tender to the Spanish throne, who is married and has four daughters and a son, Prince Jaime, born in 1870. The Spanish reigning family are Bourbons, descendants of King Louis XIV. of France. SWEDEN AND NORWAY. Oscar II., King of Sweden and Norway, born January 21, 1829; son of Oscar I. and grandson of Marshal Bernadotte. He married, 1857, the Princess Sophia of Nassau, and has had four sons, the eldest of whom is the Prince Royal Gustavus, born 1858; married, 1881, to the Princess Victoria of Baden, and has two sons and a daughter. The King has a niece, Louise, married to the eldest son of the King of Denmark. The royal family comes from Napoleon's marshal, Bernadotte, a Frenchman, who was elected heir apparent to the crown of Sweden and Norway in 1810. GREECE. George I., King of the Greeks, born December 24, 1845, elected King in 1863. He is the son of the present King of Denmark, Christian IX., and brother of the Princess of Wales and the Empress of Russia. He married, 1867, the Grand Duchess Olga, eldest daughter of the Grand Duke Constantine of Russia, uncle to the present Emperor. They have had seven children, five sons and two daughters. The eldest son is: Prince Constantine, born 1868; married, 1889, the Princess Sophia, sister of the present Emperor of Germany. The King's eldest daughter, Alexandra, married, in 1889, the Grand uke Paul, brother of the present Emperor of Russia. THE FRENCH PRETENDERS. BONAPARTIST. Or the Emperor Napoleon I. and his brothers Joseph and Louis, male issue is now extinct. The Emperor's brothers Lucien and Jerome are represented by the following living descendants, and they constitute the present Imperialist house of France: Prince Napoleon Bonaparte, son of Jerome, the youngest brother of Napoleon I., is the head of the family. He was born September 9, 1822; married, in 1859, the Princess Clotilde, daughter of King Victor Emmanuel of Italy. The issue of this marriage are: 1. Prince Napoleon Victor, born 1862. 2. Prince Napoleon Louis, born 1864. He was lately an officer in the Italian army. 3. Princess Letitia, born in 1866; married, 1888, her uncle, Prince Amadeus, Duke of Aosta, of Italy, and has issue, a son. The living sister of Prince Napoleon is the Princess Mathilde, born 1820; married, 1840, Prince Demidoff of Russia; now a widow without children. Prince Lucien Bonaparte, who is the Cardinal Bonaparte, is the representative of the eldest son of Napoleon's brother Lucien and the head of that branch of the imperial family. He was born 1828; created Cardinal, 1868. He has four sisters, married respectively to the Marquis of Rocca givoine, Count Primoli, Count de Campello, and Prince Gabrelli, and one brother, Prince Napoleon, born 1839, married, and has a daughter married to Prince Ruspoli. Prince Louis Lucien Bonaparte, born 1813, is the only living uncle of the Cardinal Bonaparte. He has no children. Prince Roland Bonaparte is the only living male cousin of the Cardinal. He is a son of the late Prince Pierre Napoleon Bonaparte; was born 1858; married, 1880, the daughter of Blanc, the proprietor of the Monte Carlo gambling-hell. His wife died in 1882, leaving him a daughter and a fortune. He has one sister, Jeanne, born 1861, and married to the Marquis de Villeneuve. Ex-Empress Eugenie, widow of the late Emperor Napoleon III., was a daughter of Count Cyprien de Montijo, a Spanish grandee, and was born May 5, 1826. She married 1853. Became a widow 1873. Her only son, Prince Louis Napoleon, was killed in Zululand in 1879. The Bonapartist faction is divided between the “Jeromists," or adherents of Prince Napoleon, who affect to accept the republic for the present, while aiming at what they call a "Consular Republic," and the "Victorists," who favor the imperial pretensions of Prince Victor, the eldest son of Prince Napoleon. BOURBON-ORLEANIST. The Count of Paris, Louis Philippe, is the eldest son of the late Duke of Orleans, who was the eldest son of King Louis Philippe. He was born August 24, 1838; married, 1864, his cousin, Princess Marie of Montpensier. The issue of the marriage are four daughters and two sons, the eldest of the latter being Robert, Duke of Orleans, heir apparent, born 1869. The eldest daughter, Princess Amelie, born 1865, is married to the present King of Portugal. The only brother of the Count of Paris is the Duke of Chartres, born 1840, and married to a daughter of the Prince of Joinville. The issue are two daughters and two sons, the eldest son being Prince Henry, born 1867, and the eldest daughter, Princess Marie, being married to Prince Waldemar of Denmark. The uncles of the Count of Paris are as follows: 1. Louis, Duke of Nemours, born 1814. He is the father of two daughters and two sons, the eldest son being the Count of Eu, born 1842, married to a daughter of Pedro II., of Brazil, and the second son being the Duke of Alençon, born 1844, and married to a Bavarian princess. 2. Francis, Prince of Joinville, born 1818, married to a daughter of Pedro I., of Brazil, and has one daughter and one son, the Duke of Penthievre, born 1845. 3. Henry, Duke of Aumale, born 1822, childless. 4. Anthony, Duke of Montpensier, born 1824; married, 1832, a sister of Queen Isabella of Spain, and has a daughter and a son, the latter being Prince Anthony, born 1866, who married, 1888, his cousin, the Infanta Eulalie of Spain. By the death of the Count of Chambord, in 1883, the elder line of the Bourbons of France became extinct, and the right of succession merged in the Count of Paris, representative of the younger, or Orleans line. QUEEN VICTORIA'S FAMILY. Queen Victoria was born May 24, 1819; succeeded her uncle, King William IV., June 20, 1837; married, February 10, 1840, Prince Albert of Coburg and Gotha, who died in 1861. Their children were: 1. The Dowager Empress of Germany (Victoria), born 1840; married, 1858, Frederick William, afterward Emperor Frederick III. of Germany. Issue, four sons (the eldest being the present Emperor) and four daughters, and nine grandchildren. 2. The Prince of Wales (Albert Edward), born 1841; married, 1863, the Princess Alexandra of Denmark. Issue, Prince Albert Victor, born 1864; Prince George, born 1865; Princess Louise, born 1867; married, 1889, the Duke of Fife; Princess Victoria, born 1868; Princess Maud, born 1869, and Prince Alexander, born 1871, died the same year. 3. The Grand Duchess of Hesse (Alice), born 1843, died 1878; married, 1862, Louis IV., Grand Duke of Hesse. Issue, two sons and five daughters, the eldest daughter, Victoria, married Prince Louis of Battenberg, 1884, and has two daughters; the second daughter, Elizabeth, is married to the Grand Duke Serge of Russia; the third daughter, Irene, tc Prince Henry of Prussia, and has a son. 4. The Duke of Edinburgh (Alfred), born 1844; married, 1874, the Grand Duchess Marie of Russia. Issue, one son and four daughters. 5. Princess Christian (Helena), born 1846; married, 1866, Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein. Issue, three sons and two daughters. 6. Princess Louise, born 1848; married, 1871, the Marquis of Lorne, eldest son of the Duke of Argyll. No issue. 7. The Duke of Connaught (Arthur), born 1850; married, 1879, the Princess Louise of Prussia. Issue, one son and two daughters. 8. The Duke of Albany (Leopold), born 1853, died 1884; married, 1882, the Princess Helen of Waldeck. Issue, one son and one daughter. 9. Princess Beatrice, born 1857; married, 1885, Prince Henry of Battenberg. Issue, two sons and one daughter. Queen Victoria has had, so far, fifty-nine children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren, of whom fifty-one are living and eight are dead. THE WORLD'S DECISIVE BATTLES. 490 B. C., Marathon-Greeks defeat Persians. 480 B. C., Thermopyla-Greeks defeat Persians. 362 B. C., Mantinea-Thebans defeat Spartans. 331 B. C., Arbela -Greeks defeat Persians. 262 B. C., Canna-Hannibal defeats Romans. 168 B. C., Pydna-Romans defeat Macedonians. 49 B. C., Pharsalia-Cæsar defeats Pompey. 42 B. C., Philippi-Brutus and Cassius defeated by Octavius. 451 A. D., Huns, under Attila, defeated by Romans and Visigoths. 1066 A. D., Hastings-Harold defeated by William the Conqueror. 1346 A. D., Cressy-English defeat French. 1429 A. D., Orleans-Joan of Arc defeats English. 1453 A. D., Constantinople taken by Turks. 1638 A. D., Leipsic-Gustavus Adolphus defeats allied armies. 1632 A. D., LutzenEnd of Thirty Years' War. 1683 A. D., Austrians defeat Turks. 1700 A. D., Narva -Charles XII. defeats Peter the Great. 1704 A. D., Blenheim-English, under Marlborough, defeat French and Allies. 1709 A. D., Pultowa-Peter the Great defeats Charles XII. of Sweden. 1757 A. D. Leuthen-Frederick the Great defeated by Aus1759 A. D., Kunersdorf-Russians and Austrians defeated by Frederick the 1760 A. D., Torgau-Prussians defeat Austrians and Allies. 1777 A. D., Saratoga-General Gates defeats English. 1800 A. D., Marengo-Napoleon defeats Austrians. 1805 A. D., Austerlitz-Napoleon defeats Austrians. 1806 A. D., JenaNapoleon defeats Prussians. 1806 A. D., Auerstadt-French, under Davout, defeat Prussians. 1815 A. D., Waterloo-English, under Wellington, defeat Napoleon. 1854 A. D., Balaklava-English, French and Turks defeat Russians. trians. Great. 1870 A. D., Graveotte-Germans defeat French. 1877 A. D., Plevna-Turkey and Allies defeat Russians. ALL ABOUT BUSINESS. ITS LAWS AND FORMS. COMMERCIAL LAW IN DAILY USE. "Value received" is usually written in a note, and should be, but it is not necessary. If not written it is presumed by the law or may be supplied by proof. The maker of an "accommodation" bill or note (one for which he had received no consideration), having lent his name or credit for the benefit of the holder, is not bound to the person accommodated, but is bound to all other parties, precisely as if there was a good consideration. No consideration is sufficient in law if it be illegal in its nature. Checks or drafts must be presented for payment without unreasonable delay. If a note is lost or stolen it does not release the maker; he must pay it if the consideration for which it was given and the amount can be proven. Notes bear interest only when so stated. A note made on Sunday is void, also one dated ahead of its issue. It may be datec back at pleasure. A note obtained by fraud or from a person in a state of intoxication cannot be col. lected. A note by a minor is void in some States, and in others it is voidable on judicial decision. Joint payees of a bill or note, who are not partners, must all join in an indorsement. One may make a note payable to his own order, and indorse it in blank. He must write his name across the face or back the same as any other indorser. After the death of a holder of a bill or note, his executor or administrator may transfer it by his indorsement. The husband who acquires a right to a bill or note which was given to the wife, either before or after marriage, may indorse it. If the letter containing a protest of non-payment be put into the post-office, any miscarriage does not affect the party giving notice. Notes of protest may be sent either to the place of business or residence of the party notified. The holder of a note may give notice of protest either to all the previous indorsers, or only to one of them; in case of the latter, he must select the last indorser, and the last must give notice to the last before him, and so on. Each indorser must send notice the same day or day following. Neither Sunday nor legal holiday is to be counted in reckon. ing the time in which notice is to be given. If two or more persons as parties are jointly liable on a note or bill, due notice to one of them in sufficient. An indorser may prevent his own liability to be sued by writing "without recourse," or similar words. The loss of a note is not sufficient excuse for not giving notice of protest. An indorsee has a right of action against all whose names were on the bill when he re ceived it. "Acceptance" applies to bills and not to notes. It is an engagement on the part of the person on whom the bill is drawn to pay it according to its tenor. The usual way is to write across the face of the bill the word "accepted," giving date of acceptance. The finder of negotiable paper, as of all other property, must make reasonable efforts to find the owner before he is entitled to appropriate it to his own purposes. If the finder conceal it, he is liable to the charge of larceny or theft. Contracts made on Sunday cannot be enforced. A contract made with a minor, or a lunatic, is void. An oral agreement must be proved by evidence. A written agreemen' proves itself. All claims which do not rest upon a seal or judgment must be sued within six years from the time when they arise. Part payment of debt which has passed the time of statutory limitation, revives the whole debt, and the claim holds good for another period of six years from the date of payment of such partial payment. The acts of one partner bind the rest. Principals are responsible for the acts of their agents. Each individual in a partnership is responsible for the whole amount of the debts of the firm, except in cases of a special partnership. The word "limited," in connection with a firm-name, indicates that a limitation of responsibility for each member is fixed. Ignorance of the law excuses no one. An agreement without consideration of value is void. INSOLVENCY. The general bankrupt law of the United States having been repealed, all proceedings of that character are regulated by the laws of the several States. These vary materially in their details, though the general results are not very divergent. The following table shows the general facts in the matter of insolvent laws, though in some States there are no specific laws, the common law or assignments prevailing and determining the decisions. |