manure, where the conditions of moisture and warmth, necessary for the pupæ, are present; larva, pupa, emergence of the adult, structure, difference in size, number of generations, hibernation, length of life, etc. The author suggests as a subterfuge the name "typhoid fly," hoping to arouse public activity thereby.

Chapter II details carefully the natural enemies of the fly, from fungous disease to flycatching rats.

Chapter III takes up the carriage of disease by flies, giving experiments in typhoid propagation, cholera, dysentery, diarrhea in infants, tuberculosis, anthrax, yaws (frambesia), ophthalmia, diphtheria, smallpox, plague, tropical sore and parasitic worms. We reproduce herewith Fig. 18

side of houses, which is shown to be a very important matter; organization to rid communities of flies recommended and described, and advice on the subject for Boards of Health.

Chapter V describes other varieties of flies frequenting houses, such as the cluster fly, the biting house fly, the little house fly, the stable fly (which is not a stable fly, after all), the cheese fly, the fruit flies and a number of others.

Appendix I mentions flies frequenting human dejecta and those found in kitchens. Appendix II is on some flies reared from cow manure. Appendix III details some regulations of the Health Department of the District of Columbia relating to house flies. Appendix IV gives directions for building a sanitary privy. Appendix V describes

of the book, showing the tremendous number of bacterial colonies growing in the footprints of a house fly that had walkt over the sterilized agar surface of a Petri dish. It illustrates pointedly the grave dangers presented by the presence of the flies in the house, contaminating all food on which they walk.

Chapter IV is an exhaustiv discussion of remedies and preventiv measures, including screening; fly traps and poisons, where the author shows the efficacy of formalin, I part, and water, 4 or 5 parts, sweetened with sugar, in quickly killing flies; repellents; search for breeding places; treatment of horse manure, which is the favorit egg-laying medium of the female fly; removal of manure; receptions for its temporary storage; the sanitary privy; the capture of adult flies out

a simple apparatus for use in the safe disposal of night soil.

This splendid work tells what should be known by the profession and public regarding the fly family. It shows the dangers, how rapidly the flies multiply in a single season, their favorit breeding places, their manner of development from egg to adult, the way in which they become infected with disease germs and transmit it to human beings, and gives all the effectiv ways of destroying flies, the pupa and the larvæ. The information contained in this book has been needed by the profession for years to enable it intelligently to combat the pests. It is to be hoped that it will be availed of, now that it can be had. The book is a splendid sample of typographical art.-J. C. R.

OUR MONTHLY TALK.

Politics? What is (or are) politics? Policies. Many policies were discust and decided in the various state legislatures last winter, and Congress, now in extra session, is busy discussing and deciding policies. That is real politics. But filling offices, log-rolling, grafting by means of national, state or municipal contracts, and "boodling" in general should have a distinctly different

name.

The division of our vast domain into different states is a great advantage. It permits the trial of different policies in different states; and when a distinctly advantageous policy has been workt out and proved by any one state, it is usually copied by other states. For example, Oregon is now a shining example in the use of the Initiativ and Referendum and some other features of direct self-government; and Wisconsin has long been ahead in railroad legislation; and both these states are models in these respects to other states. Thus we advance; and the progress made in state government during the past winter has left little room for the pessimist. The states deserving special mention for advancement during the past winter are New Jersey and California; one on the Atlantic coast, the other on the Pacific; one democratic, the other republican (insurgent).

The state legislatures have finisht for this year, but Congress, in extra session, is working hard on governmental policies. And a striking change in the personnel and views of Congress has recently taken place. The election last November made a radical change in the House of Representativs, changing it from republican to democratic control, and leaving at home many oldtime republican leaders. The change in the Senate is graphically set forth in the following from the Phila. North American for June 14th:

Sixteen republican senators, the remnants of the old guard of special privilege advocates, who for so long had ruled the senate with absolute indifference to public opinion and public welfare, voted last night in a hopeless and abject minority against the election of United States senators by direct vote of the people in the various states.

The passage of the proposed constitutional amendment by so overwhelming a majority was not in itself so extraordinary as this stand of the sixteen stubborn opponents of representativ government.

For the sixteen, a few months ago, under the leadership of Senator Aldrich, made up the dominating force which controlled the United States in behalf of special privilege. They had held a majority of the senate in strict subjection to the will of special privilege.

In the vote last night the very men upon whom they had depended for their own strength had turned against them and were obviously seeking to placate a public so long ignored by recording themselves in favor of popular election of senators.

The sixteen were Penrose and Oliver, of Pennsylvania; Lodge and Crane, of Massachusetts; Gallinger and Burnham, of New Hampshire; Dillingham and Page, of Vermont; Brandegee, of Connecticut; Lippitt and Wetmore, of Rhode Island; Root, of New York; Smoot, of Utah: Heyburn, of Idaho; Richardson, of Delaware; and Lorimer, of Illinois.

tion.

Just two years ago, Senator Owen, of Oklahoma, having a resolution before the senate similar to the one which passed last night, askt that it be given a consideraHis proposal was met with a motion to refer the resolution to the committee on privileges and elections. A roll call was demanded by the persistent Owen, and the vote taken showed the entire republican majority to be against the whole proposition, with the exception of Senator La Follette and the two or three other progressiv republicans who then held seats in the senate. The motion was carried so easily that it was the cause of some hilarity, because it was known by every one that a reference to the committee on privileges and elections meant that the measure would not be heard of again in

that congress.

311

Yet, when the vote upon the same proposition was taken last night, the sixteen republicans were all that remained out of that defiant majority.

Of all the manifestations of changing conditions in the United States, there is none to compare with this.

And there is no reason for pessimism here. While improvement in governmental conditions does not advance as rapidly as I would like, and while new and better policies linger in the discussion stage much longer than I think they ought to (for example, the direct election of U. S. Senators), yet I have always told you that I am an optimist. If the pessimist will only look for the rapid improvement that is constantly being made in our laws and political conditions, he will find little if any reason for his pessimism. It is said that we usually find what we look for. Then let us look for the good and praise it, as well as for the bad, to condemn it. Advance, with a smiling, confident, optimistic face, instead of sulking, with a sour face.

Politics, broadly, embrace much of our lives, both public and private-industry, economics, sociology, etc. While the lawmakers have completed their year's work (except in Washington), the greatest factor of our national life is now in rapid operation. I refer to the production of crops. This is the basis of all politics, because it is the basis of our very existence. Many classes of society arrogate to themselves an importance far beyond their due; but the modest farmer has never claimed one-half his due. I think we are now more inclined than formerly to appreciate the importance of the farmer; and I hope he will become more and more inclined to assert his own importance-particularly in a political way. Our golden grain is of greater value and of vastly greater importance than the gold of our mines; and our silvery cotton of vastly greater importance than the silver of our mines. The products of the soil are the basis of all commercial, industrial and professional activities; and the sunshine of these July days is busy creating this primary wealth. We are never very far from starvation, if we would only realize it. Suppose this annual production would cease for a single year: what would become of us? strike by the farmers or by the productiv powers of Nature would affect every trade and profession, and every grade of society in a very vital way. Then, hail to the farmer!

A

Dr. W. S. Cline, of Woodstock, Va., writes as follows:

DEAR WORLD:-The part of June Talk concerning the high cost of living leads me to give you my view. I believe the increast cost of living during the past two years is caused by the combinations of the retailers. For instance, flour at the mill or delivered at the stores is $4.50 per barrel for best roller. The retailer sells it at 75c. per eighth of a barrel. It is paid for every three months. Now, is that not too high when no money is advanced? Beef costs on foot 5 to 6 cents. It is retailed at 15-another good profit. Your dealers pay us 15c. a dozen for eggs. You pay 30 to 40, don't you? It is all caused by the trusts that have their hands on the throats of the people. I could name everything you eat-the same combine for high profits. The June WORLD is "a dandy."

The retailer will say that competition regulates his prices and profits. And, I suppose, he "has troubles of his own.' However, I am sure that the problem of distribution is not yet solved as it should be and will be. There should be a more direct relation between the producer and the conThe railroads and the express companies control transportation (distribution) for their own profit. When these functions are prop

sumer. now

erly systematized and operated for the service of the public and not for private (corporate) profit, the producer and consumer can get closer together, to the advantage of both.

Another Virginia brother writes as follows:

DR. C. F. TAYLOR; DEAR DOCTOR:-Inclosed find 25c., for which please send me "The City for the People." I would like to have some of your "Talks" publisht in the local papers here, but the press of this state is so completely controlled by the "bosses." it is almost impossible to get anything of the kind publisht. I believe, tho, the people are beginning to think for themselves, and will not much longer be run by the political machine, financed by the railroads and other corporations that have special privileges and want more of them.

With all good wishes, I am, fraternally,

EUGENE PENDLETON.

Keep on trying, Dr. Pendleton. You see by above what a change has taken place in the republican Senate in a very short time. A similar change may take place in democratic Virginia. Think of New Jersey!

And a Penna, brother writes:

EDITOR MEDICAL WORLD:-Please find inclosed check for $1.25 in payment for MEDICAL WORLD and Equity. I just noticed by this month's Talk that some of the Texas legislators are wanting to back track now on the Initiativ and Referendum. Keep on and Penna. will soon have to give her people the primary rights of self-government or there will be a general slaughtering of political bosses. Yours very truly, I. S. FLEGAL. Karthaus, Pa.

Dr. Flegal, you have made a good beginning by subscribing for Equity. Pass it around among your leading citizens.

Dr. Benner, of Richmond, Contra Costa Co., Cal., writes as follows:

Some months ago THE MEDICAL WORLD, I think, fig ured out that the average income for all doctors of the U. S was about $750 per year. It also stated that there are about 140,000 doctors in this country. Of this number there are likely some tens of thousands whose income is about $10,000 per year; a larger number who receive $5,000 per year; a still larger number who get from $2,000 to $5,000. How many, then, must receive far less than $750 to make the general average $750? Why, there must be tens of thousands of such, so that their poverty in old age (as the brother in Texas) need not be blamed to poor investments, for like thousands of others, he could not have had more than a close economical living and nothing to invest in good or bad places. Don't reflect too harshly, dear Dr. Taylor.

S. M. BENNER, M.D.

I do not remember such an article in THE WORLD. Certainly the number of doctors who make $10,000 per year and get it is greatly exaggerated. There are not "tens of thousands" of them. Possibly there may be thousands of them, but certainly not many thousands-not more than two or three. Also the number of $5,000 per year doctors (who actually get the money or its equivalent) is greatly exaggerated. Doubtless the majority make from $1,000 to $3,000; more between $1,000 and $2,000 than between $2,000 and $3,000. Then there are many just beginning the struggle who make less than $750, and many who are "tapering off" who make less than $750 out of their profession. Let us hope that the "tapering off" is in a majority of cases easy and comfortable; but some, unfortunately, have a struggle from beginning to end. Sometimes this is due seemingly to causes beyond control; but usually it is because of bad business methods, or no business methods at all.

Bright Paragrafs from Collier's.

Here is a breath from the great West from Collier's:

The man who goes to Denver from the East physically decadent and gains thirty pounds in six months looks

out upon life with a cheerier humor. The crowds that foregather in Golden Gate Park in San Francisco on every Sunday afternoon in the year to listen to brasstoned harmonies are pleasure-loving and good-natured. Down in the mines and high up in the lumber camps of the West are to be found fine civility and flowing humor. There is moral sunshine, largely the result of outdoor life and personal independence. Rarely does one come upon a cabin on the far Western prairie or in the mountains without finding on the center-table a copy of Shakespeare, Burns, Dickens or Scott. These are people with earnest hopes, seeking new homes free from the trammel of more settled communities. Their mental horizon is often broadened by their physical horizon. They are tolerant and liberal. A community of Freemasons in Idaho insisted on Roman financially supporting a Catholic church to the exclusion of one of another denomination because, as they said, there was room in the town for only one church, and the Catholic priest had been first on the ground. "If your family needs your money, don't spend it here," is a sign in a Nevada saloon.

This paragraf is worth saving and frequent reading. Think of the high health of liver and soul that will lead Masons to support a Catholic church!-of course you know that the Catholics and Masons are sworn enemies (unfortunately). But here we have such spiritual health that they come together! Let us strive for spiritual health as well as for physical and financial health.

And this brings me to another striking editorial from Collier's with a religious tinge:

to

LORIMER AND THE Y. M. C. A.

In the Congressional Directory, the list of Washington addresses of senators is mostly a catalog of fashionable residence streets and pretentious hotels, until you come William Lorimer of Illinois; opposit his name is the address "Y. M. C. A. Building." Probably it would be questionable taste to allude to this fact, if Lorimer's friends hadn't done it first, and if Lorimer himself did not persistently make political capital out of this and other church connections. Senator Bailey of Texas, in his speech defending Lorimer, said:

He never touches liquor of any kind; he does not swear; he does not gamble; he does not indulge even in the small vice of using tobacco; his home life is as clean as a good woman's; and while many of those who assail him were reveling, he has made his home when in Washington with the Young Men's Christian Association.'

It is always best to try not to get excited about any thing that happens in Washington, but the impudence of the cant and hypocrisy of this, on the part of both Bailey and Lorimer, is difficult to swallow without strong feeling. Lorimer is as evil an example as the United States has ever seen of that type of boss who, by ostentatious acts of religion and charity, gets the confidence of the unsophisticated, of the unsuspecting, and of the poor, and then betrays their fundamental interests to the great corporations that exploit them. Perhaps the most pathetic fact about the poor in the great cities is their inability, because of their prejudices, their lack of experience, and the complexity of that freemasonry of business and politics which preys upon them, to choose good leaders, to know which are deserving of their confidence and which are stool-pigeons of the corporations. Few men have done more than Lorimer to keep the poor in poverty and make impossible the spiritual expansion which is the first concern of religion.

And here is still another bright observation from Collier's, which leads us to the leading political issue that is now before the American people the reciprocity agreement with Canada:

Walter Scott pointed out that live cattle in Great Britain went by Saxon names; as ox, sheep, hog, calf; while the food was described in Norman-French, as beef, mutton, bacon, veal. The Saxon serfs tended the cattle and the Norman barons ate the meat. Mr. Lenroot, of Wisconsin, arguing for amendments to the reciprocity agreement, observed:

The people do not eat cattle upon the hoof
that are admitted free. They do eat beef, which
will have a tariff of one and a quarter cents a
pound.
Wheat is free, but
there will remain a tariff of fifty cents a barrel
upon flour.

*

*

Our position has been from the beginning that the reciprocity bill should be passed, but also that it was

(Continued over next leaf.)

very defectiv and should be strengthened wherever it can be strengthened without being killed.

My position on this issue is very similar to Collier's. If it were "put up to me" I would vote for it as it is, rather than to make no step at all in the way of closer neighborliness with Canada; but I would try hard to first get it amended so as to increase its benefits to the masses of the people on both sides of the line, and not specially favor the trusts on this side of the line.

A Gleam of Hope in Pennsylvania.

"The spacious purposes of history"-how such a cosmic vision of events reduces to insignificance the shrewish scoldings of shrunken-souled "patriots" who live to incite suspicion, spread misunderstanding and stir up trouble!

THOROUGH PREPARATION FOR

All State Board Medical Examinations

As time is an important factor, I give as much attention to showing what NOT to read as what should be carefully studied.

The election of the United States senators by a direct vote of the people.

Direct primaries for the delegates to National Conventions, with opportunity for the voter to express his choice for president and vice-president.

Amendment to state Constitution providing for the Initiativ and Referendum and Recall.

A thorogoing corrupt practise act.

The commission government for the third-class cities of Pennsylvania.

When this can be done in boss-ridden Penna., this platform should find easy acceptance in every other state in the Union.

"The Spacious Purposes of History."

Now let us close with the most striking bit of eloquence that I have read in recent years-and it comes from the lips of a Japanese. The_following is clipt from World's Work for June, page 14439:

The

Speaking at a banquet in New York given in celebration of the ratification of the new treaty between the United States and Japan, Baron Uchida, the Japanese Ambassador, employed words which ought to put to shame the exclamations of short-sighted jingoes. President sent a telegram roundly denouncing the authors of the "mischievous and malignant rumors so persistently circulated by enemies of both countries" and the Secretary of State, Mr. Knox, ridiculed the fears of those who lie awake nights affrighted over the prospect of Japanese "control of the Pacific." The ambassador pointed to the two flags that hung draped behind the toastmaster's chair, and said:

Gentlemen, have you ever considered those two flags, the flags of our countries? Have you failed to note that the patriot fathers who designed them have made it forever impossible for us to fight?

There have been wars of the Cross and the Crescent, of the Red Rose and the White, but the Sun and the Stars have never quarreled in their courses, neither shall the two flags which bear those celestial emblems ever be carried at the heads of hostile armies. It is unthinkable, impossible. They talk of rivalry, of the control of the Pacific; as if an ocean whose area is greater than that of all the continents combined could ever be controlled by any one Power. people may be ambitious, but they have no ambition so great as that.

My

No, our ambition is not to see our flag "dominate the Pacific," but to see the firmament that arches over that ocean hung with the mingled splendors of our two banners-the star-spangled ensign of America and the sun-flag of Japanlighted with morning effulgence and jeweled with starry radiance. Sooner shall the day and the night fly to arms to decide who should rule that sea of peace than the two great nations that dwell on its opposit shores fall out over the destinies assigned to each by Nature's laws.

There is one glory of the sun and another glory of the moon, and one star differeth from another star in glory, but there is room in the ample gulfs of the sky-there is room in the spacious purposes of history-for the glory of all!

Physicians removing from one State to another can obtain valuable assistance, and save much time, trouble and money. Address

OSTEOPATHY

Is made plain for your practical use. Directions are given for treating each disease. 108 half-tone engravings showing exactly how and where the treatments are applied.

A book of 335 pages, cloth, sent prepaid for $2.50; half Morocco $3.50. Circulars sent.

"It is the best book we have seen from this school."— Medical World.

"The neatest book that has come to our table in a long time."-Oklahoma Physician.

"We earnestly recommend that this book be added to the purchases you make for this year."-Medical Council.

writes:

Another Pennsylvania physician "Please hurry inclosed order for A-f-sal. I need this as soon as you can send it. I find it to be the remedy that has most helped my mother, who has had rheumatism for seventeen years."'

For additional evidence and information, see page opposite Table of Contents (page xiii) in this issue.

Battle & Co., of St. Louis, have just issued No. 16 of their series of charts on dislocations. This series forms a most valuable and interesting addition to any physician's library. They will be sent to readers of THE MEDICAL WORLD free of charge on application, and back numbers will also be supplied. If you have missed any of these numbers, better write Battle & Co., 2001 Locust Street, St. Louis, Mo., for them before the supply is exhausted.

A patient once askt her physician why his mustasche was black and his hair was gray. "Why," he replied, "my mustasche is twenty years younger than the hair on my head."-Los Angeles Times. (Continued on page xx.)