From the same publishers come several modern language books of value. Stern's First Lessons in German, and Méras and Stern's First Lessons in French are remarkably sensible works, both constructed on the same plan, the conversational" method. Beginning with the very simplest constructions the lessons gradually increase in difficulty. ($1.00 each.) One of Musset's 66 short stories, Histoire D'un Merle Blanc, is edited by Agnes Cointat and H. Isabelle Williams, assistants at Smith College. It is neatly bound in boards. (30 cents.) An elaborate piece of work is the edition of Schiller's Wilhelm Tell, by Arthur H. Palmer of Yale. In addition to the critical text there is an introduction of seventyfour pages, treating of the place of this play and its author in German literature, the circumstances attending its writing, legend, history, myth, poetic treatment, dramatic structure, verse, diction, and style. An appendix contains many matters of interest. A complete vocabulary and extended notes complete the critical machinery. The illustrations and the large double-page map of the scene of the play are valuable features. ($1.00.) * * * The war between the United States and Spain has awakened additional interest in the Spanish people, their history and language. The American Book Co. issue several books well fitted to give one an introduction to the Spanish language. The most extended of these is A Practical Course with the Spanish Language by Monsanto and Anguellier, a combination of grammar and exercise book. In the way of primers and reading-books there are McGuffy's First Spanish-English Reader, Worman's Second Spanish Book, Mantilla's Libro de Lectura, No. 1 and No. 2. * The American Book Co. has also recently published The Rational Spelling Book, in two parts, by Dr. J. M. Rice, who is at present the editor of The Forum. These books are the first practical results of Dr. Rice's investigations which created such interest a few years ago. The preface states in an admirably concise form the principles that should control the work in spelling. The most striking features are the careful grading of the ex 1. Why is a school better governed with few rules than with many? 2. What is the chief merit of the question method in teaching? 3. Why should teachers read educational works and educational journals? 4. Name two characteristics of effective punishment. 5. Explain the object of the kindergarten. Ought it to be a part of our system of free public education? Why? 6. What do you understand by the presentative power of the mind? 7. What are the sources of knowledge? 8. What is it to be thoroughly educated? 9. What caution should be observed in the use of newspapers in school? 1. A school is better governed with few rules than with many, (a) because the government becomes a matter of principle on the part of the governed and (b) because it leaves the teacher free to deal with individual cases as they deserve. 2. The question method calls for closer touch between teacher and pupil. If properly used it is capable of stimulating larger interest and closer attention. 3. The teacher owes it to himself and to his pupils to know what the world has done and is doing in education. By reading educational works he may come in touch with the best educators of the world, and by reading educational journals he may keep abreast of the best thought of the times. 4. Reformation and growth in the virtue that has taken the place of the vice. 5. The object of the kindergarten is to direct the impulsive activities of the child into a proper system of desires looking toward perfect self-direction. It ought to be a part of our system of free public education because so many parents are unable and unfit to direct the growth of their children, and the sooner they can come under proper training, the better. 6. The presentative power of mind is that function used in knowing objects present. The law of presentation is that the mind grasps into one whole all sensuous elements presented and leaves none isolated. 7. The sources of knowledge are all manifestations of consciousness whenever found in the universe. Knowledge is universal. 8. To be thoroughly educated is to be all that is possible for one to be at any particular time. It is to be thoroughly self-directive. It is to be so trained and developed that one may meet successfully whatever conditions arise in life. 9. I doubt seriously whether the newspaper has any place in the school. I am sure that great care would have to be exercised in selection. Good 1. Euphemism is a figure of speech in which a harsh or indelicate word or expression is softened, or by which a delicate word or expression is substituted for one which is hard or indelicate. Concord is the agreement of words with one another in gender, number, person or case. Continuity is that principle of discourse which requires that all parts shall contribute to the same end or purpose. Simplicity is that principle of discourse which requires the expression of the thought to be free from artificial ornament-directness and plainness in expression. Harmony is that principle of discourse which requires one part of the sentence or discourse to agree with other partsit excludes irrelevant matter. 2. The paragraph in composition divides the theme into topics and sub-topics and thus enables the mind more easily to analyze it or grasp the thought. 3. Simile; e. g., Like a dog he hunts in dreams. Metaphor; e. g., The wish is father to the thought. Personification; e. g., O Winter! ruler of the inverted year! 4. William Shakespeare, dramatist and poet, was born at Stratford on Avon, England, in April, 1564. Of his early life, almost nothing is known. It is believed that he was a student in the free school at Stratford, and that in his youth he assisted his father in the latter's business, which was that of a wool dealer and glover. 5. Direct quotation is the expression of the exact thought of some one other than the author of the sentence in that other's exact language; e. g., Socrates said, "Know thyself." An indirect quotation is the expression of the thought of some one other than the author of the sentence in the words of the author of the sentence; e. g., Socrates said that men should know themselves. 7. See Æsop. PHYSIOLOGY. 1. Tell what you know of the lymphatic system. 2 Describe the liver and give its uses. 3. Give the composition of the blood, the brain. 4. How many bones in the body? Name bones composing the skull. 5. Give a minute description of the heart. 6. In the absence of a physician what should be done in a case of fainting? snake-bite? severe burn? 7. Give directions for ventilating a school-room; a bedchamber. 8. What is a cold? Give a good remedy. 9. Describe how a broken bone is united. How long will it be in uniting? At what age are bones most easily broken? 1. The lymphatic system consists of a net-work of lymph capillaries extending to nearly all parts of the body except the brain and spinal cord. At certain points, as in the groin, they are gathered into glands. All lymphatics end finally in two main branches which open into the venous system on each side of the neck, and are known as the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct. 2. The liver weighs from three to four pounds and is situated just below the diaphragm, toward the right side. It is soft, redish brown and deeply cleft into lobes. Its function is to supply bile which emulsifies the fats of the food. 3. The blood is composed of plasma and corpuscles, red and white. The brain is composed of white and grey nervous matter in varying proportions. 4. Somewhat over two hundred. Occipital bone, frontal bone, parietal bones, temporal bones, sphenoid bone, ethmoid, lachrymal. 5. The heart is a hollow, pear-shaped, muscular organ, containing two auricles at the base and two ventricles at the apex. Three semilunar valves are at the mouth of the aorta and three more at the mouth of the pulmonary artery. Between the right auricle and ventricle is the tricuspid valve, and between the left auricle and ventricle is the mitral valve. 6. Place the person upon the back with the head low, loosen the clothing about chest and neck, admit fresh air and sprinkle the face with cold water. Put a ligature above the wound and let the patient drink freely of alcoholic stimulants. Exclude the air from the wound by a paste of baking powder. 7. See article on "Sanitary Conditions in our School-Houses" this issue of THE INLAND EDUCATOR. Ventilate a sleeping-room by opening a window at top and bottom. 8. A cold is an inflammation of the air passages of the nose and throat. Induce perspiration by a hot drink-lemonade for example, and fortify the system by small doses of quinine. 9. Blood oozes from the broken ends and later a watery fluid which thickens gradually, while new bone substance is deposited in it. The break heals in five or six weeks. In old age. ARITHMETIC. 1. If $193.12 is paid for the use of $680 for 3 yr. 6 mo. 18 da, what is the rate of interest? 2. Add 3 year, month, day, 18 hour, minute, second. 3. A fence five boards high is built around a square field containing ten acres; the top board is four inches wide, the base board is ten inches wide, the middle boards each six inches wide. What is the cost of the lumber at $12 50 per thousand feet? 4. For what sum must a note be drawn at four months that the proceeds of it, when discounted at bank at 7 per cent., shall be $875.50? 5. When it is 2 P. M. at Berlin, 13 deg., 23 min., E., what is the time in Louisville, 85 deg., 25 min., W.? 6. The diagonal of a square is 60 feet; what is its area? 7. In a company of 87 the children are 37 per cent. of the women, who are 444 per cent. of the men. How many of each? 8 A room 21 feet long and 18 feet wide is to be laid with carpeting of a yard wide. Is it better to have the breadths run the long way of the room or the short way, and why? What will be the cost of the carpeting at $1.50 per yard, if there is no waste in matching the pattern? 9. A horse cost $180.00 What price must be asked for it in order to make a profit of 20 per cent. after allowing a discount of 25 per cent. from the asking price? 1. Interest on $680 at 1 per cent. for the given time is $24.14. Hence 193.12÷24.14 gives 8 as the rate per cent. 2. yr. 8 mo. mo=22 da., 12 hr. da.-20 hr. 1 hr.=57 sec. m. 23 sec. The required sum is 8 mo., 23 da., 8 hr., 57 m., 231 sec. 3. 10X160=40, length of each side in rods. 40X164X4 2640, length of four sides in feet. 10+6+6+6+4=32, combined width of boards in inches. 32× 2640X.12 12X1000 gives $88, cost. 4. Proceeds of $1.00 is .9762. $875.50÷.9762-$896.95, face of note. 5. 13° 23' + 85° 25′=98° 48′, difference in longitude, which equals 6 hrs., 35 min., 48 sec., difference in time. Louisville is that much earlier, or it is 7 hrs., 24 min., 48 sec., A. M. 6. 60-3600. Area of this or 1800 sq. ft. 7. 44%, ratio of the women to the mén. The children would then be 37% or of 4-1. Then 9, 4, 1 or 18, 8, 3 are indexes of proportion; 18+8+3=29. 1 of 87-54, men. 2 of 87=24, women. of 87-9, children. 8. 21 ft., or 7 yds., will not contain an even number of times, while 18 ft., or 6 yds., will contain it just 8 times; hence the strips should be run the long way. 8 strips each 7 yds. long at $1.50 per yard cost $84. 9. 120% of $180 $216, selling price. $216÷.75 $288, asking price. (Vegetable, Productions Mineral, (Manufactured. Five imports, from what countries? Five exports, to what countries? Chief commercial cities, with location of each. 4. Describe the Atlantic Ocean under three heads: (a) Position and boundaries; (b) Bays, gulfs, seas, peninsulas, islands; (c) Winds and currents. 5. What effect does the absence of an east and west range of mountains in North America have on its distribution of vegetation? 6 Draw a map of the county in which you live, showing the boundaries, rivers, chief towns, and railroads. 7. Trace the nearest water route from New York to Calcutta. 8. Locate Tokio, Naples, Borneo, Ceylon, Melbourne, Manila. 9. What effect does cutting away the timber have upon the climate of a country. Give an example. 1. Products of the field depend upon soil and climate chiefly. Waterways and coast line help determine the commerce. Water-power encourages manufacturing. 2. Salmon and furs; wheat, corn and machinery. 3. Mexico, south of the United States and between the Gulf of Mezico and the Atlantic. Climate ranges from tropical to temperate. Cotton, coffee, sugar, wheat, indigo, hemp; silver; dyes, hides, cochineal, coal, iron, lumber, tobacco and machinery from the United States. Indigo, coffee, cochineal, dyes, hides to the the United States; Vera Cruz and Tampico on the Gulf and Mexico inland. 4. (a) Bounded north by Greenland and the Arctic Ocean, west by North and South America, south by the Antarctic Ocean, east by Europe and Africa; (b) Baffin Bay, Hudson Bay, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Chesapeake Bay, Gulf of Mexico, Ca ribbean Sea, Gulf of Guinea, Mediterranean Sea, Bay of Biscay, North Sea, Baltic Sea, Labrador, Florida, Yucatan, Spanish Peninsula, Scandinavian Peninsula, Iceland, Newfoundland, West Indies, British Isles; (c)Gulf Stream, Arctic Current, North and South Equatorial Currents, North and South Trades. 5. Since so large a part of our rains come from the Gulf of Mexico an east and west range of considerable height would intercept these and tend to render the section north of the range barren. The section south of the range would be protected from harsh northern winds, and being at the same time better watered, the vegetation would be more luxuriant than now. 7. Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Suez Canal, Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal. 8. Tokio, eastern Japan; Naples, western Italy; Borneo, half way between China and Australia; Ceylon, south of Hindustan in the Indian Ocean; Melbourne, southeastern Australia; Manila, western Philippines. 9. It leaves the country exposed to severe winds, allows heavy rains to run off quickly, thus increasing danger from floods, and since forests act as condensers of moisture their removal decreases the amount of rainfall. GRAMMAR. 1. Define grammar; language; word; syllable; letter. 2. Distinguish between gender and sex. 3. Give four rules for formation of the plural. 4. Give an outline of the adjective. 5. Compare much, far, hind, little, bad; and give princi pal parts of bend,Ibreak, burn, dig, gild, lay, light. 6. Give the classes of the adverb and examples of each. 7. Define syntax; sentence; subject; predicate. 3. Parse all the words in the sentence: "I once knew a man to make a fortune by minding his own business." 9 Diagram or analyze: Being found in bad company will not make good people esteem you more highly. At midnight in his guarded tent, The Turk was dreaming of the hour When Greece, her knee in suppliance bent, 1. Grammar is that language study which deals with the sentence. Language is the means by which we express ideas and thoughts by means of written, printed, or spoken symbols. A word is a symbol or sign by which we express an idea. It may be written or spoken. A syllable is an elementary sound or combination of elementary sounds uttered together, or at a single effort or impulse of the voice and constituting a word or part of a word. The name is also applied to the letter or letters standing for such an elementary found. A letter is a symbol representing a sound. 2. Gender is a property of substantive words. Sex is an attribute of living things. 3. Nouns whose last sound will unite with 8 form their plural by adding s to the singular; e. g, Bird, birds. Nouns ending in o preceded by a vowel form their plural by adding s; e. g., folio, folios. Nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant form their plural by adding es to the singular; e. g., negro, negroes. Nouns ending in for fe change f to v and add es; e. g., wife, wives. 4. Adjective. 1. Definition. a. Uses. b. Modifiers. 5. Much, more, most; far, farther, farthest ; hind, hinder, hindmost, or hindermost; little, less, least; bad, worse, worst; bend, bended or bent, bended or bent; break, broke, broken; burn, burned or burnt, burned or burnt; dig, dug or digged, dug or digged; gild, gilded or gilt, gilt or gilded; lay, laid, laid; light, lighted, lighted. 6. The adverb may be divided as follows: (1) On basis of the part of the sentence modified, modal; e. g., The book is not here, regular; e. g., The stream flows rapidly. (2) Ón basis of form or origin, simple; e. g., It rained hard, derivative; e. g., The child learns rapidly, compound; e. g., We shall meet hereafter. (3) On basis of use in the sentence, conjunctive; e. g., He was greatly startled when he heard the news, interrogative; e. g., Where are you going? pure; e. g., The boy came quickly. 7. Syntax is that part of the subject of grammar which deals with the construction or use of words in the sentence. A sentence is a group of words which expresses a thought. The subject of a sentence is a word or group of words which expresses the thought subject. The predicate of a sentence is a word or group of words which expresses the thought predicate. 8. The following words are pronouns: I, his, own. Nouns: man, fortune, business. Adjec tive: a. Adverb: once. Verb: knew. Preposi tion: by. Infinitive: to make. Participle: minding. 9. The thought subject of the first thought is the idea being found in bad company, and these words are the subject of the sentence. The thought predicate is the idea, will not make good people esteem you more highly, and these words are the predicate of the sentence. The thought relation is one of disagreement and is implied in the words, "will not make." The sentence is a simple declarative sentence. The thought subject of the second thought is the idea, the Turk, and these words are the subject of the sentence. The thought predicate is the idea, dreaming at midnight in his guarded tent of the hour when Greece, her knee in suppliance bent, should tremble at his power, and these words are the predicate of the sentence. The thought relation is one of agreement and is expressed by the word, "was," which is the copula of the sentence. sentence is a complex, declarative sentence. HISTORY. The 1. Give an account of the first explorers of the American Continent. 2. Write a short history of Columbus. If 3. Did Columbus ever see the mainland of America? so, when and where? Was he the first man to discover the mainland? 4. When, where and by whom was Kentucky first settled? When admitted into the Union? 5. Give an account of the capture of Quebec in the French and Indian war. 6. Give an account of the laying of the Atlantic cable. By whom invented? Was the first attempt successful? 7. Give six causes that led to the Civil War. When and where was first battle fought? 8. Name ten important events that have transpired in the United States in the World's history within the last ten years. 9. Give a brief account of Dewey's great naval victory. 1. After the Norsemen came the Spaniards led by Columbus who explored several of the West Indies, Balboa who crossed the Isthmus of Darien and discovered the Pacific Ocean, Ponce de Leon who explored Florida and the Gulf coast and De Soto who went west as far as the Mississippi. The John and Sebastian Cabot explored the Atlantic coast from Hatteras to Labrador, while Gilbert and Raleigh explored it farther south. French under Cartier explored Labrador and the St. Lawrence, and under Ribaut and Laudonniere Florida and the Gulf region. The Dutch explored the Hudson. 2. Born in Genoa about 1435, in early youth went to sea, became convinced by study that the earth was round, and after years of trial and waiting secured the aid of Ferdinand and Isabella. After four voyages of discovery to the new world he died in poverty and obscurity. 3. On his third voyage he saw the northern coast of South America in 1498. John Cabot discovered the mainland in 1497. 4. By Jas. Harrod, at Harrodsburg in 1774, and by Daniel Boone, at Boonesborough in 1775. Admitted in 1792. 5. Wolfe and the English sought for weeks to climb the Heights of Abraham, and finally discovering the narrow path his army climbed the hill during the night. The French under Montcalm had a force about equal to that of the English, so that the fighting was fierce. The English won, but both Wolfe and Montcalm were killed. 6. The success of the enterprise was due to Cyrus W. Field of New York, who persisted after two failures. 7. Missouri Compromise, Kansas-Nebraska Bill, Dred Scott decision, John Brown's Raid, the Omnibus Bill, the election of Lincoln. 8. Italian massacre at New Orleans, threatened war with Chili, World's Columbian Exposition, railroad strike of '94, the Venezuela question, the Behring Sea question, the Hawaiian imbroglio in 1893, the Alaskan gold discoveries, the war with Spain, annexation of Hawaii. 9. He got up early in the morning, entered the harbor, paralyzed the Spanish fleet first by surprise and then by shells, stopped long enough to give his men breakfast and then calmly completed the job. CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 1. Define quorum, majority, plurality, elector, citizen, alien. 2. What is meant by civil service reform? What advantages are there in the system? 3 Trace a dollar from the time it leaves the farmer's hand as taxes till it reaches the teacher as salary. 4. What are the various stages through which a bill must pass to become a law in this State? 5. What authority decides whether a law of the United States or of any State is in violation of the constitution? 6. What is meant by the Australian ballot? Give the main features of the system. 7. Name five of the most important committees of the House of Representatives. 8. What is meant by the legal term "qualified teacher ?" 9. What is meant by the free and unlimited coinage of silver at the ratio of 16 to 1? 1. Such portion of the members of an organized body as may enact business according to its laws; the number by which the votes for a successful candidate exceed those for all other candidates; the excess of votes for one candidate over those for any other one of several; a voter; a resident, either born in the country or naturalized; a foreigner not entitled to the rights of citizenship. 2. A change in the civil service by which tenure of office is more certain, and dependent rather on fitness than on politics. It is likely to result in better service, and it removes the temptation to use political patronage as a bribe. 3. It passes from the collector to the state treasury, and on the warrants of the Superintendent of Public Instruction the Auditor of public accounts distributes the apportioned funds to the several county superintendents, who in turn pay the teachers. 4. (1) Must be signed in open session by the presiding officer of each house and must then be approved by the governor. (2) Failing his signature it may be passed, over his veto, by a majorityelect of both houses. (3) If it be not returned by the governor within ten days (Sundays excepted) it becomes a law without his approval. 5. The Supreme Court. 6. The system of voting now generally used in the United States, allowing each voter to enter a booth alone and there prepare and fold his ballot. 7. Ways and means; appropriations; judiciary; coinage, weights and measures; interstate and foreign commerce. 8. A teacher possessing a duly authorized certificate. 9. Free and unlimited coinage means that all persons who present silver bullion to the governments may have it coined into money. The ratio of 16 to 1 means that 16 ounces of silver shall be equal in value to one ounce of gold. INDIANA STATE BOARD QUESTIONS FOR JULY, WITH DISCUSSIONS. GRAMMAR. 1. In teaching language to pupils of third year grades what lines of work pursued in 1st and 2nd years would you continue and which cease to follow? 2. In what respects do you think the composition writing of pupils of 3d, 4th and 5th year grades should differ from each other and from higher grades? 3. Of what importance in language culture do you deem the work of paraphrasing? At what point in the advancement of the pupil would you have it done? 4. To what extent would you advise the copying or following of choice literary masterpieces by pupils below the High School? What value do you place on such work? 5. Correct and give reasons therefor. (a) This bat is for you and I to play with. (b) Who did you take him for? (e) It was I who said that, not him? (d) I don't like those kind of apples. (e) I had three chances, neither of which I took advantage of. 1. Continue the correction of oral and written errors and the dictation work. In the third year the copy work might be discontinued. 2. The composition work of the third, fourth and fifth years should not differ from one another materially. The fourth would be a little more. difficult than the third, and the fifth a little more difficult than the fourth. Pupils in the higher grades would not require so much direction on the part of the teacher. In the higher grades pupils would have formed the habit of organizing their thought concerning a subject, and less oral work would need to accompany the composition. 3. Paraphrasing teaches the pupil to find different expressions for the same thought. It leads him to compare one expression with the other, and decide in his own mind which is the more appropriate. In this way his attention is directed to language, and the importance of correct and beautiful expression is emphasized. The work might begin in the third grade. 4. The choice literary masterpiece may be used to great advantage in the composition work. Pupils cannot work upon choice English, such as is found in our masterpieces of English literature, without to some extent falling into the style of expression found in them and unconsciously imitating it. In the study of a piece of literature the child may see how the author constructed it. If the class be working on description, they can do no more valuable thing than to take a piece of description produced by a master mind, pick it to pieces, and see how the author organized his thought. Nothing will give the child better methods of thinking out the thought of a subject and organizing it for himself. A large proportion of the work in the grades should be of this character. It will be of much more value to the pupil than will his attempts at writing essays on Justice," and other abstract subjects. 5. (a) This bat is for you and me to play with. The subject of an infinitive should be in the objective case. (b) Whom did you take him for? The prin- (c) It was I who said that, not he. A pro- |