them for a long time. No positive evidence exists as to where they are, and it seems to be generally accepted that they are either dead or gone where they are no longer a menace to the safety of our citizens. A railroad has been constructed across the San Carlos Reservation within the year which, in my judgment, will be very potent as a civilizer.

There has been some little friction between the Navajoes and whites in northern Arizona over the settlement of lands and the possession of watering places, but nothing serious has resulted, and I am informed that an amicable adjustment is being had whereby the rights of the Indian, as well as the white man, will be properly recognized. I deem the question of the future of the Navajo Indians the most important that confronts the Indian Bureau. The tribe is increasing in popula tion, while there is not sufficient water and productive land within the limits of their reservation for their use.

Under the terms of their treaty with the Government they are required to remain within the limits of the reservation, except when hunting, under certain conditions, etc. If the treaty is enforced it will undoubtedly work a hardship upon the Indians; if not enforced there is always likely to be more or less friction between them and white settlers and occupants of the public domain, and those in possession of springs and watering places long distances away from the reservation, but which were used by the Indians for many years prior to the execution of the treaty. How to arrange this matter justly and properly care for these wards of the Government I consider a very serious question. The Navajoes are powerful, well armed, and comparatively well supplied with cattle, horses, and sheep, and if they should become warlike it would take a large force a long time to subdue them.

The Indian schools throughout the Territory are very prosperous, as the following report will show:

PHOENIX INDIAN SCHOOL.

Following is a report on the affairs of the Phoenix Indian Industrial Training School for the past year by the superintendent of the institution:

This school has grown during the year from 250 to 450, the average for the year being 418 and the enrollment 480, composed of the following-named tribes, viz:

The good results obtained from introducing advanced pupils from other tribes were immediate and decided. This innovation caused the Pima Indians much

uneasiness at first. They had fostered the idea that this school was theirs by divine right and in fee simple. They resented foreign intrusion and glowered at the newcomers. Some ran away. After awhile, however, as friendships were formed, false conceptions were banished, clans were broken up, cordiality returned, and peace and good-fellowship reigned. The intermingling of different tongues is the surest and best way to teach English and broaden the tribal view.

The year has been one of progress. The school has been a veritable beehive of industry. Enthusiasm glowed in every heart and shone on every face. The hum and song of the tools of industry were heard on every hand. All the various trades nsually taught at schools of class 2 have been energetically carried on. Besides these our boys have molded, manufactured, and burned nearly 1,000,000 fine brick, doing the work entirely themselves after the first kiln had been burned. With these brick we have built a fine large barn, a bakery, boiler house, bath house with plunge bath annex, our boys being taught the trade of bricklaying and doing all the work on the plunge bath.

Some 300,000 brick have been sold to the contractors of the new buildings. These buildings consist of a two-story stone and brick school building of twelve rooms and assembly hall, with steam heat, slate blackboards, electric bells, and all modern improvements; a two-story stone and brick building with basement, to be occupied by cold storage, mess kitchen and dining hall, children's kitchen and dining hall, and teachers' quarters; a two-story shop building for use of tailor, harness maker, shoemaker, carpenter, blacksmith, and wagon maker.

We are vigorously kicking ourselves free of our swaddling clothes and blooming into masterful manhood. For the fiscal year 1899 we have appropriations for 600 pupils thus making us the second school in the service in size for water and sewerage systems and a large dormitory.

The literary and industrial work have gone hand in hand. They are the Siamese twins of education. The theory learned in the class room is exemplified in the workshop. Indolence is the cankerworm of progress; so our pupils are taught to kill the worm. The various literary teachers are required to visit the industrial teachers often enough to keep familiar with the work; then the arithmetic, the history, the geography, are used to elucidate and illumine dull labor. Thus do we maintain the proper correlation between the literary and industrial. A head full of theory is a despicable piece of vainglorious sounding brass, only a little more to be despised than cunning hands yoked to a fool; but when the head and hands are working in harmony then we have a jolly team of irresistible forces.

We pride ourselves on being a working school. No child is permitted to work as he pleases. "Putting in time" is not sufficient. The child is taught how to do a thing, when to do it, and to do it whether he wants to or not. More than this, he is taught to do it with as much skill and speed as any other person could.

After all, it is not the size of the buildings, beauty of locality, nor the size of its appropriations that make the great school. The secret does not lie even in the fame of its instructors, their degrees, or what they have published. The real secret of the success of any school lies in its employees as a corps, and the nearer these teachers are to simple humanity-Christ-like humanity-the grander and more enduring the success. In teaching Indians especially the teacher must not soar; he must creep and grope. To free him from his prejudices the teacher must use great diplomacy, for the searching after truth is more valuable than the truth for which we search. Our employees have been exemplary examples of right living.

The health of pupils during the year has been most excellent.

With one exception this school possesses the finest opportunities in the service for profiting by the so-called "onting system." Arizona is populated by the best of people-people of refinement and means who have come seeking for health or business openings. There is a demand for 500 of our pupils within 10 miles of the school. This practical home training gives the pupil precisely the training he required. The wages paid range from $6 to $20 per month.

Owing to the miserable policy of filling this great institution with raw material from the near-by reservations each year, it has been impossible to anywhere meet this demand for our pupils. These pupils are usually small and are absolutely ignorant and inexperienced. The school has been more of a nursery than the training school it should be. This school in the future will be filled with advanced pupils transferred from other schools; then the splendid opportunities in the way of trades and "outings" will be utilized. During the year about 150 pupils have taken advantage of the "outing system," thus accumulating practical knowledge of modern housekeeping, individual thinking, and planning, thus establishing character and independence, besides some hundreds of dollars in cash. The expenditure of the money earned is supervised by the matron, who keeps accounts and helps the girls

to save.

Another point in connection with our school: Every year our Eastern and Northern schools are obliged to return many pupils to their homes owing to the development,

in their cold climate, of the child's inherent lung diseases. These children are thus deprived forever of all mental and moral development. Nondevelopment is no hardship to the camp child, who is satisfied because she knows of nothing better. But to the child whose faculties have been fertilized with the pollen of quickened thought, whose eyes have beheld the Canaan of knowledge, whose soul has awakened to a grasp of the infinite, the sudden blighting of all her fond hopes, ambitions, and yearnings is the modern Inquisition. Such keen disappointments kill.

Instead of sending the child home, why not send her to the Phoenix School? This climate will not create new lungs, but it will heal the organ if there is anything left to heal. The child may then finish her studies while the body is healing.

The location of the Phoenix School is most admirable for valuable practical instruction in two very important industries, viz: Farming by irrigation and mining. In all the vast region west of the Rockies these two industries are paramount. Agriculture and horticulture in this vast region and the region east of the Rockies have few elements in common. Our farming is all subject to irrigation; therefore a knowledge of the kind of soil, its elements, porosity, etc., is required in order to know how to irrigate. Then our crops are different in kind. This is especially true of our fruits. Yet our Indian children are sent to Haskell and Carlisle (both most excellent schools) to learn how to farm.

All the principles which apply to successful farming by irrigation are taught here, and it is truly surprising how eager the boys are to acquire this knowledge and how quickly they apply it on their home farms. Besides the farming proper, we give thorough instruction in dairying, flower and fruit culture.

We hope this year to be able to start our mining department. The Indian is the natural prospector. His nature, love of outdoor life, habits, powers of endurance, and knowledge of the country all combine to make this his ideal vocation. Given the proper knowledge of mineral geology, values of ores, and how to work his mining properties, and there is no reason why he should not be an important factor in wealth production, and in a way, too, that does not bring him into direct competition with thousands of equally deserving but less fortunate white people.

It does seem to me to be far wiser to give an Indian the kind of knowledge that will help him develop his natural resources than to push him, half ripe, into positions created for him. By providing places as teachers and clerks for the Indian youth, by paying them salaries largely in excess of what they could earn in outside labor markets, and by favoring them to the extent of admitting them to these positions simply because of color, while other races are subject to crucial examinations, we simply foster the deplorable policy of governmental paternalism.

This school is located in the beautiful Salt River Valley, which is surrounded by mineral-bearing mountains. Gold, silver, copper, lead, granite, sandstone, onyx, etc., are found in abundance within 100 miles. Many of these are also found on every reservation throughout the West. They lie untouched, valueless, while thousands starve because of the Indian's ignorance. The Indian builds his shack on a million-dollar hill, while the white men beg for work and women for bread.

The Indian should be taught to help himself, then to help others; thrift and benevolence, not idleness and greed.

I hope to soon teach the theory and practice of mining in all its branches. Music forms a very large and important part of our school instruction, we considering it an invaluable aid to mental and moral activity and development. Our band is highly appreciated and much sought after. Our orchestra astonishes those who think there is no music in the Indian. The choir and girls drum corps are pleasant and profitable features.

PUBLIC BUILDINGS.

The completed public buildings of Arizona consist of the Territorial prison, situated at Yuma; the Territorial university, at Tucson; the insane asylum, at Phoenix, and the normal school, at Tempe, all of which have been erected at Territorial expense. Not one dollar has ever been appropriated by Congress for the erection of public buildings in Arizona. The nineteenth Territorial legislature passed an act authorizing an issue of Territorial bonds amounting, at their face value, to $100,000, for the purpose of erecting a capitol building, which act was ratified by Congress. The bonds have been sold and the construction of the building, as authorized by law, will be commenced without delay.

A building known as the Territorial Reform School Building, situated at Flagstaff, has been partially completed. The building will be fin

ished within the year and will probably be used for normal-school purposes, as there are no vicious youth in the Territory in duress, and therefore no reformatory is needed.

ARID LAND.

The question of disposition of or suitable legislation for the reclamation of the arid lands of the West is constantly recurring in Congress, and many theories have been advanced and plans suggested, but so far no defined policy has been adopted. Large appropriations have been sought to carry out theoretical plans for reclamation, but so far it has been impossible to even get these lands surveyed. Arizona is very deeply interested in the subject. As before stated, the greater part of the arid land of Arizona is very favorably located for reclamation. Reservoir sites on the Salt and Verde Rivers, upon the Gila and Agua Fria, Santa Cruz, Little Colorado, Hassayampa, and several other smaller streams, present the very best advantages for the storage of water enough to reclaim an area of country larger in extent than several of the New England States. The water supply is ample and only needs conservation. Private enterprise would no doubt build many reservoirs and canals if the lands belonged to the Territory and were available.

I earnestly recommend that the arid lands of Arizona be ceded to the Territory, and the necessity of further legislation by Congress on the subject thereby relieved.

If it were possible to secure sufficient financial help from the General Government, to be expended under suitable regulations, to build canals and reservoirs for the reclamation of the arid lands of the West, and thereby rapidly develop and populate the now unoccupied and unproductive sections, I would earnestly favor such a plan; but experience has taught us that Congress will not appropriate large sums of money for such a purpose, and the constituents of the members of Congress from the East and Middle West do not want their Representatives to appropriate money for which they will be taxed to bring into competition with them large areas of new farm lands; besides, any system which could with propriety be adopted under the usual governmental restrictions would be cumbersome and difficult of operation. I am therefore firmly of the opinion that the quickest, best, and most satisfactory way to secure the reclamation and occupancy of the arid portions of the country is to cede the lands to the States and Territories in which they lie, so that the question of disposition and development may be one for local legislation.

HEALTH AND SANITARY CONDITIONS.

Following is a report by the surgeon-general on the health and sanitary conditions of the Territory:

It is a fact beyond contradiction that Arizona has the most healthful climate under the Government of the United States; more, it has the greatest variety of climates within the same radius of any country, State, or Territory in the world, the altitudes ranging as they do within comparatively a few miles from sea level to some of the highest mountain peaks. Fortunately we have cities and towns of sufficient size to secure to the inhabitant all of the usual luxuries at almost any altitude desired. What is said of altitude can as truthfully be said of temperature. During the summer months it is but a question of four or five hours on a Pullman from a hot (110 in the shade), dry climate to the most delightfully cool mountain air to be found anywhere-where during the hottest of summer days the thermometer does not show a higher temperature than is found in our valleys in midwinter. In

midwinter one can leave the high altitudes, where the snow is from 2 to 6 feet deep and the mercury anywhere below zero, and in a few hours find himself in the valley where it is perpetual summer.

What is said of altitudes and temperature can also be said of rains, except that there are very few places where there is much humidity; as a rule, the greater the elevation the more frequent the rains. There are certain portions being practically without rain, and others where it rains more or less nearly every day. That Arizona ranks first as having a health-giving and health-restoring climate is rapidly becoming generally known throughout civilization; and as a result our inhabitants are made up of citizens from every country and State in the world, who have come here mostly, not because it is easy of access nor because of its financial or political inducements, but because of the health-giving sunshine and enjoyable temperatures which lengthen and make more happy the lives of all who come. It is unfortunate for our records of mortality that quite a portion of our visitors are afflicted with incurable diseases, having lived in other countries as long as it was possible, only coming to Arizona as a last resort. Every invalid added to our population who afterwards dies adds a percentage to our mortality records and takes a percentage from the records of the place whence he came. This fact makes it very difficult to approximate from the records anything like a true comparison of Arizona with other States or countries as to the healthfulness of its climate. A better idea of the value of our climate is obtained from observation than from records-taking the same class of invalids here and at other places, observing their condition and progress in comparison. Yet the records are very valuable, containing, as they do, many unexpected and instructive facts, attention to which is called below.

Diseases of the lungs, nose, throat, and kidneys do particularly well in all parts of the Territory. It is customary for nearly all who visit us in search of health during the winter months to go to those cities located in the lower altitudes, i. e., Phoenix, Tucson, Yuma, and others, remaining there until the heat of the summer, when they either go back to their homes in the East or to some of the Arizona cities of higher altitude, i. e., Prescott, Flagstaff, Williams, or others. Many go to the mountains to rough it or to the smaller places, of which many are found throughout the different mountain ranges of Arizona. There is a grave question as to the advisability of this course. Observation has taught those who have lived in the lower altitudes that all lung, throat, and nose troubles do much better in the dry heat of summer than during the winter months. It is not uncommon to hear physicians say that they "consider the climate of Phoenix and other Arizona points of low altitude to be the least harmful winter climate known, but the summer is the time to get well." Kidney troubles do best where they can be given the most rest; the high temperature produces an excessive perspiration, thus the skin performs much of the labor which would otherwise have to be performed by the kidneys, hence the low altitudes are far preferable for this class of diseases, and the summer better than the winter.

The records kept by the health commissioner of the city of Phoenix demonstrate the fact that consumption is practically unknown among those who are native to this climate. The said records show that there were 111 deaths from tuberculosis during the past year, and that but 1 of this 111 was a native-born white, while the records show that in addition to this one native white there were 3 Mexicans who also died of consumption. There are reasons for doubting the statement that these Mexicans died of tuberculosis, as there is no probability that there was any microscopical examination made, hence no positive diagnosis.

The said records show that there were but 33 deaths from all causes among the Mexican population, and that 10 of those were from pneumonia. It is more than probable that where so large a percentage of deaths was due to pneumonia, that the three deaths charged to consumption were in fact due to chronic pneumonia, pleurisy, abscess of, or other chronic lung affections. Although the percentage of deaths from pneumonia among the Mexican population is high as compared with deaths from other causes, it is very small when compared with the number of that class of inhabitants. The poverty and careless habits of this class of people subject them constantly to the greatest exposure possible in this climate.

The percentage of deaths from pneumonia is very small among the white population, there being but 6 deaths from this cause out of a total of 248 deaths from all causes. These six deaths were mostly, if not all, due to pneumonia occurring in visitors who came here seeking relief from tuberculosis in its advanced stages. As a rule they come from the cold and snow of the North and East to our beautiful valley, where they find what to them seems summer weather; the air is warm and dry, the brightest of sunshine, and the ground and trees covered with verdure; it is hard for them to realize that this is winter weather. They are apt to make the error of taking no more precaution as to taking cold than they have been in the habit of doing in their homes when the weather was as warm; the result is, only too often, they catch cold and have pneumonia. It is wonderful that more of these sick and careless people do not die from this cause. The presence or absence of typhoid fever