Haller. B. '96. Der Ursprung der Vagusgruppe bei den Teleostiern. Gegenbaur, vol. 3. '98. Vom Bau des Wirbelthiergehirnes, Morphologisches Jarhb., vol. 26. Herrick, C. Judson. Festschr. f. I Theil, Salmo und Scyllium. '99. The Cranial and First Spinal Nerves of Menidia; a Contribution upon the Nerve Components of the Bony Fishes. Journ. Comp. Neur. vol. 9. '01. The Cranial Nerves and Cutaneous Sense Organs of the North American Siluroid Fishes. Journ. Comp. Neur. vol. 11. '04. The Doctrine of Nerve Components and Some of its Applications. Journ. Comp. Neur., vol. 14. '04, The Organ and Sense of Taste in Fishes. Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission for 1902. Herrick, C. L. '91. Contributions to the Morphology of the Brain of Bony Fishes. II. '92. Contributions to the Morphology of the Brain of Bony Fishes. Houser, G. L. 'or. The Neurones and Supporting Elements of the Brain of a Selachian. Jour. Comp. Neur., vol. 11. Johnston, J. B. '01. The Brain of Acipenser. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. f. Anat. u. Ontogen., vol. 15. '02. The Brain of Petromyzon. Jour. Comp. Neur., vol. 12. '02 a. An Attempt to Define the Primitive Functional Divisions of the Central Nervous System. Jour. Comp. Neur., vol 12. Kingsbury, B. F. '97. The Structure and Morphology of the Oblongata in Fishes. Jour. Comp. Neur., vol. 7. Kölliker, A. '96. Handbuch der Gewebelehre des Menschen. 6th Edition, vol. 2, Leipzig. Mayser, P. '82. Vergleichend-anatomische Studien über das Gehirn der Knochenfische mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Cyprinoiden. Zeits.f. wiss. Zool., vol. 36. Stannius, H. '49. Das peripherische Nervensystem der Fische, anatomisch und phys iologisch untersucht. Sanders, A. Rostock. '83. Contributions to the Anatomy of the Central Nervous System in Vertebrate Animals. Part I. Appendix. On the Brain of the Mormyridae. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., No. 173. LITERARY NOTICES. Harris, Wilfred. Binocular and Stereoscopic Vision in Man and Other Vertebrates, with its Relation to the Decussation of the Optic Nerves, the Ocular Movements, and the Pupil Light Reflex. Brain, 1904, 27. 107-147. 'Stereoscopic' vision differs from 'binocular' in that in the former the images of a given object fall simultaneously on homonymous sides. of the two retinae, while in the latter they may fall either homonymously or heteronymously. Now from examining experimentally the optic chiasm in the toad, chameleon, pigeon, owl, and rabbit, and from the reports of others on the cat, mouse and rat, the author concludes (p. 107) that "The decussation of the optic nerves at the chiasma is complete in all fishes, amphibia, reptiles and birds, whether possessed of binocular vision or not ;" and this notwithstanding that (p. 111) "In the lowest fishes, the cyclostoma, . . . the optic nerves do not cross the middle line, but each arises from the corresponding side of the forebrain, the nerves passing to the eyes without decussation." At most, the author may be said to have shown that 'binocular' (but not stereoscopic) vision is not incompatible with total decussation at the chiasm. He thinks probable that "the association of the visual impression received by the two eyes of the same object is effected by the commissural fibres of the corpus callosum." True stereoscopic vision is supposed impossible unless the decussation is only partial, that is, unless the optic fibres from homonymous sides of the retinae lead to the same cortical centres. The macula lutea is probably not represented in both halves of the brain as has sometimes been concluded from the fact that in most cases of permanent hemianopia, the dividing line between the blind. and the seeing halves of the field is found to pass around the fixation point, leaving it included in the seeing half of the field for each eye. But this fact is probably due to a greater power of resisting disease possessed by the macular fibres, since in cases of transient hemianopia the dividing line between the seeing and the blind fields passes exactly through the fixation point, and when recovery sets in it begins at the macular region. The macular fibres do not bifurcate at the chiasm. Conjugate, lateral and vertical movements of the two eyes (but not movements of convergence) are directly associated with semidecussation of the optic nerves at the chiasm. The more complete the decussation, the more independently of each other the eyes will be apt to move. As to the pupillary reflex, Dr. HARRIS finds (p. 139) that "in all those animals in which there is a total decussation of the optic nerves at the chiasma, only that pupil contracts which is exposed to light.” In such animals the course of the reflex is probably from the eye along the optic nerve and tract to the anterior corpus quadrigeminum of the opposite side, thence by MEYNERT'S fountain decussation to the nucleus of the third nerve on the former side, and thence back by the third nerve to the iris of the eye stimulated. In man and higher animals where the pupillary reflex to stimulation of one eye is binocular (consensual), the anterior corpus quadrigeminum of either side must be connected with the third nerve nuclei on both sides. E. B. H. Le Bon, Gustave. Psychologie de l'Education. Paris, Flammarion, 1904. (5. éd.) pp. 304. LE BON's discussion of the psychological bases of teaching is of interest to comparative psychologists, for he maintains that instincts. develop from conscious acts From this point of view all developmental progress in the race, as in the individual, is conditioned by the mechanizing of conscious activities. Education itself should be, in LE BON's opinion, the facilitation of this process. "L'éducation est l'art de faire passer le conscient dans l'inconscient." LE BON's treatment of the psychology of instruction and education makes clear the significance of studies in the development of activity, and suggests to the comparative psychologist certain lines of investigation which may yield results of practical importance in educa tion. R. M. Y. E. Bolnet. Les Doctrines Médicales, Leur Evolution. Bibliothèque de Philosophie scientifique, Flammarion, Editeur, Paris, 1905. A brief account of medical doctrines from the time antedating HIPPOCRATES, through the Middle Ages, to PASTEUR. The modern theories of immunity and of infection, with their applications to therapy and hygiene, are discussed. J. Hericonot. W. B. C. Les Frontièrs de la Maladie. Bibliothèque de Philosophie Scientifique, Flammarion, Editeur, Paris, 1905. An interesting and important discussion of the borderland between health and disease. The insideous beginnings of disturbances of nutrition and metabolism, of auto-intoxication, of chronic infectious diseases, and of attenuated forms of acute infections are treated in an illuminating manner. W. B. C. THE ANÆMIAS yield readily to organic, or true animal iron treatment. A resort to inorganic iron preparations or tonics, serves only to stimulate corpuscular proliferation without supplying sufficient nutrition to mature the blood cells. BOVININE contains 10% ANIMAL IRON, 20% coagulable albumen, and every element of nutrition of the animal, mineral, and vegetable kingdoms. BOVININE administration causes quick increase of the leucocytes, and a consequent arrest of all pathological processes. BOVININE is advertised to the Profession only. Its formula is open to all. A postal brings you our Hand-book on Haematherapy, giving valuable information to both the general practitioner and the specialist. THE BOVININE COMPANY 75 W. HOUSTON STREET, NEW YORK Back Numbers Wanted. The manager of this Journal offers a full year's ad vance subscription or a liberal cash payment for a perfect copy of any one of the following issues of The Journal of Comparative Neurology: viz., December, 1894; December, 1895; December, 1896; July, 1904; January, 1905 Address, C. JUDSON HERRICK, DENISON UNIVERSITY, GRANVILLE, OHIO. CONTENTS. A Study of the Functions of Different Parts of the Frog's Literary Notices. 355 375 457 THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY is published bi-monthly. The annual volume of six numbers comprises about 500 pages, with plates and text-figures. The subscription price is $4.00 a year, strictly net (foreign subscription, $4.30, 18 s., M. 18, 22 fr., L. 22), postage prepaid. Authors receive 50 reprints of their papers gratis and additional copies are supplied at cost. All MSS. and matter for review relating to the Structure of the Nervous System and all business correspondence should be addressed to the MANAGING EDITOR AT DENISON UNIVERSITY, GRANVILLE, OHIO. Editorial Matter relating to Comparative Psychology and the Physiology of the Nervous System should be sent directly to DR. ROBERT M. YERKES, PSYCHOLOGICAL LABORATORY, HARVARD University, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. Entered as second-class matter in the Postoffice at Granville, O. |