(a) 10 cc. of milk+cc. of?gastric filtrate. (b) 20 cc. of milk + 1 cc. of gastric filtrate. I repeated the experiment with the solution of Result: In thirty minutes the reaction occurred condensed milk several times, but always with the in both, coagulation of the casein in very fine, same result, no reaction apparently, the fluid minute flocculi. Allowed to remain in the therremaining (as shown by a jarring of the thermostat for a further half hour, the mixture showed mostat) fluid.

mostat, at the end of ten minutes rennet cake As I have shown in the article on the quantitative seemed formed and serum separating from it.

The rennet cake was of very loose texture, more an aggregation of large flocculi, and segments could be separated easily by a light shaking of the glass.

No. VII. Modified Milk, 3.6.2.

(a) 20 cc. of milk + cc. of gastric filtrate. Result: After forty minutes coagulation in large flocculi floating loose in serum.

(b) 20 cc. of milk + 1 cc. of gastric filtrate. Result: In thirty minutes rennet cake formed, but of loose texture, meshed, as it were.

D. HOME-MADE MILK MIXTURES.

determination of the gastric enzymes, already referred to, the normal time limit in which the normal reaction is produced in the ordinary liquid milk by gastric filtrates derived from different individuals is not a hard and fixed one, but has a certain range, as there set forth.

The reason for making tests with three different the smallest, quantity, to show the character of quantities of gastric filtrates was this: the first, the reaction, and the two others, the larger quanwhere much larger quantities of the enzyme come tities, to show how it would be in the stomach,

in contact with the milk.

It was for this reason mainly, namely, to make the condition as nearly as possible to what it

Fluid milk (from a trustworthy source) 3ij; would be in the stomach, that I refrained from lime water, 3 ss; distilled water, 3 ss.

No. I.

(a) 10 cc. of milk + 1 cc. of gastric filtrate. (b) 20 cc. of milk + 1 cc. of gastric filtrate. Result:

(a) In fifteen minutes rennet cake; not so firm as in undiluted milk; breaks up rather easily. (b) In fifty minutes small masses of coagula seen floating around in the serum.

No. II. Same Mixture.

20 cc. of milk + 5 cc. of gastric filtrate. Result: In twenty-five minutes a loose looking rennet cake, as if made up of separate masses of coagula; much looser than in undiluted milk, or better, a meshed rennet cake.

No. I. Milk, 3 ij; Distilled Water, 3 j. (a) 10 cc. of milk + 5 drops of gastric filtrate. (b) 20 cc. of milk + 5 drops of gastric filtrate. Result:

(a) In fifteen minutes coagulation; removed from thermostat and allowed to stand for one-half hour; serum beginning to separate, rennet cake

firm as in undiluted milk.

neutralizing the larger quantities of gastric filtrate, as is advised by some authors. Moreover, as I have already shown in the article referred to and as can be seen from the tests in the group D, milk diluted one third with distilled water, such neutralization is not necessary in so far as the proportions here and there employed are concerned.

THE QUESTION OF "JUSTIFIABLE HOMICIDE.”

BY CHARLES GREENE CUMSTON, M.D., BOSTON.
(Continued from No. 13, p. 432.)

It is to be noted that in these double suicides, often one of the two lovers has motives for killing himself, but jaded by jealousy he persuades the other to imitate him. If life no longer has charms for one of the two, the other without treason will not be able to find it later. Then to this posthumous jealousy becomes joined the egotisti

cal desire for the beloved one to share misfortunes

as well as the joys. Here love is not only egotistical, but is also a sacrifice, and the other lover will willingly make the greatest gift that he could offer, that of his life, in order to prove his passion.

(b) In forty-five minutes rennet cake, as de-A young woman of a very quiet character

scribed above.

No. II. Same Mixture.

(a) 10 cc. of milk + 1 cc. of gastric filtrate. (b) 20 cc. of milk + 1 cc. of gastric filtrate. Result:

(a) In eight minutes, coagulation, rennet cake. (b) In twenty-five minutes; in twenty minutes, serum separating.

No. III. Same Solution.

learned that the parents of her lover refused consent to their marriage. When she saw him next time she pointed out to him the great grief of living apart, and then covering him with a thousand caresses she begged him to kill himself as she was to do, saying, "I have decided to die rather than to leave you; give me this proof of love." A large open fire was burning in which they both expired in each other's arms.

In other cases it is the man who, forced to suicide by debts or by some dishonorable action, 20 cc. of milk +5 cc. of gastric filtrate. persuades his mistress to imitate him before. Result: At the end of fifty-five minutes well- killing himself. In one case one of them wrote: formed rennet cake and serum separated from it," Resolved to finish with life, the wild idea of not firmer in texture than that resulting in the milk mixture containing lime water, and almost as firm in texture (in appearance) as that produced in undiluted milk.

As to any slight discrepancies in the time of re-a action, these must be laid to the account, firstly, of the variation in the amount of the casein contained in the different modifications and solutions, and, secondly, to that of different gastric filtrates.

dying alone comes to me." The man alone had the motive for killing himself; he persuaded his mistress to imitate him from the fear that after his death she would belong to another. This is crime by suggestion.

If one believes the explanation upheld by the defense in the case of the double suicide of Chambige and his mistress, it was caused by the desire that the former had not to outlive his dishonesty.

young woman with her father. The two young people loved each other, but the father of the girl declared that marriage was impossible. In despair H. A. resolved to kill himself, but before putting an end to his days, he killed the girl. He then fled, took a large dose of arsenic and threw himself out of the window. He died a few days later.

It may happen that the man, after killing the one of whom he is jealous, renounces the idea of killing himself and thus we come back to murder from jealousy, of which we have already spoken. In a very interesting book by Sighele entitled

According to this version, which is probably the true one, it was Mrs. N. who had the idea of suicide and imposed it upon Chambige as a condition of their love. We will briefly relate this affair to which we will frequently make allusion. In the vicinity of Constantine, in a quiet village belonging to an honorable family, pistol shots were heard on a certain day. Upon this the doors were broken open and a young woman was found lying on her bed dead, undressed, her head showing a pistol wound. Beside her lay a young man slightly wounded in the head. The woman belonged to an excellent family, mother of several children, possessing not only a good reputation," Le Crime à Deux," this progression from suicide but even one of austerity. The man was a to crime is made very clear by an excellent table. young student by the name of Chambige with a In consulting this table double suicide wished for restless mind, rendered so by bad literature and and desired by both parties comes first; then friends. Three explanations were at least given after, and already approaching murder, comes for this crime. Chambige gave the following one: suicide, where one of the parties alone has motives Mrs. N. would not outlive her mistake, and im- for killing himself, the execution of the crime posed as the price of her fall the double suicide. being generally performed by him, in other words, According to one of the explanations proposed a murderer by persuasion. Then the despairing by the prosecuting attorney, there was simply one begs his companion to commit suicide, but rape committed followed by murder; Chambige being refused he kills her. In the next class no got his victim into a trap and, after having abused demand is made, but the crime is committed, her, killed her. According to still another ex- and lastly the act is committed from jealousy, planation, Chambige was depraved and mentally but the perpetrator does not kill himself, in which low; he was a kind of sadist who wished to procure case we have murder, properly speaking. for himself the sensations of an assassin, according Jealousy is not the only cause of suicide from to a statement made by him and which weighed heavily on the minds of the jury.

Occasionally the only motive for a double suicide is jealousy on the part of one of the lovers. Thus the lover of a young married woman, tortured by jealousy that he had for her husband, resolved to kill his mistress and himself. In order to accomplish his end, he described his sufferings to her in such a way that she consented to die with him. She even signed a letter in which they both announced their intention of committing suicide, after which they went out to find the necessary weapon. But, when once in the street, the young woman, regaining ber possession, changed her mind and rushed into her house in order to escape her lover. He pursued her, and finding the door locked he climbed in and running up the stairs, rejoined his mistress and shot her, after which he killed himself. One may successively follow all the transitions existing between double suicide. and murder. In the last case mentioned, it was not one of double suicide but murder, and another celebrated example will show a still greater separation from voluntary double suicide. In 1889 G. S. fired two shots at his mistress B. G. and then tried to kill himself. The girl died, the assassin lived. It was shown at the trial that for a long time he had endeavored to persuade the girl to kill herself with him, but all in vain. Then, rather than killing himself he did not take into account her refusal and killed her. In this case, S. had tried in the first place to obtain the consent of his victim, but other murderers have not even tried to obtain this consent. Decided to commit suicide they begin by killing the one they love. In a house near Naples there lived a young man, H. A., nineteen years of age, and a

love and the motive is often difficult to discover. It is the attraction that death produces over lovers, a kind of "moral vertigo" which seizes them and causes them to express the egotistical desire to die together. The human heart is an unexplored region, and as yet it is impossible to say whether it belongs to the alienist or the psychologist. This need of destruction, in order to better love, seems to have taken possession of the minds of the greatest geniuses; Goethe, Byron, Musset, Vigny, Beaudelaire, were tortured by this thought, and beside poets, no lesser men than Balzac and Renan were also afflicted. These authors have frequently been reproached for expressing these ideas, but in reality one should be more astonished that they had them than otherwise. It is a peculiar disease of the imagination when the thing that man hates the most, namely, death, becomes the object of his desire.

What is the cause of this incomprehensible union of love and death? It is that little by little passion corrodes and finally, when it has invaded everything, it has destroyed all. These unfortunates have no longer anything outside. of their love, and this love itself is frequently made a hell of by them; they can no longer live without it, nor with it. They finally renounce life, hoping to find in death an eternal marriage.

Jealousy is not the only sentiment which arms two lovers against each other, and it is often for other reasons that the effects of love more closely resemble those of hatred than those of friendship. In the first place there is the desire of avenging one's honor, the withered honor of a deceived husband, the lost honor of the young girl seduced and abandoned. It is to be understood that this desire of avenging one's honor

does not exclude jealousy, and it is nearly always A discussion commenced, during which S. prejealousy of those who have betrayed them, as in tended that he was not the father of the child, the case of the deceived husband or the abandoned and immediately the young girl drew a revolver girl. But the determining motive which pushes which she had hidden in her muff and fired at her them to crime, that they openly confess to and lover, hitting him in the mouth. At the trial the which is usually true, is the obsession of avenging girl declared that she had no intention of killing their honor. her lover. The Court, taking into consideration The story of the seduced girl is common and the circumstances of the case and the motive nearly always the same. Generally one is dealing which had caused the accused to act, merely gave with a coquettish girl, her parents having given her two months' imprisonment. All this proves her tastes which are disproportionate to her con- that the jury represents faithfully public opinion dition, she is more refined than the men of her by acquitting, since magistrates themselves, when social class, and she dreams of better things. On the occasion is presented, decide in the same way. the other hand, since her infancy, she has been Another dramatic adventure took place at spoken to of love; it has been laid before her in Marseilles a few years ago. An officer of rank in prose, verse and music, and it finally appears to the army, without fortune, had the imprudence to her that it is the only end in life. Friends, give a taste of luxury to his daughter, whom he sisters, the parents themselves sometimes, after adored, and had given her the education of a these dreams, have permitted her to understand princess. He had a married brother, a rich the realities. Finally, a man appears upon the business man at Nice, but without children. The scene; he is loved beforehand, he speaks, presses latter came to see his brother, the officer, and his suit and demands; the fall is soon consum- proposed taking his daughter with him to Nice. mated. He comes to the girl with the egotism The father consented and the uncle started with of man and his experience. For him love is mere play, and since he is a past master in it he soon comes out conqueror, sometimes astonished by the great ease of his victory and the inexperience of his weak adversary. The illusion, however, is of short duration.

his niece. She was pretty, vivacious and gay. His wife was no longer either pretty, or young. It was not long before he felt the charms of youth and beauty and he fell desperately in love with the girl. She, being very much spoiled by her uncle, who satisfied her luxurious tastes, and very sensible to the affection with which he surrounded her, the nature of which she did not understand, did not know how to defend herself against the plot of which she was the object. Her uncle, abusing her confidence and innocence, finally overcame her last scruples by promising her that her honor would be perfectly safe in the eyes of the world. However, pregnancy occurred and along with it her dishonor.

The man promises marriage to his mistress, and for that matter he has promised her most everything else. Then pregnancy occurs. The mistake is forever public, and not only the lover no longer wishes to marry his mistress, but he immediately disappears in order to escape the duties of paternity. What is still worse, it is often to marry another that this man goes away, a cruel injury because it is merited, for the simple reason that the mistress has remained a true Upon learning this news her father died brokenwoman. The abandonment sums up all the hearted, and soon after this the mother killed sufferings of the woman, of the mistress and the herself. When the child was born the uncle mother; disdain of her beauty, dishonor, public wished to separate himself from his niece; after humiliation, rendered still more painful by the having wished to marry her he turned her out joy of her rival, the loss of the loved one, and, announcing his intention of placing the child in lastly, the fear of approaching misery with a child a foundling hospital. This project exasperated in her arms. Such are the reasons which have the girl. She bought a revolver; her lover forced seduced girls to avenge themselves, and allowed her to do so hoping that she would commit. juries acquit them. Examples are unfortunately far too numerous. "When I heard of the marriage of my lover to another young girl," said a young woman who was being tried for murder, my exasperation was so great that I formed a project to kill him. I loaded my pistol, disguised myself as a man, and hid myself at a spot where I knew he had to pass. As soon as he came I discharged my pistol at him."

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suicide, but this hoped-for event did not occur; she came to her uncle and reproached him for his dishonor, but the uncle merely shrugged his shoulders, saying that he did not like romance and that she was playing comedy. This reply was too much, and seizing her revolver she fired on her seducer and continued pouring bullets into him. Then, suddenly, her anger fell and love reappeared. She threw herself tenderly upon Quite recently, in the month of January, 1903, him and sponging away the blood covered him a young girl, M. C., appeared before the correc- with kisses. The uncle died from his wounds tional court of the Seine, she having shot her and the young girl was acquitted by the jury. brother-in-law, M. S. He had seduced her at In this case the existence of the child held a the very beginning of his marriage when she was prominent place beside that of jealousy in the only sixteen years old. In the month of Novem- motive of the crime, and we will mention other ber, 1902, S. left his home to live with his sister-in-cases where the future of the child was the cause law, but she being on the point of becoming a of the crime committed by a woman on her lover, mother he abandoned her. On the twelfth day her husband, or her husband's mistress. of December M. C. went to find him at his home. In 1880 Countess de T. appeared before the