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they have always done the same: anding their teeth, and giving him conas for the Tower, if they have lived siderable trouble; and as this advoharmlessly there, it has been for cate was known to be much in the this plain reason, that they have not secrets of Government, his notion had the power of doing mischief, seemed to take surprisingly with all, which very power you now wish to except with those who apprehended, allow them." that, when the wild beasts should once feel their own strength, they would set up for themselves, and only concede to this modern champion of their claims the privilege of being devoured last.

"But," said another, "they may be let out safely now, for they are ready to give security; they will give bonds, and sign and seal any thing you please."- Hang it," exclaimed another, "but they can claw it to pieces as soon as they have signed it.""Sir," said one, "a gentleman has most unjustly reproached wild beasts as bloody and ferocious in their dispositions; I can disprove such assertions altogether, and put beyond doubt the fact, that all wild beasts have at times been generous, grateful, and honourable in proof of this universal characteristic in wild beasts, I will appeal to the story of Androcles in history, and to the fable of the Bear, who so carefully whisked the flies from his master's face while he was asleep."

"I'll tell you what," observed an honourable Member; "you had better let them all out directly; for they have grown so much stronger latterly than formerly, that, if you do not, they will soon force their way out without leave."

No one present seemed to think this argument worth answering, since all remembered our successful opposition to the French Revolution, and the glorious end of the battle of Waterloo. "I am for letting them out," said another, "because I am sure that we enjoy so much light, knowledge, and freedom, now, compared with what we did when England was covered with wolves, that people will not suffer themselves to be torn to pieces as they used to be formerly."

Another advocate for the claims, who had been conversant with many foreign menageries in the course of his life, appeared to think, that, so far from there being any real grounds for alarm, the wild beasts, when released, would, from the natural principles of gratitude and self-interest, be found among the most orthodox, pacific, and loyal, of all His Majesty's subjects, and even afford considerable assistance in keeping in order certain refractory animals, who, under the present system, were often show

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Another Member affirmed, that "times were completely altered, and that therefore wild beasts and every thing else must be altered too.""Yes," said one, “but what has made the alteration? Has it not been the putting down the power of these ferocious animals? If you are sensible of the blessings of light, freedom, secarity, and peace, then keep them while you have them; and if so, you will continue those under control who have never allowed these blessings to other animals than those of their own fraternity." He also added, "Suppose you let them out, and they should begin their old tricks of tearing and devouring, how are you to get them in again?" He was, however, silenced by cries of "Order, Order! and a reprimand from the Chairman, that his expression, "old tricks," was unparliamentary, and that any reference to future evil could only be speculative.

The facts which had been brought forward were, however, deemed likely to have some effect on the minds of impartial hearers, and it was therefore considered advisable to divert them from close consideration: and, in order to effect this, I thought a lively little old man stepped forward as a volunteer with a violin under his arm, and said, "Mr. Chairman, I will sing you a song on this subject;" on which he began, and I thought I never heard a more musical voice than that of the old man. He skipped round and round like a bird on his perch, and brought such melodious sounds out of his violin as made all the people cry out, "Hear, hear!" and clap their hands with ecstacy. The following, I thought, was his song:

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Blessed day when all are free!
Let them out, my friends, and see."

Now, I suppose, it will be allowed

that there was more sound than sense in all this, yet it had such an effect on the hearers, that they seemed indisposed to hear any one else, and there was a general cry of "Question, Question!" A Member indeed ventured to say, "Mr. Chairman, on a subject of this serious importance to us and to our children, is it to be supposed that we shall allow ourselves to be fiddled out of our old English understanding and common sense?" But, perceiving that he was against the question, they soon coughed him down; and only one more speaker would they listen to: this was a bald-headed man, who pleased them much by reminding them that there was once a lioness into her den whenever he pleased; who used to suffer her keeper to go from which circumstance he asserted it was proved that wild beasts were by nature friendly to mankind; and after dwelling most forcibly on this wondrous piece of disinterested hospitality, he added, "One good turn deserves another."

This was enough-They were now ripe for emancipation; and strangers being ordered to withdraw, I was most happy to find it possible to obey the command, lest I should feel the fraternal hug of so many lions, tigers, bears, and leopards. Just as I was passing Allhallows Barking, I thought some one had conveyed the joyful result of the meeting to the Tower; and the universal howl, growl, and scream, of exultation emitted from the dens of the various animals, terrified me so greatly, that I awoke, and behold it was a dream.

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LIBERALITY.

ARISTOTLE being reproved for bestowing charity on an unworthy object, answered, "I gave it to the man in misery, and not to his manners."-Dr. Johnson acted in the same noble spirit, for having been a great friend to an author, whose character afterwards proved infamous, he observed in reply to one that expressed his wonder at his having been so long deceived; "They who look constantly upon the ground will see dirt, but I desire always to have higher objects."

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Three times a Week.

English Chronicle

General Evening Post

St. James's Chronicle;

with Baldwin's Journal

London Packet

Twice a Week.

6,441 165,600 2,760

160,500 2,675
150,000 2,500

577,500
102,000

2,204

8,711

875

600

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MAN being by nature to a certain 9,625 extent a sociable animal, it may be 1,700 needless to inquire, In what consists the chief pleasure which he derives from the society of his fellow mortals? And though it must certainly be allowed, that instinct is the first incitement to cultivate society, conversation, or the pleasure arising from a familiar interchange of sentiments, ought not to be classed amongst the least of the foundations of social intercourse. Although it is true, that society at large may be, at the bottom, considered but a refinement of self-love, the gratified self-love, arising from conversation, is essentially different from the sordid acceptation of that term: I mean that acceptation of it, in which it is understood as implying that propensity of mankind to herd together, and contribute each his part, to be laid up in store for the purpose of alleviating, or averting, the evils to which, in the course of providence, he may at some future time be exposed.

36,000
22,392 373
18,545 309
30,070 501
22,500 375
2,366

1,469

7,800

33 2,666

123

55,150 919
77,568 1,292
66,500 1,108

Bell's Weekly Dispatch

132,250

Bell's Weekly Messenger

522,700

British Laminary

52,500

British Neptune; with

British Freeholder, Bri

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141,975

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8,441

Nicholson's Price Current

7,400

Observer

714,000

11,900

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24,650

Cobbett's Register

825

County Chronicle; with

County Herald

226,500

County Literary Chronicle

1,500

Englishman; with Mirror

of the Times

137,750

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24,600 410
10,000 166
25,075

3,000

30,000

13

3,775

2,295 2,583

614

185

1,003

18

27

150

In conversation, as in every other 417 intellectual acquirement, there are 410 great differences amongst men; and so very great are these differences, that some have strenuously urged the 25 necessity of natural abilities being possessed by an individual who would shine in this sphere of polite accomplishment; true it is, that to converse freely, and not hurt the feelings of the present or absent,-to express opinions openly and not intrusively,-to occupy the attention of those amongst whom one is situated, and keep them listening to what is worthy of their remembrance; are attainments which few who have even had the advantages 50 of nature and art, can boast of having acquired. Whether we are to consider garrulity as the sure evidence of a mind amply stored with erudition, is, perhaps, problematical: it may rather be regarded as evincing the forward superficiality of a mind that has been content with what appeared gay and fascinating, and has left the foundations and causes, as undeserving of their attention. It is a truth, that

615

1,041

406

500

6,000 100

16,254,534 270,908

8,525,252 142,087

24,779,786 412,996

many of our best authors, whose productions are deservedly admired, had little of this art; amongst whom was Addison, who, after having passed an evening with some literary characters, was, by one of them, Voltaire, rather invidiously compared to a moping country curate in a tie-wig.

Conversation, viewed as entertaining, rather than profound, would seem❘ to have its peculiar charm in grace or ease, shewing not so much in originality, or deep researches, as in a graceful and not trite representation, of common objects and occurrences. In considering conversation, as a medium through which we disseminate our opinions or sentiments, it is, perhaps, more successful than any other means of conveying them; for it is more insinuating than writing. The reason is plain; what comes from the heart may be more simple, and unadorned, but not less fervid or impressive.

Although it is not always the case, yet by a familiar interchange of sentiments, and a beautiful representation of the truth, we may win others from erroneous views or wrong conclusions, and be successful in this good cause, not so much from exposing the incongruous sentiments of our neighbour, as by shewing the superiority of our own; for though truth be like nature, "when least adorned, adorned the most," yet the best cause may be so clumsily defended, as rather to excite ridicule than produce convic

tion.

To illustrate the truth of this assertion, I am acquainted with two gentlemen, the one is a wag of the first water, and can crack his joke with the finest grace imaginable, but when once he attempts calmly to converse, and relate any circumstance, his manner is so stiff, and unaccommodating, that you are prejudiced against the man, and his subject, before he has half finished. The other is a wit, but one of the satirical kind,--one who seldom creates a laugh, but at the expense of some individual's feelings or reputation; but how disagreeable soever his witticisms are, his conversation is pleasing and alluring, and he has too often the dexterity of making "the worse appear the better Granting that what has been adduced, may be sufficient to prove, that conversation is not solely the attain

" reason."

ment of great minds, or always the concomitant of those who can jest with readiness and suavity; let us now preceed to take a review of some characters, whose conversation admirably develops the ruling propensities of their hearts and actions.

There is a certain class of men whose loquaciousness is so irksome, who are so continually taken up with the detailing of trifles, that it is impossible any man of sense could remain for the shortest time in their company, without being irritated out of all humour; and notwithstanding the good terms on which these prattlers live with the belles, one cannot help feeling a hearty contempt for those who speak, and those who are entertained with such interminable insignificance. If means cannot be invented to get rid of these annoyances, let such be classed under the genus of drivellers, or talkers of nonsense, creatures from whom nothing can be learned; and yet, with candour be it spoken, there is an art in speaking about nothing at all.

My friend, Bill Trimble, is a politician, and his vain babblings are so pestiferous and loud, that one would think his continual remonstrances were enough to silence every opinion opposed to the sapient deductions of his vain self. Such is the hatred and spleen with which Peter, of the old school, descants upon the degeneracy of modern manners, and the wickedness of the present generation, that the credulous, or easy to be imposed upon, might doubt whether he had not past his youth in the latter part of "that Golden Age which poets write of."

In conclusion, let it be remembered that a wise man once said, much study was a weariness to the flesh; so, much speaking is generally not a friend to the reputation: for he that talks much, must speak either of himself or others; by doing the former, he only shews his own emptiness and vanity; and by practising the latter, it is odds but he will, in some unguarded moment, say something amiss, and thereby expose himself to the ill-will of some one: and thus go on, irritating one after another, "till he has raised a swarm of wasps about his ears, and is half stung to death for his pains."

Aberdeen, 4th May, 1822.

JUVENIS.

REMARKS ON MENTAL AFFECTIONS.

MR. EDITOR.

SIR, My letter, written on the 6th of September, was not published till the 15th of Dec. 1821, (col. 1185;) the cause of which you have explained; and from the omissions of my bookseller, the Magazine in which it was published did not come to hand till the 11th of May. The subsequent numbers having come regularly; and finding no mention of my letter, I concluded that it had been rejected, and of course I had relinquished all idea of writing again upon the subject: a subject which I must presume will prove acceptable to a large proportion of your readers.

Spring Vale, May 13th.

T. BAKEWELL.

-That our involuntary thoughts, or ideas, are of three kinds;—that is, ideas of sensation, ideas of recollection or reflection, and ideas of imagination or fancy;-that the thinking principle, or perceptive faculty, is constantly in action, so long as life remains, and when not engaged in ideas of sensation or ideas of recollection, it must be engaged in ideas of imagination, or what is sometimes called fancy, we having no power to suspend the action of the thinking principle for a single moment.—That insanity simply consists in a diseased excitement of the imagination, there being no defect in the senses, nor any defect in the powers of recollection, in those properly called insane, according to the general acceptation of the word. And, lastly, that the line to be drawn betwixt sanity and insanity is, when the imagination has a diseased excitement so strong, as to break out into words and actions that are inconsistent with, or in opposition to, the suggestions of pure reason.

SOME six years ago, in consequence of a challenge, as I took it, from a highly respected Magistrate, to discuss publicly the merits of our large institutions for the insane, I wrote a number of letters for the Monthly Magazine, upon our national scheme of Asking a patient just brought into county asylums. These were followed the house, what was the matter with by one letter upon the nature of men- him? his answer was, "Why, Sir, the tal diseases, and I intended to go people say that I am mad, for I caninto the history and general treatment not, at times, help telling all that of insanity; and to speak of the cau- ever comes into my head:" now were ses, symptoms of its approach, and I to tell all that ever comes into my the means of prevention, and means head, the people would say that I was of cure;—but I was prevented by cau- mad, and my readers may confess ses, which have since ceased to have the same; for the most perfect sanity any influence, and I shall feel happy does not consist in a freedom from to bestow a few leisure hours upon erroneous or visionary ideas, no huwhat I am convinced is of more impor-man Being being at all times in this tance than any other earthly concern; state, but in the freedom of the reafor great as is the blessing of bodily soning powers, to suppress the words health, it bears no comparison with and actions these erroneous and vithe value of mental health; and to me sionary ideas would suggest. it will be both pleasing and easypleasing, from an idea of its being useful to my fellow-creatures, and easy, from its requiring only an abstract of previous communications, either verbal or written. I am persuaded too, that the subject, instead of being repulsive, as some suppose, may become highly interesting and attractive.

I beg to repeat what I said in my former letter, (viz.) That to understand the human mind, and the nature of

what are called mental diseases, we must clearly distinguish betwixt the involuntary action of thought, and the free exercise of the reasoning powers.

Confirmed insanity generally acting only partially, that is, upon particu lar imaginations, and being intermittent, those who are the most incurable have lucid intervals, during which they can reason as well as they ever could; while the most sane are subject to feelings and passions, under the influence of which the reasoning powers are suspended, and which may be deemed a state of insanity.

I have known serious characters

made unhappy by the intrusion of what they called sinful thoughts; but if no voluntary indulgence were given to these thoughts, and if they did not break out into words and actions, they

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