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book will be found useful to many practitioners of medicine who may wish to keep themselves in touch with the development of modern physiology. For this class of readers references to literature are not only valuable, but frequently essential, since the limits of a text-book forbid an exhaustive discussion of many points of interest concerning which fuller information may be desired.

The numerous additions which are constantly being made to the literature of physiology and the closely related sciences make it a matter of difficulty to escape errors of statement in any elementary treatment of the subject. It cannot be hoped that this book will be found entirely free from defects of this character, but an earnest effort has been made to render it a reliable repository of the important facts and principles of physiology, and, moreover, to embody in it, so far as possible, the recent discoveries and tendencies which have so characterized the history of this science within the last few years.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME I.

INTRODUCTION (By W. H. HOWELL).

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Osmotic pressure, 65-Calculation of, 67-Electrolysis, 67-Grammolecular solutions,

67-Osmotic pressure of proteids, 69-Diffusion of proteids, 70.

LYMPH (By W. H. HowELL). .

Lymph-vascular system, 70-Formation of lymph, theories of, 70-The factors con-
trolling the flow of lymph, 75, 145-Pressure in lymph-vessels, 146-Effect of thoracic
aspiration on lymph-flow, 147-Effect of body movements and valves on lymph-flow,

147.

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D. THE CAUSES OF THE PRESSURE IN THE ARTERIES, CAPILLARIES, AND VEINS .

Balance of the factors producing arterial pressure, 92-The arterial pulse, 93-The

capillary pressure and its cause, 93-Extinction of the arterial pulse in the capillaries,

94-Venous pressure and its causes, 94-Subsidiary forces assisting the blood-flow, 95-

Respiratory pulse in the veins, 96-The dangerous region, entrance of air into veins, 97.

E. THE VELOCITY OF THE BLOOD IN ARTERIES, CAPILLARIES, AND VEINS . .

Measurement of velocity in large vessels, Stromuhr, 98-Measurement of rapid

changes in velocity, 100-Velocity and pressure of blood compared, 101-Relation of

velocity to the sectional area of the vascular bed, 102-Time spent by blood in

capillary, 103.

F. THE BLOOD-FLOW THROUGH THE LUNGS

G. THE PULSE VOLUME AND THE WORK DONE BY THE VENTRICLES

The cardiac cycle, 104-The pulse volume, 105-The work of the ventricles, 106—

Heart's contraction as a source of heat, 108.

II. THE MECHANISM OF THE VALVES OF THE HEART

Use of the valves, 108-The auriculoventricular valves, 108-Use of the tendinous

cords, 109-The papillary muscles and their uses, 110-The semilunar valves, 110—

Lunulæ and corpora arantii, 111.

I. THE CHANGES IN FORM AND POSITION OF THE BEATING HEART, AND THE CARDIAC

IMPULSE

General changes in the heart and arteries, 112-The heart and vessels in the open

chest, 113-Changes of size and form in the beating ventricles, 113-Changes of posi-

tion of the ventricle, 114-Changes in the auricle, great veins, and great arteries, 115

-Effects of opening the chest, 115-Probable changes in heart in the unopened chest,

116-The cardiac impulse cr apex beat, 117.

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Spongy structure of frog's heart, 179-The coronary arteries in the dog, 179-The

terminal nature of coronary arteries, 180-The effect of closure of the coronary arte-

ries, 181-The cause of the arrest of the heart after closure of the coronary arteries,

182-Fibrillary contractions and recovery from, 183-Closure of the coronary veins,

184-The volume of the coronary circulation, 184-The effect of the heart-contractions

on the coronary circulation, 185-The vessels of Thebesius and the coronary veins,

186-Blood-supply and heart-beat, 186-Lymphatics of the heart, 186.

C. SOLUTIONS WHICH MAINTAIN THE Beat of the HEART.

Methods of nourishing the heart with solutions, 187--The composition and action of

nutrient solutions, 189-The effect of CO2, organic substances, and physical character-

istics of nutrient solutions, 191-Nourishment of the isolated mammalian heart, 191.

PART IV. THE INNERVATION OF THE BLOOD-VESSELS (By W. T. PORTER). .

Historical account of the discovery of vaso-motor nerves, 192-Methods of demon-

strating vaso-motor phenomena, 195-Experimental distinctions between vaso-constric-

tor and vaso-dilator nerve-fibres, 196-Anatomical course of vaso-motor fibres, 197-

Vaso-motor centre in the medulla, 198-Vaso-motor centres in the spinal cord, 199–

Sympathetic vaso-motor centres-peripheral tone, 200-Rhythmical changes in vascular

tone, 201-Vaso-motor reflexes, 201, 202-Relation of cerebrum to vaso-motor centres,

202-Pressor and depressor fibres, 202-Vaso-motor fibres to the brain, 203–Vaso-motor

fibres to the head, 204-Vaso-motor fibres to the lungs, 205-Vaso-motor fibres to the

heart, 206-Vaso-motor fibres to the intestines, 206-Vaso-motor fibres to the liver, 206

-Vaso-motor nerves of the kidney, 207-Vaso-motor nerves of the spleen, 207----Vaso-

motor nerves of the pancreas, 207--Vaso-motor nerves of the external generative organs,

207-Vaso-motor nerves of the internal generative organs, 208-Vaso-motor nerves of

the portal system, 209-Vaso-motor nerves of the limbs, muscles, and tail, 209.

Definition of gland and secretion, 211-Types of glandular structure, 212-Older

views of secretion and excretion, 213-General proofs that gland cells take an active

part in secretion, 214-Filtration through living and dead tissues, 215.

B. Mucous AND ALBUMINOUS GLANDS-SALIVARY GLANDS

Distinction between mucous and albuminous glands, 215-Goblet cells as unicellular

mucous glands, 216-Anatomical relations of salivary glands, 217-Nerve-supply to

salivary glands, 218-Histology of salivary glands, 219-Composition of the saliva,

220-Siguificance of the potassium sulphocyanide in saliva, 221-Discovery of secre-

tory nerve-fibres to the salivary glands, 221-Distinction between "chorda" and

"sympathetic" saliva, 222-Effect of varying the strength of the stimulus upon the

composition of the saliva, 223--Theory of trophic and secretory fibres, 224-Vacuoles

in gland cells during secretion, 226-Histological changes in glands as a result of func-

tional activity, 226-Action of atropin, pilocarpin, and nicotin on secretory fibres, 229

-The normal mechanism of salivary secretion, 230-Electrical changes in the salivary

glands during secretion, 231.

C. THE PANCREAS GLANDS OF THE STOMACH AND INTESTINES..

Anatomical relations of the pancreas, 231-Histological characters of the pancreas,

231-Composition of the pancreatic secretion, 232-Secretory nerves of the pancreas,

232-Histological changes in pancreatic cells during secretion, 233-Distinction

between enzymes and zymogens, 235-The normal mechanism of the pancreatic secre-

tion, 235-The histological characteristics of the gastric glands, 237-Composition of

the gastric secretion, 238-Secretory nerves of the gastric glands, 239-The normal

mechanism of the gastric secretion, 240-Histological changes in the gastric glands

during secretion, 242-The secretion of the intestinal glands, 243.

D. LIVER AND KIDNEY..

Histology of liver in relation to the bile-ducts, 244-Composition of the bile, 245–

The quantity of bile secreted, 246-Relation of the blood-flow to the secretion of bile,

247-Secretory nerve-fibres to the liver cells, 247-Motor innervation of the bile-ducts

and gall-bladder, 248-The normal mechanism of the bile secretion, 248-Effect of

occlusion of the bile-ducts, 249-Histological characteristics of the kidney, 249-Com-

position of the urine, 250-General theories of the secretion of urine, 251-Secretion

of urea and related nitrogenous bodies, 252-Secretion of the water and salts, 253-

The blood-flow through the kidney and its relations to secretion, 255.

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