 383. ταύτης τῆς χώρας [sc. Achaia) τὸ μὲν παλαιὸν Ἴωνες ἐκράτουν ἐξ ̓Αθηναίων τὸ γένος ὄντες· ἐκαλεῖτο δὲ τὸ μὲν παλαιὸν Αἰγιάλεια—ὕστερον δ ̓ ἀπ ̓ ἐκείνων Ἰωνία, καθάπερ καὶ ἡ ̓Αττική, ἀπὸ Ιωνος τοῦ Ξούθου—Ἴων δὲ τοὺς μετ ̓ Εὐμόλπου νικήσας Θρᾷκας οὕτως ηὐδοκίμησεν ὥστ ̓ ἐπέτρεψαν αὐτῷ τὴν πολιτείαν ̓Αθηναῖοι. ὁ δὲ πρῶτον μὲν εἰς τέσσαρας φυλὰς διεῖλε τὸ πλῆθος εἶτα εἰς τέσσαρας βίους· τοὺς μὲν γὰρ γεωργοὺς ἀπέδειξε τοὺς δὲ δημιουρ γοὺς τοὺς δὲ ἱεροποιοὺς τετάρτους δὲ τοὺς φύλακας. τοιαῦτα δὲ πλείω διατάξας τὴν χώραν ἐπώνυμον ἑαυτοῦ κατέλιπεν. οὕτω δὲ πολυανδρῆσαι τὴν χώραν συνέπεσε τότε ὥστε καὶ ἀποικίαν τῶν Ἰώνων ἔστειλαν εἰς Πελοπόννησον ̓Αθηναῖοι καὶ τὴν χώραν ἣν κατέσχον ἐπώνυμον ἑαυτῶν ἐποίησαν, Ἰωνίαν ἀντ ̓ Αἰγιαλείας κληθεῖσαν, οἵ τε ἄνδρες ἀντὶ Αἰγιαλέων Ιωνες προσηγορεύθησαν, εἰς δώδεκα πόλεις μερι σθέντες. Idem ΙΧ. p. 397. 'Αττικὴν—Ἰωνίαν ἀπὸ Ἴωνος τοῦ Ξούθου. Pausan. VII. 1, 2. Ἴωνι ἐπὶ τοὺς Αἰγιαλεῖς στρατιὰν καὶ ἐπὶ Σελινοῦντα τὸν βασιλέα αὐτ τῶν ἀθροίζοντι ἀγγέλους ἔπεμπεν ὁ Σελινοῦς τὴν θυγατέρα Ελίκην, ἡ μόνη οἱ παῖς ἦν, γυναῖκα αὐτῷ διδοὺς καὶ αὐτὸν Ἴωνα ἐπὶ τῇ ἀρχῇ παῖδα ποιούμενος. καί πως ταῦτα τῷ Ἴωνι ἐγένετο οὐκ ἀπὸ γνώμης, καὶ τῶν Αἰγιαλέων τὴν ἀρχὴν Ἴων ἔσχεν ἀποθανόντος Σελινοῦντος, καὶ Ἑλίκην τε ἀπὸ τῆς γυναικὸς ᾤκισεν ἐν τῷ Αἰγιαλῷ πόλιν καὶ τοὺς ἀνα θρώπους ἐκάλεσεν Ιωνας ἀφ ̓ αὑτοῦ.—τότε δὲ ἐπὶ τῆς Ἴωνος βασιλείας πολεμησάντων ̓Αθηναίοις Ελευσινίων, καὶ ̓Αθηναίων Ἴωνα ἐπαγομένων ἐπὶ ἡγεμονίᾳ τοῦ πολέμου, τὸν μὲν ἐν τῇ Αττικῇ τὸ χρεὼν ἐπιλαμβάνει, καὶ Ἴωνος ἐν τῷ δήμῳ μνῆμα τῷ Ποταμίων ἐστίν· οἱ δὲ ἀπόγονοι τοῦ Ἴωνος τὸ Ιώνων ἔσχον κράτος ἐς ὃ ὑπ ̓ ̓Αχαιῶν ἐξέπεσον καὶ αὐτ τοὶ καὶ ὁ δῆμος. Idem I. 31, 2. Ιωνος δὲ τοῦ Ξούθου (καὶ γὰρ οὗτος ᾤκησε παρὰ ̓Αθηναίοις καὶ ̓Αθηναίων ἐπὶ τοῦ πολέμου τοῦ πρὸς Ἐλευσινίους ἐπολεμάρχησε) τάφος ἐν Ποταμοῖς ἐστὶ τῆς χώρας. Idem II. 14, 2. Δυσαύλην φασὶν (οἱ Φλιάσιοι) ἀδελφὸν Κελεοῦ παραγενόμενόν σφισιν ἐς τὴν χώραν καταστήσασθαι τὴν τελετὴν ἐκβληθῆναι δὲ αὐτὸν ἐξ Ἐλευσῖνος ὑπὸ Ἴωνος, ὅτε Ἴων Αθηναίοις ὁ Ξούθου πολέμαρχος τοῦ πρὸς Ελευσινίους ᾑρέθη πολέμου. Schol. Aristoph. Acharn. 104. Ιωνες οἱ ̓Αθηναῖοι ἀπὸ Ἴωνος τοῦ Ξούθου. Heraclides πολιτ. p. 205. Αθηναῖοι συνοικήσαντος Ἴωνος αὐτοῖς τότε πρῶτον Ιωνες ἐκλήθησαν. The testimonies of Herodotus are given below. Steph. Βyz. follows the popular tradition which Euripides adopted: Ιωνία ἡ Αττικὴ πρότερον, ἀπὸ Ἴωνος τοῦ ̓Απόλλωνος καὶ Κρεούσης τῆς Ἐρεχθέως. And Schol. Aristoph. Αν. 1526. πατρῷον τιμῶσιν ̓Απόλ λωνα Αθηναῖοι ἐπεὶ Ἴων ὁ πολέμαρχος Αθηναίων ἐξ ̓Απόλλωνος καὶ Κρεούσης τῆς Ξούθου [sc. τῆς Ξούθου γυναικὸς] ἐγένετο. Conon Narr. 27. makes Ion king of Attica: Ιων θανόντος τοῦ μητροπάτορος-αἱρεθείς βα σιλεύει ̓Αθηναίων· ἐξ οὗ Ἴωνες οἵ τε ̓Αθηναῖοι ἤρξαντο καλεῖσθαι καὶ τὸ ἄλλο πᾶν Ιωνικόν. b Harpocr. Απόλλων πατρῷος. τὸν δὲ ̓Απόλλω κοινῶς πατρῷον τιμῶσιν ̓Αθηναῖοι ἀπὸ Ἴωνος. τούτου γὰρ εἰς κήσαντος τὴν ̓Αττικὴν ̓Αριστοτέλης φησὶ τοὺς ̓Αθηναίους Ἴωνας κληθῆναι καὶ ̓Απόλλωνα πατρῷον αὐτοῖς ὀνομασθῆ d Euseb. Chron. II. p. 290. Anno 685. Ion copiarum Atheniensium dux de suo nomine Ionas appellabat Athenienses. Whence Syncellus p. 162. Α. Ἴων πολέμαρχος γεγονώς Ἴωνας τοὺς ̓Αθηναίους ἀφ' ἑαυτοῦ ὠνόμασε. Euseb. Anno 835. Ilium captum est. Velleius I. 4, 3. makes Ion the leader of the Ionian colony to Asia: Iones duce Ione profecti Athenis nobilissimam partem regionis maritimæ occupavere, qua hodieque appellatur Ionia, urbesque constituere Ephesum, Miletum, &c. Vitruvius IV. 1. has made the same mistake: Achaia Peloponnesoque tota Dorus Hellenis et Orseidos nymphæ filius regnavit.-Postea autem quam Athenienses ex responsis Apollinis Delphici communi consilio totius Hellados tredecim colonias uno tempore in Asiam deduxerunt ducesque singulis coloniis constituerunt et sum that era. The four sons of Ion, from whom the four tribes of Attica were named, are mentioned by Euripides, and by Herodotusf: τετραφύλους ἐόντας ̓Αθηναίους δεκαφύλους (ὁ Κλεισθένης) ἐποίησε, τῶν Ἴωνος παίδων Γελέοντος καὶ Αἰγικόρεος καὶ ̓Αργάδεω καὶ Ὅπλητος ἀπαλλάξας τὰς ἐπωνυμίας 5. Strabo and Plutarch h suppose the names of the four tribes to mark four classes into which the people were distributed: an opinion, according to Mr. Hermann, founded upon Plato. And Mr. Boeckh k and others have adopted this opinion, that the inhabitants of Attica were divided into castes, according to the practice of Egypt and India; every man in each successive generation being confined to the occupation of his fathers. Mr. Hermann, however, rejects this opinion; and, without better evidence than we have, it is difficult to believe that there ever existed in Attica an institution so pernicious, and so subversive of all improvement; an institution of which there are no vestiges in any part of Greece m. mam imperii potestatem Ioni Xuthi et Creuse filio dederunt-isque eas colonias in Asiam deduxit, &c. This error concerning Ion and Dorus may have arisen from the name of a people mistaken for the name of an individual. e Eur. Ion. 1579-1581. g The name rexévtes is established by Wesseling ad Herodot. 1. c. and by Hermann præf. Ionis p. xxi—xxx. from the following authorities: an inscription at Cyzicus in this order according to Wesseling: Γελέοντες, ̓Αργαδεῖς, Αἰγικορεῖς, ΟπληTes, tribus Cyzicenæ quatuor, haud dubie ex metropoli Mileto derivatæ atque ad hanc ab Atheniensibus. But Αἰγικορεῖς, ̓Αργαδεῖς, Οπλητες, ΓελέονTES, according to Hermann. Two Teian inscriptions having φυλὴν Γελεόντων. Steph. Βyz. Αἰγικόpews. ubi mss. Feλéortes. Plutarch. Solon. c. 23. TEAEONTEE. ubi Wess. TEAEONTEE. Euripides Ion. 1579. has them in this order: Τελέων (sic) μὲν ἔσται πρῶτος, εἶτα δεύτερον Pollux VIII. 109. in this order: and twv "Iwvos παίδων ἐπὶ Ερεχθέως Τελέοντες (sic), Οπλητες, Αἰγικόρεις, 'Αργάδεις. Hoples is probably the father of the wife of Ageus, who πρώτην ἔγημε τὴν Ὅπλητος Ovyarépa Athen. XIII. p. 556. f. Apollod. III. 15, 6. h Strabo already quoted at p. 53. a. Plutarch. Solon. c. 23. i Plato Crit. p. 110. C. Timæo p. 24. A. k Mus. Crit. vol. II. p. 608-615. 1 Præfat. Eur. Ion. p. xxi-xxx. Video esse nonnullos qui adeo compertum habent Hopletes fuisse milites, Ergadenses opifices, Egicorenses pastores, ut eorum unus Egicorensibus nuper usus sit familiarissime. Scilicet volunt Athenien, ses perantiquo tempore quodam diversa vitæ genera sic ut apud Indos et apud Ægyptios discreta fuisse; quod qui contendunt, eorum unus est Niebuhrius Hist. Rom. I. 306. quanquam is ita caute judicans uti decet virum non affectantem scire ea quæ sciri nequeant. Etenim unde tandem sciunt istam in classes separationem apud Iones obtinuisse et ab his esse in Atticam introductam? Scilicet a Platone hoc acceptum est in Critia p. 110. c. Egregia vero fons historiæ fabula quam Plato suæ commendandæ doctrinæ causa commentus est! Ejus Egyptii de iisdem institutis ad Solonem verba sunt in Timeo p. 24. a. Unde vero hausit istam Egyptiacam sapientiam Plato? Nempeex suo cerebro. Nam cum apud Egyptios discreta videret hominum genera apud suos autem quatuor sciret antiquitus tribus extitisse, quarum quæ Hopletum nomen habuit videretur ab armatis esse appellata, longius est conjectando progressus, et, qua soliti erant levitate Græci, similem etiam ceterorum nominum rationem esse existimavit. Sed nomina ipsa quum non adjiceret, ne Strabo quidem, qui eum secutus est, ea ponere est ausus. Alios vel conjectores vel Platonis interpretes Plutarchus in mente habuit, ex quibus Argadenses, opifices, &c. nonnullis visos esse retulit. Neque enim Platonem primum fuisse contenderim qui hujusmodi conjectura luderet. Nos satius ducimus fateri ignorantiam nostram. m There is an inconsistency in the supposition that the division into four castes was instituted by Ion. For this division into castes was supposed to come from Egypt; and Ion was not Egyptian. In the preceding names of the four tribes recorded by Pollux VIII. 109. there are no indications of the distribution into castes: ai φυλαὶ τέως μὲν ἐπὶ Κέκροπος ἦσαν τέσσαρες, Κεκροπίς, Αὐτόχθων, ̓Ακταία, Παραλία· ἐπὶ δὲ Κραναοῦ μετωνομά σθησαν Κραναΐς, Ατθις, Μεσόγαια, Διακρίς· ἐπὶ δὲ Εριχ θονίου Διὰς, Αθηναΐς, Ποσειδωνιάς, Ηφαιστιάς. And yet, if the division into castes had been introduced, we might have expected to find it referred to the Egyptian Cecrops. And besides, if this institution had ever prevailed at all, it would have been of all others the most difficult to change, and the most deeply-rooted in the As Achæus son of Xuthus was not the founder of the Achæans, so neither did his brother Ion first found the Ionians, who existed before the time to which Ion son of Xuthus is ascribed. Ionians may be traced in Illyricum, in the neighbourhood of Dodona, in Euboa, which was named Hellopia from Hellops son of Ion. They appear before his time even in Attica, where Iaones were among the ancient inhabitants of the country P. The habits of the people, as we see in the Indian castes at this day. But the four lonic tribes remained unchanged through the times of Solon and the Pisistratida down to B. C. 510. And yet through all that period no traces appeared of that institution. It had insensibly vanished, and no tradition recorded when, or by whom, or through what revolution it had been abolished. Moreover Euripides from his etymology of the word Αἰγικορεῖς Ion. 1580. appears to have known nothing of this distribution into castes, or of the derivation of the names from the occupations. Finally, the accounts even of Strabo and Plutarch which suppose a division into four occupationsεἰς τέσσαρας βίους—do not afirm that these occupations were hereditary, and imposed upon all succeeding generations. In this case would probably have been added such expressions as occur respecting the Indians in Arrian Indic. p. 533. γαμέειν ἐξ ἑτέρου γένεος οὐ θέμις—οὐδὲ ἀμείβειν ἐξ ἑτέρου γένεος εἰς ἕτερον. And in Strabo himself XV. p. 707. οὐκ ἔστιν οὔτε γαμεῖν ἐξ ἄλλου γένους οὔτ ̓ ἐπιτήδευμα οὔτ ̓ ἐργασίαν μεταλαμβάνειν ἄλλην ἐξ ἄλλης. If, then, the four Ionic tribes had described four classes or occupations, these classes might have been analogous to the four classes of Solon in Plutarch. Solon. c. 18. πεντακοσιομέδιμνοι, ἱππεῖς, ζευγῖται, θῆτες, the members of which were not debarred from rising into another class either in themselves or their posterity. n Theopompus traced the name in Illyricum: Schol. Apollon. IV. 308. φησὶ Θεόπομπος ἐν εἰκοστῷ πρώτῳ Ιόνιον πέλαγος πρὸς τῇ Ἰταλίᾳ οὕτω καλούμενον ἀπὸ Ιονίου, ἀνδρὸς Ἰλλυριοῦ. Schol. Pindar. Pyth. ΙΙΙ. 120. Θεόπομπος ἀπὸ Ιονίου ἀνδρὸς Ιλλυριοῦ ̓Αρχέμαχος δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν ἀπολλυμένων ἐν αὐτῷ Ἰαίνων. Το the opinion of Theopompus Strabo refers VII. p. 317. ὁ Ιόνιος, ὁ ̓Αδρίας—φησὶ δὲ ὁ Θεόπομπος τῶν ὀνομάτων τὸ μὲν ἥκειν ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀνδρὸς ἡγησαμένου τῶν τόπων ἐξ Ἴσσης τὸ γένος, τὸν ̓Αδρίαν δὲ κ. τ. λ. Eustath. ad Dionys. Perieg. 92. Ιονίην—οἱ δέ φασιν ἀπὸ Ἰάονος ἀνδρὸς Ιτα λοῦ, ἢ ἀπὸ Ιονίου ἀνδρὸς Ἰλλυριοῦ. τοῦ δὲ Ἰάονος υἱὸς ̓Αδρίας ἱστόρηται, ἀφ ̓ οὗ τὸ αὐτὸ πέλαγος καὶ ̓Αδριατικόν λέγεται. Schol. ad loc. Ιονίην οἱ μὲν ἀπὸ Ἰοῦς οἱ δὲ ἀπὸ Ἰονέως, ὃς τὸν κόλπον οἰκῶν ἐκράτησε τῆς θαλάσσης οἱ δὲ Ιόνιον ἀπὸ Ἰάονός φασιν ἀφ ̓ οὗ τὸ πέλαγος εἰρῆσθαι. ̓Αρχέμαχος δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν ἀπολομένων ἐν αὐτῷ Ἰώνων, οἵ εἰσιν ̓Αθηναῖοι. ὁ γὰρ αὐτὸς Ιόνιος καὶ ̓Αδρίας. τοῦ δὲ Ἴων νος υἱὸς 'Αδρίας ἀφ' οὗ τὸ πέλαγος. The addition oἵ εἰσιν ̓Αθηναῖοι is from those who referred the origin of the name to Ion son of Xuthus. Theopompus is also quoted by Tzetzes ad Lycophr. 630. ὁ Θεόπομπος καὶ ἄλλοι φασὶν, ἀπὸ Ιονίου Ἰλλυριοῦ τὸ γένος, βασιλεύσαντος τοῦ τόπου, υἱοῦ ̓Αδρίου τοῦ περὶ τοῦτο τὸ πέτ λαγος κτίσαντος πόλιν τὴν λεγομένην Αδρίαν. By a common variation in these genealogies Ionius is here made the son of Adrias, who in other accounts is the father of Adrias. • Steph. Βyz. Ελλοπία. χωρίον Εὐβοίας. καὶ αὕτη ἡ νῆσος ἀπὸ Ἔλλοπος τοῦ Ἴωνος.—ἐλέγετο καὶ ἡ περὶ Δω δώνην χώρα Ελλοπία [1. Ελλοπία-Έλλοπος]ἔστι καὶ πόλις περὶ Δολοπίαν καὶ χώρα περὶ Θεσπιάς. Strabo Χ. p. 445. (ἡ Εὔβοια) Ελλοπία ὠνομάσθη ἀπὸ Ἔλλοπος τοῦ Ἴωνος. Idem VII. p. 328. Φιλόχορος δέ φησι καὶ τὸν περὶ Δωδώνην τόπον, ὥσπερ τὴν Εὔβοιαν, Ελλοπίαν κληθῆναι καὶ γὰρ Ἡσίοδον οὕτω λέγειν ἔστι τις Ελλοπίη πολυλήϊος ἠδ ̓ εὐλείμων· ἐνθάδε Δωδώνη τις ἐπ' ἐσχατιῇ πεπόλισται. Schol. Soph. Τrachin. 1169. Ελλοπίαν τὴν Δωδώνην νομίζουσιν εἶναι· τὴν γὰρ χώραν οὕτως Ἡσίοδος ὀνομάζει ἐν Ηοίαις, λέγων οὕτως· σε ἔστι τις” κ. τ. λ. where ten lines are given. A district called 'Ελλοπία is mentioned by Herodotus VIII. 23. τῆς Ἑλλοπίης μοίρης -in Histiæotis. These passages connect Hellops the son of Ion with districts inhabited by the Pelasgi. The presence of the Ionians in Thessaly is marked by a river Ion: Strabo VII. p. 327. πόλις Οξύνεια παρὰ τὸν Ιονα ποταμόν. Æschyl. Pers. 176. Ιαίνων γῆν : Schol. ad loc. ἰστέον ὅτι Ιάονες οἱ ̓Αθηναῖοι λέγονται ἔκ τινος Ἰάονος βασιλεύσαντος αὐτῶν. Strabo IX. p. 392. speaking of Megara: τὸ παλαιὸν μὲν οὖν Ἴωνες εἶχον τὴν χώραν ταύτην, οἵπερ καὶ τὴν ̓Αττικὴν, οὔπω τῶν Μεγάρων ἐκτισμένων. Homer. Il. v. 685. Βοιωτοὶ καὶ Ἰάονες : Schol. ad l. ἄλλοι εἰσὶ παρὰ τοὺς Ιωνας Ἰάονες. φησὶ γὰρ ̓Ανδροτίων ὅτι στήλην ἔστησαν ἐπὶ Λακεδαίμονος διο ρίσαντες οὕτως· τάδ ̓ ἐστὶν οὐχὶ Πελοπόννησος ἀλλ ̓ Ἰάονες.” "Ιωνες δὲ ἐκ τοῦ ἑτέρου μέρους οὕτως· “ τάδ ̓ ἐστὶ * Πελοπόννησος οὐκ Ιάονες.” Repeated by Eustath. p. 954, 45. οἱ μὲν τοὺς Ἰάινας ἄλλους εἶναί φασι παρὰ τοὺς Ιωνας. καὶ εἰσὶν αὐτοὶ ἐν Πελοποννήσῳ. καὶ δῆλόν φασιν ἐξ ἐπιγράμματος ὃ περὶ στήλην τινὰ γέγραπται εἰς τόπου διορισμόν κ. τ. λ. ἕτεροι δὲ Ἰάονας τοὺς ̓Αθηναίους 66 νοοῦσιν. σε Strabo IX. p. 392. gives the lines differently: ἡ γὰρ 'Αττικὴ τὸ παλαιὸν Ἰωνία καὶ Ἰὰς ἐκαλεῖτο· καὶ ὁ ποιητὴς ὅταν φῇ “ ἐνθάδε Βοιωτοὶ καὶ Ἰάονες” —τοὺς ̓Αθηναίους λέγει. ταύτης δ ̓ ἦν καὶ ἡ Μεγαρὶς μέσ ρος. καὶ δὴ καὶ περὶ τῶν ὁρίων ἀμφισβητοῦντες πολλάκις οἵ τε Πελοποννήσιοι καὶ οἱ Ἴωνες-συνέβησαν, καὶ στήλην |