superintendent; the third floor by the private apartments of the superintendent, and the dining-room of the resident physicians. East of the centre, the first, second, and third floors are occupied by male pauper inmates or outwarders," as they are sometimes called, many of them in this portion being able to work about the buildings and grounds in the different departments. West of the centre, the first, second and third floors are also occupied by male paupers or outwarders, but those congregated here are, in the main, the oldest and most infirm. The attic of this building is used as a store-room, and also as sleeping apartments for the officers and for the superintendent's servants.

The northeastern building bounding the quadrangle includes most of the departments of the Philadelphia Hospital proper. It is three stories high, with dormer roof, and is 540 feet long and 63 feet wide. The centre is occupied by female eye, skin and surgical wards, and by the men's surgical wards. The Protestant Episcopal chapel is also located there. In the yard east of the centre, and connected by a covered corridor with the main building, is the amphitheatre or clinical lecture room, 54 by 66 feet in extent, and having a seating capacity for about four hundred; it was built in 1861. The first floor at the north end of this northeastern building is occupied by the library, the offices of the chief resident physician, and the dining-room for nurses. Built eastward from this end is a onestory brick building erected by the Mary Shields' legacy fund. It is 76 feet long by 20 feet wide, and is used as a general kitchen for the hospital, and also as an apartment for special diet for patients. The first floor at the southern end of the northeastern building is occupied by the offices, recitation rooms and parlor connected with the training school for nurses, and also by the drug department In the second story north are the female medical wards; in the centre are the men's venereal and skin wards; in the south the nurses' dormitories. The third floor, centre and north, contains the men's medical wards; south, the infirmary and dormitories for the nurses. The attic of this entire building is occupied as a sleeping apartment for attendants, and for convalescent patients of the men's medical and surgical wards.

The northwestern main building is three stories high, with dormer roof, and is 521.6 feet long and 60 feet wide. The first floor in the centre is occupied by the Methodist Episcopal chapel, the women's outward dining-room and a clothes-room; on the second floor centre, are the private apartments of the chief-resident physician and the office and sleeping-room of the matron; on the third floor are the sleeping apartments of the resident physicians. The first floor east is occupied by the women's nervous wards; the second by the nursery, and the third by the ward for diseases of women. On the first floor west are the women's outwards and the Roman Catholic chapel; on the second and third floors also the women's outwards; and on the third, in addition to the outwarders, the women-help for different departments are quartered. In the eastern attic of this northern building are the women's venereal wards; while in the centre and west attics are the quarters for the working women of different departments.

The southwestern structure bounding the quadrangle is the main building of the insane department, which was formerly three stories in height throughout like the other three buildings, but after the fire in 1885, only sixty-six feet of the centre was rebuilt to three stories, the extensions on each side from the centre being only carried up to two stories. The full length of the building is 298 feet; its width 63 feet. In the centre on the first floor are the offices for the physicians and the reception rooms for the patients and their friends; on the second floor the sleeping

apartments of the doctors and the sewing room; on the third floor an amusement hall. The first and second floors to the north of the centre are occupied by female insane patients; the first and second floors on the south side by male patients. Two wings built in 1870, from each end of this western main building, each extend 237 feet west, and have a width of 48 feet They are built of stone and are three stories high. The north wing is occupied by female insane patients, and the south by male patients.

These buildings have the great advantages of room, strength and solidity. The walls of the four immense buildings which bound the quadrangle are of great thickness, and have been erected upon stone and brick archways with sturdy foundations. Whatever through mischance, abuse, or alteration may have occurred to the inside of these robust structures, the walls have stood unshaken, and they promise to stand through many generations.

In the centre of the hollow square formed by the four main buildings are located the boiler and engine rooms for generating steam for the entire establishment; an electric light plant with dynamo; a store house from which all the supplies are distributed; the manufacturing department, the buildings for which contain a steam-fitting, tin, paint, carpenter, wheelwright, upholsterer, plumber, blacksmith, tailor and shoe shops; shops for hand loom weaving; and the bakery, tallow rendering, soap boiling and blanket scouring departments. The brick building used as a kitchen for the out wards, 93 feet long and 20 feet wide, built from the proceeds of the Mary Shields' legacy, is also located here. All the buildings of the entire institution are heated by steam.

Two large fire escapes built of brick are attached to the hospital or northeastern building, and are connected with the different wards by an iron balcony running the entire length of the same on each floor. A fire escape of the same kind is attached to each wing of the insane building; these are connected by an open bridge from each floor. The northwestern and southeastern main buildidgs have also iron fire escapes, running from the ground to the top of the buildings. The grounds are beautifully laid out, well sodded, and with a large number of shade trees, shrubbery and plants.

East of the hospital buildings, to the left of the roadway which leads to the clinic hall are four brick pavilions. Three are two-story brick structures connected by a covered porch, and occupied, with the exception of one ward, which is the men's eye ward, by the men's nervous wards. Each of these three pavilions is 114 feet long by 28 feet wide. Between these and the main building is a one-story brick pavilion parallel with the northeastern main building; this pavilion is used as a dining-room for many of the patients in the nervous wards. Opposite to the nervous wards to the north, across the roadway which leads from the clinic gate to the clinic hall, are two one-story brick structures with porticos in front. They are each 60 feet long and 33 feet wide, and are used as maternity wards.

North of the northern end of the northeastern and the eastern end of the northwestern main building, is the general laundry of the institution, a brick building, one story high, 170 feet long and 24 feet wide.

A short distance north of this laundry and, therefore, northwest of the northern extremity of the northeastern building, are the two pathological buildings, the

laboratory and the museum. The most eastern of them is a two-story brick structure 40 feet long and 20 feet wide, the first floor of which is used as a dead-house and post-mortem room, and the second by pathological and bacteriological laboratories. Adjoining this building to the west is the pathological museum, just completed, 40 feet long. 40 feet wide, and 30 feet high. Northwest of these pathological buildings, but separated from them by a high fence, is a small "Pest House," or hospital for contagions diseases.

ADDITIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS.

When the new board of guardians came into power in 1859, Mr. Mahlon H. Dickinson was placed on the committee on manufactures. At this time the manufacturing department was in bad condition, the goods made scarcely equalling the cost of material. The building used was a one-story wooden structure not fit to be used by old and infirm paupers.

Mr. Dickinson succeeded in getting an appropriation of $5,000 from city councils for a new building which was erected in 1860. The stone was taken from an abandoned quarry on the grounds, and the work done by inmates of the institution. The gravel for the plaster was also obtained on the premises. In this way a building, worth $8,000 or $10,000, was erected at a cost of about $5,000. After it was completed, the house was searched for mechanics, and carpenters, painters, tinsmiths, blacksmiths, tailors, weavers, etc., were found and put to work, these men sometimes being given a little extra tobacco, or some special privilege, as an inducement to do well. Old hand-looms were repaired by inmates, and after a time blankets were made for the house. The value of the goods thus manufactured in the institution, after a few years, amounted to many thousand dollars. This manufacturing department has continued to be an important department of the almshouse, as a study of the reports of the institution will show.

Councils, in 1870, appropriated $70,000, and two new wings, with modern improvements, were added to the insane department, furnishing room for 180 additional patients. It was largely through the efforts of Mr. George L. Harrison that this work was accomplished only one of a multitude of good deeds done by him for the insane and defective classes. For years, while a member of the board of public charities, Mr. Harrison devoted much time and attention to the insane department of the Philadelphia Hospital, to which Dr. Richardson in his annual reports gratefully refers.

In 1874, a committee of councils reported in favor of the erection of a series of temporary wooden pavilions for the medical, surgical, and insane departments. These were built in 1875-those for the insane in the space west of the department; the others, in the yard east of the northeast building of the quadrangle. The board of public charities called attention to the danger of fire from these buildings in 1879, and in 1880 the pavilions for the insane were removed. The other pavilions were used for various medical and surgical purposes, until the wards for nervous diseases were started in them in 1877. They continued to be