water and constructed a ditch and dam from the "Ivy Slough" to the Indian canal on the Salt River, utilizing Indian labor. As a result, the Maricopa have raised 1,000,000 pounds of wheat, their first crop this year. We will continue to use every means in our power to develop water for the production of the all-sustaining wheat. The Pima are a deserving people, always the white man's friends in peace and in war, even when they were being robbed of the means of livelihood by those whom they befriended. They are industrious and willing to work; we give them nothing; they earn everything from a wagon to an ax handle. The men cut wood, hire out as laborers on the adjacent farms, and are in great demand on the railroad, where they are preferred as the most capable help to be found in that line. The women make good domestics, but unfortunately are tied down to families and can not take permanent situations in town, but work by the day, and no better laundresses can be found than these Pima women, who are well aware of their own worth and charge for their services accordingly.

The returned students do not go back to the old life on the reservation, but when their health will permit they work in town. Those on the reservation are sent back from northern and eastern schools, usually in the last stages of consumption. Too ill to work, not wanted in town, their only refuge is the reservation.

The Pima can not live in the colder climates, and it is simply murder to send the children to the northern and eastern schools. More than once in the short time I have been here I have been requested to send a mattress to Casa Grande to convey a dying pupil to her home. These people are very affectionate and especially kind to the aged. They will share their last handful of wheat with the needy. The boys and girls who work in town send money and clothes to their parents.

This valley presents an excellent field for outing pupils. The boys secure good wages on the farms, while the girls are in great demand as domestics. While there

are many people in Phoenix who care for these girls only so far as their work is concerned, there are many good, charitable people desirous of helping them to a higher life, and it is with such families the girls are placed, as there they are surrounded by home influences and taught all that is useful and good.

In spite of their many hardships the Pima have improved steadily, not only morally and mentally, but physically. The Indian dance has disappeared, the medicine man is laughed at, and a painted Indian is a thing of the past. The men wear their hair short, have adopted the white man's apparel, and usually present a neat, clean

appearance.

Some trouble is experienced in getting the old men to marry according to law and live with one wife, but the younger men do so voluntarily, and as a rule take good care of their families.

The Pima desire to live better, to have better homes. The houses show a decided improvement. The dugout has entirely passed away, and everywhere can be seen good adobe houses with brick chimneys, some of them neatly furnished, and in many we can find sewing machines and modern cooking utensils.

During the last four months miles and miles of road have been built, new canals and ditches cut, ground leveled, freight hauled, a new farm laid out, etc., all the labor performed by the Indians, thus earning the money so generously expended by the Indian Office.

The agency and boarding school buildings are located at Sacaton, and six day schools in different parts of the reservation, with a mission school at Gila Crossing. Through neglect these buildings are in bad repair, most of them needing new floors, etc.

The boarding school at Sacaton should be built up and accommodations furnished for not less than 300 pupils. As I have said before, it is death to these children to be taken out of the Southwest. Most of the consumption on the reservation has been brought here by children returned from colder climates in a hopeless condition. The record is appalling. Of 22 who went to a distant school, 9 were returned in less than two years, whereas they would have been healthy, happy children if educated nearer home. The tribe is increasing in numbers, and if allowed to remain in this climate will improve physically. Then, again, when water is provided and the land allotted, they will soon become independent farmers, as their people before them proved to be. Therefore they should be trained in Arizona methods of farming, which are vastly different from those of the East. The Pima, Maricopa, and Papago should be trained in the Southwest. There are enough children on this reservation to fill the day schools-Sacaton, Phoenix, and Riverside-the only schools where; in the name of humanity, they should be sent.

The pumping plant will enable us to have a good farm in the future, and the boys can be trained in that industry, while the adult Indians can learn from observation what a well-kept farm should be. The boys are already receiving good training in

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carpentry, blacksmithing, harness making, etc., while the girls are taught cooking, sewing, housekeeping-all that is necessary to fit them for a future independence. The literary keeps pace with the industrial; Sacaton should be built up.

The day schools and the mission school are doing good work, and their influence is noticeable in their locality.

The Presbyterian and Catholic missionaries have done a great deal toward civilizing the Indians.

The Indian court is composed of three full-blood Pima. They are intelligent and progressive and render just, honest decisions in every case.

The police are full-blood, most of them capable, honestly performing their duty. Coover, the captain, is an exceptional man, bent on keeping law and order in the community.

Clerk of United States district court of Pinal County reports as follows: “No Indians from your reservation fined or imprisoned and no whites convicted of selling liquor to Indians during the year ending June 30, 1903."

A superintendent of irrigation and two additional farmers were appointed to help the Indians prepare and care for their farms and the proper use and application of the irrigating water.

Mr. M. M. Murphy, superintendent of irrigation, has direct charge of the Maricopa, who are wilder and harder to manage than the Pima. He reports as follows: "It has become a custom among the Maricopa to call in all one's friends to assist in sowing wheat. The man would be expected to give a feast of fresh beef, sweet potatoes, etc.; he also had to provide forage for the horses. Last year I saw men feed 20 horses and three times as many people to get a 5-acre field planted. In order to prolong the feasting they prolonged the seeding through six or seven months. Last fall a new system was introduced that did away with most of the feasting, and all of the land was planted in less than six weeks. Their old way of irrigating a few hours in the middle of the day and letting the water go to waste was stopped, and they have been required to use the water day and night, summer and winter. The Indians have kept their ditches in much better condition than those of their white neighbors. No water was allowed to run in a foul ditch. As a result of these reforms the Maricopa raised the best crop of wheat this year ever known. Of late years they have neglected to plant a summer crop, except a few little patches. They preferred to sell wood and buy what they wanted, hiring Mexicans or Papago to cut the wood. Your instructions that the Indians must stop cutting wood and devote their time to their farms are being vigorously enforced. We expect to plant about 600 acres in corn and beans and have already made a fair start.”

The Pima on Salt River Reservation have some water, not near enough, but are in better condition than those on the Gi'a River Reservation. Mr. O. C. May, additional farmer stationed there, reports as follows:

"The Indians under the Arizona canal have 500 inches of water and have 2,748 acres of land under cultivation. That amount of water will only properly irrigate 1,500 acres of land. The Indians have distributed this water over too much land, and the result is that the wheat does not yield more than 5 sacks per acre on an average, where it should yield 12 to 15 sacks per acre.

"Conditions are not so bad under the Utah canal at Lehi, but the Indians are not getting their lawful share under that canal, caused by existing conditions, which I will explain to you personally, after I have made further investigation.

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The crops at Lehi are about the same as here, 5 sacks to the acre.

"The Indian wheat is not bringing the price it should, owing to the fact that they have no mills to properly clean it; therefore it is "docked" from 15 to 20 per cent at the mills. Thrashing it on the ground and cleaning the wheat by throwing it up in the air is very unsatisfactory; it is like plowing with a forked stick. This places the Indian at great disadvantage in competing with the white farmers.

"These Indians are industrious, law-abiding, and desirous of extending their farming lands."

The field matron, working among the Pima at Salt River, reports:

"I find the people very free to send the children to school, except in Catholic families, and they doubtless are only waiting until the parochial schools can provide for them. For a hot country like this the Indian people work well, even reaching out beyond their possibilities, for they have now three times as much land under cultivation as when the water was assigned them and much more than the water will irrigate. As a result some crops are a failure each year.

"The people here have little wood to sell, but those who talk English are in great demand as workers on the farms and in the towns adjacent to the reserve. The Indian women wash for white people and make considerable money raising chickens, for which they have a good market.

"The money they make from their baskets is a great help, but the pay is very inadequate to the time employed.

"Young girls, returned students, make very acceptable domestic servants. One girl who worked for me could do more work in less time and do it better than anyone I ever knew. A boy who has only one arm receives more orders than he can fill for sketches of the Presbyterian Mission Church at 50 cents apiece. We are encouraging the Indians to join the building and loan association in order to obtain for them better homes in the future.

"For six weeks the women, as well as the men, have been toiling in the harvest fields under a burning sun. This is necessary because of the length of time that it takes to cut the wheat heads off with sickles, tramp it out with horses, and winnow it by tossing it in the air.

"Our agent furnishes the Indians with work rather than give them things outright, and this is best for them.

"The Indians have adopted the marriage laws perforce; but they have also adopted the Christian and civilized burial. There is but one new grave in the old heathen graveyard, and only the family were present because the remainder of the Indians do not like the old form of burial.

"The Indians observe Christmas, Thanksgiving, and the Fourth of July with a creditable appreciation of their meaning. Most of the people are members of some church.

"We visit their homes, give them lessons in cooking in their own houses, and take pleasure in distributing literature among them. One of the pleasantest features of the work is the monthly social for all returned students, who enjoy games, music, etc." In conclusion I would say that the Indians on the Pima Reservation have made wonderful progress, considering what they have to contend with-the difficulties to overcome. Many a white man would give up where they plod patiently on, gaining but little result from their labor.

I wish to thank the Indian Office for its hearty cooperation in caring for the Pima. The employment given them has kept the Indians from starvation this last winter, and many should have saved enough money to support them until next harvest, which I hope will be a good one.

We are indebted to Hon. Frederick S. Nave, United States district attorney, for his interest in these Indians and his able handling of the water question, by which he has recovered to the Maricopa sufficient water for their land.

MOQUI TRAINING SCHOOL AT KEAMS CANYON.

This school is located 85 miles north of Holbrook, which is the nearest railroad station. The United States mail is carried three times a week, part of the time by stage and part of the time by an Indian on horseback.

The attendance has been excellent, averaging 175 for the year. Three classes, numbering 21, have been transferred to nonreservation schools-one to Phoenix, one to Santa Fe, and one to Grand Junction.

A new and beautiful school plant with all the modern comforts of steam heat and electric lights, costing over $100,000, is now ready for operation. The water supply is excellent and almost unlimited.

Supt. Charles E. Burton says that better school work from all departments is expected in the new quarters. The old plant, with its mud walls and roof, with its unsanitary and crowded quarters, will be forgotten. However, the work of the school has been good in spite of the above conditions. The course of study has been followed as far as local conditions admitted. Not a child has been seriously ill during the year, although nearly twice the conventional number of pupils was carried.

Polacca Day School. This school was managed till Christmas by Mr. John L. Ballenger and his wife. At that time they were promoted to the positions of principal teacher and housekeeper at the Oraibi Day School, the largest school of its class in the United States. The enrollment at Polacca is only 47, averaging 45 for the year. Most

excellent work is done at this school. Every child of school age is in attendance from the three villages supporting the school. After Christmas Mr. and Mrs. Glen C. Lawrence, of Rosebud Agency, took charge, and the good work done by them has kept up the high standard of the school.

Second Mesa Day School.-This school, located 20 miles west of Keams Canyon, is the second largest school of its class in the United States. The attendance is remarkable, averaging 99 per cent of its enrollment for the entire year. The work of the school has been good. An addition to the laundry has been made, which is the only permanent improvement except the setting out of shade trees, which are looked after with jealous care by the principal teacher, Mr. A. H. Viets. The school has, besides the principal teacher, two assistant teachers, an assistant matron, and a cook and Indian assistant.

Oraibi Day School.--This school is 35 miles west of Keams Canyon. Three years ago it had an irregular attendance of 23. Now it heads the list of day schools of the United States with an attendance of 175. A fine new building, costing over $3,000, has been built, which adequately cares for the children as far as schoolroom and eating purposes are concerned. Another building is needed for bathing and storeroom purposes, and a small additional cottage is needed for employees. The children, a large number of whom belong to the so-called hostile faction of the Oraibis, had to be brought into school by pressure. The children were glad to be in school, but the parents were so foolishly stubborn that they would not allow the children to come. Firm pressure was brought to bear, and after several encounters the employees succeeded in placing every child of school age in the school. The children, after once being placed in school, bathed, and clothed, never miss a day, and by 7 o'clock in the morning a long stream of children may be seen descending the mesa from the village. This speaks volumes for the progress of the Moquis. The schoolroom work has been above the average. The employees have been faithful, and good work is the result.

The great need of the school is an adequate water supply. Water is hauled in a tank 14 miles for 175 children, who must be bathed, have their clothing laundered, and fed, all of which requires a large amount of water. Supervisors Charles and Pringle and Inspector Nesler have all visited this school and have reported upon this phase of the situation.

Below is given a comparative statement of the attendance of the various schools for the year ending June 30, 1903, as compared with the attendance during 1899, when Superintendent Burton assumed charge of them.

Indian court.This Indian tribunal has done a great amount of good, preventing as well as punishing crime. No serious crimes have been committed during the year. Some horses and cattle have been

killed illegally and eaten by hungry Indians. This has been dealt with leniently, as it is hard to punish people who steal from hunger.

Missionary work. The Woman's Baptist Home Mission Society maintains two missions on the reservation, one at the First Mesa, in charge of Misses Schofield and Johnson, and one at Second Mesa, under charge of Miss Mary McLean and Miss Williams. These ladies have rendered efficient aid in the civilization of the Moquis. Much clothing and provisions have been judiciously distributed to the needy and helpless Indians.

The Mennonite Mission Board maintains a mission at Oraibi in charge of Rev. J. B. Epp and his sister.

Indian traders.-The policy begun two years ago of encouraging young Indians to start up little stores has been continued. To-day the Moquis are perfectly independent of the whites in a commercial way. There are seven stores conducted by young Indian men on the reservation. There are also four stores run by white men, but all report a steady decline in business, which speaks a good deal for the young Indians. One young Indian storekeeper furnished all the beads used by 500 school children for over two years.

Field matrons. These devoted women have done much good this year, aiding the old and helpless and the children. The Moqui villages respond quickly to the efforts of the field matrons, as the people live in villages and a matron can visit many families in a day. Three field matrons are employed, one at First Mesa and two at Oraibi.

Drought.-The Moquis have raised little for several years, owing to a scarcity of rainfall. The past season was extremely poor, as no rain fell, so that some of the people could not plant at all. Many have been short of provisions, but nothing like famine came. Work on roads was furnished them at $1 per day, and the missionaries found the means to furnish considerable food for them, and the worst is now The rains this year have caused an abundance of vegetation to spring up, which fattens the beef and mutton and also furnishes unlimited greens for them.

Earnings by Indians.-Sale of wood, $1,540; sale of coal, $352.50; sale of beef, $2,629.55; freighting, $2,207.94; irregular labor, $1,475.58; total, $8,205.57.

This statement, however, does not include the freighting done for contractors and others who secured contracts for delivering hay, grain, etc., to the schools. Many thousands of dollars were earned in this The building of the new plant has furnished labor and freighting for all who cared to work for nearly an entire year. This work alone has saved many people from going hungry.

way.

NAVAJO INDIANS.

I have the honor to submit herewith a statement presented to me by U. S. Indian Agent G. W. Hayzlett, which shows the condition of the Navajo Indians in this Territory and the progress made during

the year:

Navajo Agency is located at Fort Defiance, Ariz., 30 miles northwest of the town of Gallup, N. Mex., which is our nearest railroad and telegraphic station. There is a daily stage, except Sundays, carrying the mails and any passengers.

General conditions. The progress of the Navajo Indians for the past year has been steady and of a lasting nature. Their material advancement and progress could not be seen so readily, perhaps, by a person making only a short stay among these Indians or traveling over their reservation, but it can easily be observed by one who