Finally, of course, there is this, that I mentioned earlier, the fact of the need within the universities for support for the teaching efforts as well as the research. The mission-oriented agencies tend usually to focus primarily on research.

Mr. DADDARIO. Dr. Long, as this committee looks at the organization of our science resources, we are also concerned about its administration and management. You indicated in these remarks that the way, in which we are organized, and in which we support activity in the universities, has brought about through its emphasis on research an improvement and an effect on teaching which as I understood has been somewhat negative. I wonder if that is what you mean.

Dr. LONG. I surely didn't mean to imply it was negative. The word I used specifically was "awkward," and it is awkward in two senses.

One is that much of the support for teaching that has come from the Federal funds, and it has been substantial, has come under this categorization of research, so that many graduate research assistance, for example, have been supported under contracts or grants labeled for research. Similarly, a number of visitors programs expansions have been under that. Now, this is by no means entirely the case. The NDEA fellowships have been important to universities and they have not had that research categorization.

It is simply that one hasn't had the situation of looking at the program as a whole by a single Federal agency, with an objective to program balance.

A second aspect, I think, of the awkwardness is that a good deal of the teaching of science, and very important components of it, are done in the undergraduate colleges and they happen not to be so interesting to many agencies if the categorization is research. So that I think of these as awkward points, but not in any sense implying that teaching has suffered thereby.

Mr. DADDARIO. Well, what would you recommend to put things in better balance? Without criticizing the Office of Education, you indicate that the teachers have been taking care of it with the left hand. How do you recommend this imbalance be dealt with?

Dr. LONG. Well, certainly I believe firmly that there should be some kind of central Federal agency which concerns itself with the totality of support, Federal support for science in institutions of higher education, and the totality includes teaching, research, equipment, and facilities. I note that commonalty in such things as contracts and grants and reporting mechanisms and patent policies also could be of substantial help. So that it is-I would hope that a coordinating activity within the Federal Government could take as responsibility problems of program balancing and problems of consistency in the policies among interested and active agencies.

I think all of that would help. I think that not only would it help in research but it would help very much in the teaching aspects. It is true that some of these things are accepted as problems by the National Science Foundation. I am perfectly glad to go on record as supporting the National Science Foundation and supporting its efforts. I would be delighted to see it grow and flourish. But I am absolutely persuaded that, in fact, for the next many years we are going to have pluralistic Federal support and it is because I am so persuaded that I think a cen

tralized agency worrying about the totality of the Federal support for teaching and research-and let me also interject that by the word "science" I explicitly would include both basic and applied science. I am in no sense attempting to make the separation between the two. Mr. DADDARIO. As we go along, gentlemen, and as the committee asks questions, if any of the others at any stage of the game feel as though they want to say something, please just chime in.

Dr. LONG. So, to summarize then, this is one area, the area of this Federal program for the support of teaching and research in science and higher education itself where I think greater Federal centralizing, coordinating, planning, and balancing of activities would be desirable. The second broad area that I would mention is this very large question of a national program in basic and applied science. Obviously, we have a national program. All you have to do is take the summation of everything that private industry does in basic and applied science and what the universities do and what the Federal laboratories do and sum it, and you can say that is our national program.

It is my belief that the components of this national program should be a concern of the Federal Government. And I think if the Federal Government is going to respond to this concern, it is going to need something in the way of a rather strong centralized activity. The problems of those, of program balance and especially the problem of response to new national needs. It is a fact that historically the program you have at any given time-this is a somewhat curious mixture of private enterprise responding to its profit interests, of research, institutions including universities and Federal laboratories, continuing programs that have some history to them, and then the various new responses that are building up. And recently we have all been very conscious of the importance of response to new social needs which we see here now and which we increasingly see on the horizon.

Now, conceivably the Federal Government could say, we are not going to participate actively in thinking about this, the national program. We are going to be rather standoffish and sort of let the program grow as various agencies and institutions make their contributions. I don't think that is possible. I don't think it is possible even in basic science and I am quite sure it is not possible in applied science. I think that impacts for new programs for modification of ongoing programs will come to the Federal Government. They will come in the way that we have heard recently, frequently. Various people say let's expand the space program or let's expand the program in environmental research or something else. It will come as a consequence of studies of this and other committees asking, Is the United States responding adequately to some of its needs? I think these pressures from the Federal Government and from outside will make it impossible for the Federal Government to do anything else but accept rather seriously a responsibility for the national program in science. Now, some mechanisms clearly exist. Hearings before congressional committees like this very one clearly represent a kind of response to questions of program balance.

Activities of the Bureau of the Budget certainly are another kind of response. The Office of Science and Technology and the President's Science Advisory Committee both studied these various questions and

make recommendations. I don't however, think this is enough. I don't think that when you add on what is done within the Federal Council for Science and Technology, either, that one has enough. And I myself think that we do need a significant added mechanism.

Now, the particular word I used in this statement is a planning bureau for national or Federal science programs, where again, I would mean both basic and applied science. And I would think of it as probably located in the executive branch but quite clearly responsive to Congress. It is conceivable that an appropriate home would be in the National Science Foundation, but if it is there I do think it would have to be in such a way so it had a separate budget and be given a very explicit degree of autonomy.

Now, I am aware that any time you talk planning and balancing and analytical functions of this sort that people can point to dangers. I am sure it is so that unimaginative analysis and short-range planning could add to problems rather than help. I am sure that an agency like that could be subjected to pressure. On the other hand I am absolutely persuaded that the potential for positive good is really very great, and I don't see how the Federal Government can avoid doing just as this committee has been doing, in attempting to respond to this need.

Now, I also suspect, and this is a very-almost an interpolated remark, that if the Government shows itself interested in it and concerned, that you will find that various parallel non-Government groups will also respond more vigorously in much the way that the Brookings Institute has responded to problems of the national economy. On the whole, I think that would be a very good thing.

The third area I would point to as needing more centralized concern is that of the direct federally managed science programs. I am thinking of the dozens upon dozens of in-house federally sponsored or federally supported laboratories, laboratories that in the main are direct components of the many Federal agencies.

Now, I would add to that the large Federal contract laboratories, in particular the AEC laboratories.

This is a great big operation. I believe, I am absolutely persuaded, that the Federal agencies need these in-house laboratories. I do not believe, as is occasionally argued, that private industry could take over the applied research that the Federal agencies need. I am persuaded in fact that the very business of managing industrial R. & D. contracts almost requires that there be significant in-house capability. Let me interpolate that I say this with some trepidation in the presence of General Schriever, who really knows about these things, and I take it that he will set me straight later. But I myself am persuaded that it is correct that we have a substantial Federal in-house program of research, especially in applied science, but with the appropriate basic science, to give the program viability.

Now, given then, I think we ought to have this program, I think it is a fact that it raises a number of problems. The problem of keeping laboratories of this sort at a high level of efficiency is not an easy one. That is especially true if they are in classified areas where interaction with outside professional groups is more difficult. I think that the fact that these laboratories have neither the particular kinds of goals that

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private industry laboratories have, nor this automatic renewing flow of students that come to the universities, means that one has to pay rather more attention to the problem of keeping them up to date.

Equally important, I think, is the fact that missions change, and the laboratory which is built up in response to a particular mission can get obsolete or at least obsolescent as the importance of that mission diminishes.

There is a good deal of talk about overlapping among the laboratories of the various supporting agencies. I suspect this is an overdrawn criticism, but I think there is something in it and it would need attention.

Now, I think, myself, that here is another area where centralized Federal activity is needed. The problems clearly are coordination, integration, mission analysis, forward planning, with all of them being needed with respect to this Federal program.

I think there are two other things which are needed. I think methods to enhance the interactions of these Federal laboratories, both with each other and with the universities, is needed, and I think it is an important thing to be worked on.

The example that many of us quote as an excellent example of this is the JILA program between the National Bureau of Standards and the Physics Department of the University of Colorado, out at Boulder. I think this is an excellent example of a mutually beneficial collaboration between a Government laboratory and a university. And one would only hope this is a model for a good many similar ones.

In the other category, there is a problem of broadening the mission of a good many Federal laboratories. As missions diminish in importance, one way to utilize a big Federal laboratory is clearly to give it some component of a new mission. I have personally been delighted at the imaginative way by which the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, under Dr. Weinberg, has extended its mission to go beyond AEC activities and to pick up, specifically, desalination and civil defense.

So that a centralized facility, in addition to the absolutely essential tasks of coordination, integration, forward planning, and so on, could play a very real role in these areas.

Mr. DADDARIO. Dr. Long, is the best way to encourage multiple use of the laboratories illustrated by the two examples you have given? Does that happen by plan and design or is it because the director happens to have the influence to sort of push off his sponsor, so he can do some things which he believes his laboratory is able to do? Since we have so many laboratories and since there are so few cases of their multiple use, I wonder if you might have some comment about how this might be better done by design rather than just by reference to the idea that it ought to be done and it is being done in a couple of places. The paucity of activity here is something that would indicate that there is no grand design and we are not going to improve simply because we have in a few places.

Dr. LONG. I absolutely agree. The JILA program, I think lots of people have helped on, but my personal guess is that it is primarily attributable to one particular person; namely, Lou Branscomb. I think a great deal of the push and the vigor that put this through was

his. And I do think it is a shame that that example hasn't been picked up with greater vigor in more places. I think that it is too much to expect great initiative from individual laboratory directors without a design behind it, without some kind of policy that says this is a desirable thing.

The function of a centralized activity, for my money, could be to develop the kind of policy that says interactions between Federal laboratories and universities of the JILA type are appropriate, are desirable, and ought to be actively sought after.

So I do agree one needs it.

I think it is even more the case in the question of extending the activities of a given laboratory. I, without being in any sense certain of this, have always felt that the Oak Ridge activity was a tribute to the imaginative activities and ideas of Al Weinberg. It is a fact that there has been not very much following of that pattern. I would hope that a centralized Federal activity would treat this as something that was important and desirable and could in some way both inform national laboratories, big laboratories of this, but also goad them a bit.

Mr. DADDARIO. You can see a coincidence at Oak Ridge, Dr. Weinberg's tremendous influence and his desire to do something else at a time when the laboratory was having some difficulty in being used to 100-percent efficiency.

Therefore putting the sponsors in danger of a loss of fund if some activity was not generated. So it was more the coincidence of the situation rather than by any particular plan.

We have talked in this committee from time to time about the possibility of designating several laboratories when I say several, it could be four or five, 10 or 12. If we could only come to some rating judgment. And see if somewhere-the Bureau of the Budget sees no reason why this can't be done. To give the director of these x number of laboratories a certain amount, 5 or 10 percent of the moneys available to many each year, to spend as he would like in keeping with what he believes his laboratory could offer, in a multiple of areas, whatever those might be. This could be a step in the direction of developing the kind of attitude within which this country could encourage multiple-agency use of the ongoing laboratories as you recommend.

Dr. LONG. I would be delighted to see that. I have been particularly close to this with respect to another AEC laboratory; namely, Brookhaven, a large, very able laboratory. It may not feel the loss of mission to the degree of Oak Ridge, I don't know. But the university consortium involved, AUI, is interested in seeing to it that we actively consider new missions. I think our encouragement and support will be something, but a national policy along these lines would be enormously more helpful, particularly if the national policy carried as you sug gest 5 or 10 percent of the budget along with it.

I think that kind of thing does need encouragement, and I have much hope the committee considers this sort of thing.

Mr. MOSHER. Mr. Chairman.

Mr. DADDARIO. Mr. Mosher.

Mr. MOSHER. If you gave each one of these Government laboratories the go sign in terms of discretionary authority and encouragement to