has been with them five years and been in close touch with them and watched their interest as he would that of a brother and directed their well-meant efforts and struggles for self-support. As a rule, I believe the Navajo does not readily adopt the white man's mode of education as gleaned from books. He likes the free and untrammeled life of the children of the plains; but he is a skillful workman and is able to learn any of the mechanical arts. Their work as blanket weavers and silversmiths is well known throughout the country. These arts they have taken up themselves. Almost any Navajo could be taught blacksmithing, carpentry, masonry, and the like, and they would excel in these lines. There are some excellent stone masons among these Indians who have been self-taught only. Almost any of these Indians are able to do any kind of unskilled labor, such as railroading, cultivation of the sugar beet, and all kinds of farm labor. They are all good and willing workers. When I have had any irregular labor for the Indians, I have had no trouble in securing more of them to work than I could use.

The greater extent of this large reservation is fit for grazing only, and during the past year, on account of continued drought, it has been little more than a barren desert. There are quite a number of small farms scattered over the reservation, but, on account of lack of seasonable rains, some were not even planted, and the production was very small. Notwithstanding these unfavorable conditions, they have managed to live, and that without any apparent suffering and with little help from the Government in the way of issuing rations to them.

The rainfall on this reservation during the last spring and early summer was greater than has been known for the past eighteen years. The crops at present look promising indeed. The grass on the mountains and in the valleys is abundant. The sheep, cattle, and other stock are doing well. Some of the Indians have cut and put up a good quantity of native hay, some of which they have sold to the Government, traders, and missionaries. They would doubtless have put up more hay than they did, but only a few of them had scythes and small sickles.

These Indians are, as a rule, peaceable and law abiding, yet some of them are continually in trouble with each other relative to their lands, fields, water, stock, etc. There are also a great many cases of trouble between husband and wife. These people seem to be unable to settle difficulties among themselves, but must bring their troubles to me. After I hear both sides and give a decision, there is no further trouble in the matter. They usually accept the decision without murmur and as final. Earnings.-It has been my policy to induce all able-bodied Indians, those who have no fixed homes and those who are not needed at their homes, to plant and attend their crops, look after their stock, and take care of families, to secure work off the reservation. During the past year about three hundred Indians have had work off the reservation, principally with the Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Company, and have earned about $1.10 per day. I tried to induce more to seek employment, but as there was abundant rain during the early spring many who otherwise would have gone desired to stay at home and plant crops.

From the time I took charge of this agency, five years ago, I have advised them to not sell their wool, but to manufacture it into blankets, showing them that as an average price they would receive for their wool on the market $2 for 20 pounds of wool, but when manufactured into a blanket it would bring them from $8 to $12, thus creating labor, the most natural and successful civilizer the world has ever known.

The following amounts have been earned by the Indians and paid them by the Government:

Hauling Government supplies for agency and schools .

For irregular labor.

For furnishing wood for agency and Little Water School..

For furnishing and delivering beef for agency, police, and schools

Total....

$2,670.97

7,674.75

529.82

5, 448. 33

16, 323. 87

I

The receipts from sale of blankets, wool, and stock must aggregate at least $500,000. The stock increase, so far as sheep are concerned, has been at least 30 per cent. know of one Indian who saved 1,900 lambs this spring; in fact, they all report a good lamb crop, with but little loss. I attribute this result largely to my efforts from the time I took charge of these people. Their custom was to allow their bucks to be herded with the general flocks, thus bringing the lambs at a very unseasonable time of year, often in winter, in deep snows or bad weather in early spring, causing heavy loss. They are fast changing their former custom, which now brings the young lambs in May and early June.

Some of these people are quite wealthy, owning flocks of sheep numbering all the way from a few dozen up to many thousands. I dare say there are some Navajo who are worth from $3,000 to $8,000. Many are poor and always will be, but none of them have ever been known to starve. Last fall there was much said in the newspapers about the "starving Navajo," but to the present time I know of none of them having staryed.

I have known from the time I arrived here that the tribe had a great many worthless horses and used my best endeavors to have them disposed of, but it seemed impossible for the Indians to sell them. These Indians have always used horseflesh more or less instead of beef or mutton. Late last fall and in the early winter I sent out an order to those who claimed to be hungry to go into the herds of horses, where they were wild and unbroken, and kill and eat without reference to whom they belonged. In doing this I expected more or less trouble, but felt fully competent to manage the Indians in a kind manner by explaining all the features connected with their hungry brethren and their overstock of worthless animals. After the order was issued (it was about two weeks afterwards) an Indian came in and complained that some Navajo had killed one of his horses. I inquired whether it was a broncho or work horse. He said it was not a work horse. I then asked if the horse was of any use to him. He said, "No." I asked, "Why did the fellow kill your horse?” He said, "To eat." I remarked, "He must have been very hungry," and he said, "Maybe." After explaining to him the great disadvantages and loss of good time in caring for such worthless horses, the large amount of grass they consumed, the grazing which their sheep and goats would otherwise have, and the necessity which forced this Navajo on account of hunger to kill his horse for food, he finally concluded that probably no great wrong had been done. From that on there were but very few complaints along that line, and those who did complain were very readily convinced that my plan was for the best interest of the entire tribe. They are very philanthropic when it comes to a matter of hunger. No one has so little food but that he will divide with his hungry fellow-men. Their custom while partaking of a meal is that no matter which of their tribe should come in he helps himself without any formal invitation or ceremony. Such hospitality does not stop with their own people. If a white person called at their hogan and made them understand that he was hungry, in case they had nothing to eat they would soon slaughter a sheep or goat and broil a piece for the hungry caller.

Improvements. During the past year we have improved the water system at the agency and school by putting down a 4-inch spiral-riveted pipe from the spring to the plant, a distance of about 14 miles, and connecting the same with the different school buildings. For this we were allowed $3,100 for labor, and the work was mostly done by Indians.

We have also constructed a fine stone laundry, 30 by 60 feet. This labor was also performed by Indians under supervision of one white man as foreman.

There has also, under contract, been installed at the school a fine steam engine for pumping purposes, a large cistern built near the laundry to receive the water from the main line, which by the aid of the engine is pumped into a large tank built under the same contract on the side of the mountain at an elevation of 84 feet above the base of the school buildings. This tank is inclosed in a good, substantial house, well painted. This makes our water system quite complete and affords good pressure from the tank, which is only intended for fire protection, the gravity system from the spring being sufficient for ordinary purposes.

For the overflow from the cistern we have a 4-inch pipe laid underground to the school garden, thus furnishing a good supply for irrigating it.

At Little Water School.-At this school we have put down a new well, 37 feet deep, walled with stone, being 10 feet in diameter in the clear. Over this we have erected a good, substantial pump house and installed a 4-horsepower Fairbanks, Morse & Company gasoline engine for pumping the water into a tank some 300 feet distant and located near the school buildings.

We also have in course of erection a new school building which will give us a schoolroom with capacity for 30 pupils, dining room and kitchen with capacity for 140 pupils, sewing room, recreation room, and two large rooms for employees' quarters, with a basement under part of the building sufficient to store all the vegetables needed for the school and employees. This building will have a belt measurement of about 350 feet. We will also make two additions to the girls' dormitory for sick room and mess kitchen for employees. This building will cost about $6,000 complete.

During the year we have made considerable new road, improved some of the old, built three new bridges, and kept all others in good repair.

Work in the San Juan River country.—The Government has built one irrigation ditch under the supervision of S. E. Shoemaker, supervisor of constructed ditches, who is

located opposite the little town of Fruitland, N. Mex., on the south side of the river, near the north line of this reservation. The ditch built is some 35 miles down the river on the south side thereof. This ditch is about 4 miles in length and is susceptible of irrigating about 600 acres of land.

Mr. Shoemaker is now at work on another ditch some distance below this, which will be about 4 miles in length when completed and will irrigatę about 500 acres. This work is being done largely by Indian labor. There are other locations farther down the river which should have ditches, and no doubt they will be made if the Department authorizes them and allows money for their construction.

FORT APACHE INDIAN AGENCY.

Mr. C. W. Crouse, superintendent of the Fort Apache Indian Agency and training school, gives the following description of the Apache Indians under his care:

It is difficult to measure spiritual progress, yet sufficient is manifest to be certain that these Indians have made some advancement. Very few of their number feel that the Government should feed, clothe, and shelter them, and they are willing to work if intelligently directed, and provided they can see the "pay" in it for the labor. When given an opportunity they furnish all the forage supplies for the military at Fort Apache, and in so doing they earn from $12,000 to $15,000. Last year they earned with their own hands $30,000 from corn, barley, hay, wood, and charcoal; this year they did not make as good a showing because they did not have the opportunity, for about two-thirds of the contracts for hay forage were given to the whites, and contrary to regulations made by the Secretary of War. I think, however, that this error will not be made again.

Since January last they have earned several thousand dollars in clearing and fencing farm land and in the making of public roads. With practically no assistance they have made a wagon road from this agency to the Cibecue Valley. This road is about 50 miles long. They have also assisted in making the road leading south to San Carlos; they have sold wood to this agency and school and to the military, in amount 1 200 cords, for which they received $3,300; and they did the most of the work in the making of the power canal here at the agency. This canal conveys water to a turbine that propels both pump and dynamo to furnish both agency and school with water and light. We have the only complete water and sewer system and the only electric-light plant in the county.

The three-story stone building recently finished for the school is very complete in appointments; in fact, it has nothing superior in the service. It is the intention of the Department to have four other buildings of the same quality and character for the proper training of Apache children. We have 500 children of school age on this reservation, but about 150 of them are not physically fit to be placed in school anywhere. The prevailing ailment indicates tuberculosis. Hence there are at least 350 Indian children here that are physically able, and accommodations for not more than 150 of them.

It is sometimes urged that this reservation should be alloted to the Indians of the reserve, giving each person 160 acres, then throw open the parts remaining to settlement by the whites. Such talk is absolutely foolish when the fact is known that no white man would even attempt to settle in such a mountainous country with a family. Such argument is usually made by stockmen who want this rough land for no other purpose than to graze it or to come into possession of the timber. The 2,000 Indians of this reservation will eventually need every foot of it in the herding industry, for that is their material salvation. No Indian can make a living on 1 acre of farm land, and that is the amount of such land here for each Indian. I am yet unable to see how either this or the San Carlos Reservation can be allotted, as well as other Indian lands of the same character. An Indian might be alloted 1,000 acres and yet be unable to make a living, for the reason that that thousand acres may have no water. There is as much as 50,000 acres in a body here and not any water on it except during the so-called rainy season-July and August.

The superintendent (formerly agent) has collected about $12,000 from permittees for grazing privileges during the past two years. He is investing this money for cattle for the Indians, and he believes that within the ensuing three years these Indians will be wholly self-supporting from this industry mainly.

The wealth of this reservation is mainly in its grazing and timber. The timber has no value to the Indian, for the law forbids his selling it; hence none of this timber has been used except by this agency and the military at Fort Apache in the construction of the necessary buildings.

As long as the grazing here is limited to ten or twelve thousand head of cattle or horses there is no danger of destruction of forest or vegetation of any kind, for there is at least 200 acres for each animal. In the effort to establish the stock industry here great difficulty is experienced because of the fact that the Indians do not give the stock proper care and attention. The superintendent appoints a few of them as herders; they soon grow tired of looking at the cattle and staying in one place, and quit the herd for the trail of deer; the cattle soon become lost in the mountains, and it is then difficult to find them; or if left to watch a flock of sheep they soon get hungry and have a mutton. These facts make it evident that the increase in the herd and flock must be slower than with people who have the sense of care and responsibility. But this is training, and it requires time, patience, and a great stock of forbearance; yet it can and will surely be accomplished.

It is doubtful if there be much precious metals on this reservation. The United States law should be so modified as to permit miners to prospect this land to determine if there is any valuable mineral in these mountains. There are millions of tons of fine building stone here, but it has no value until it can be reached by a railroad.

OTHER ARIZONA INDIANS.

Moqui Indians.-The Moqui, or Hopi, Indians are not reservation Indians. They live in pueblos similar to those of the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico. Their reservation embraces an area of about 55 miles east and west and 65 miles north and south. The water supply is very limited, and irrigation is carried on in the primitive Indian method. The Moqui are provident and self-supporting. They have been known to have a supply of corn and dried peaches on hand from two to four years. The principal crop is corn, of which they raise nearly as much as the other tribes of the Territory combined. Other products are sweet corn, squashes, beans, and melons. The majority of farms are patches of from 3 to 20 acres, a few having as high as 30 acres under cultivation. They also possess large flocks of sheep and goats. The Moqui are the only Indians reporting orchard products to any extent. Peach trees to the number of 15,541 are reported as owned by them.

Colorado River Reservation.-The Colorado River Reservation, the home of 650 Mohave, extends for 60 miles along the Colorado River and contains about 240,000 acres. A portion is subject to the annual overflow of the Colorado River, but the larger part requires irrigation to raise a crop. It is estimated that nearly the entire valley could be irrigated with an inexhaustible supply of water at a nominal expense. The land thus irrigated could support nearly all the Indians of Arizona.

The resources of the reservation are very great. The soil is as fertile as any in Arizona, and crops will grow the year around. All fruit trees indigenous to southern California thrive here.

Wheat is the most successful crop of the Mohave, but barley and corn do well. The vegetables usually grown are beans, melons, and pumpkins. A centrifugal pump recently installed irrigates about 500

acres.

Papago Indians.-The Papago, or San Xavier, Reservation embraces an area of 105 square miles. The chief occupation of the Indians is agriculture, in which they are making steady progress, although they have experienced many drawbacks. They are industrious and economical, spending the money received from their crops on improved machinery and in building new homes.

PUBLIC BUILDINGS.

The public buildings of Arizona are the capitol, located at Phoenix; the University of Arizona, at Tucson; the Territorial prison, at Yuma;

the Territorial asylum for the insane, at Phoenix; the Northern Arizona Normal School, at Flagstaff; the Tempe Normal School, at Tempe, and the Territorial Industrial School, at Benson.

The capitol building, constructed at a cost of about $130,000, is one of the finest public buildings possessed by any Territory, and would be a credit to many wealthy States. The building is 184 by 84 feet, and four stories in height. Accommodations are provided in the building for the various Territorial officials, the legislature, and the surveyor-general. The capitol grounds are extensive, comprising 10 acres, the capitol building commanding a central location and facing the main street of the city of Phoenix, which leads to the capitol grounds. The grounds are well cared for, and contain numbers of deciduous trees, palms, roses, shrubs, and cactuses.

The rotunda of the capitol is 44 feet in diameter and extends from the ground floor through all the stories of the building to a height of 78 feet, being surmounted by a dome which is crowned by a statue of Liberty 16 feet in height. The dimensions of the halls provided for the legislative bodies are 38 by 36 feet, and special attention has been given to the acoustic properties of these halls and to their ventilation. The gallery space in each hall has a seating capacity of between 200 and 300, and in the surrounding halls are the committee and other rooms required for the accommodation of the assembly. Spacious offices are also provided for the governor and other Territorial officers. The Territorial prison buildings are inclosed with a wall, the front and rear lengths of which are 290 feet, the sides being 321 feet long. This does not include the woman's department at the southwest corner, which is about 30 by 30 feet. The walls are 20 feet high, 8 feet thick at the bottom and 5 feet at the top, surmounted by a cement cap and coping. Inside of the walls is the cell house, 134 feet long by 65 feet wide, built of rock and iron. A building of adobe, 167 feet long by 34 feet in width, contains the engine room, boiler room, tailor and shoe shops, laundry and bath house, and library; and the kitchen and dining-room building is also of adobe, 110 by 21 feet. The dining room is 75 feet long and 18 feet wide inside. Outside the walls are the office of the superintendent-the same building--one story in height and 38 by 38 feet in size, being also used as a storehouse, and a 2-story building for the sleeping accommodations of the guards.

The insane asylum consists of a main central building of brick, two wings of two stories, and basements. The main building is 100 feet long and 50 feet wide. A hall of 12 feet in width runs the entire length of the building. On each side of the central structure there is a wing 100 feet long and 40 feet in width, separated from the main building by a vestibule 16 feet wide. The outbuildings consist of a general dining room, 100 feet by 40 feet, with two wings each 16 by 20 feet. A building containing the engines, boilers, dynamos, and pumping plant, and the stables, carpenter shop, blacksmith and paint shops comprise the other buildings of importance. The ornamental grounds in front of the asylum contain 4 acres, tastefully stocked with trees, semitropical flowers, plants, and palms. The asylum is situated 2 miles east of the business section of Phoenix.

The normal school building at Tempe is a commodious structure, 136 feet long, 80 feet wide, and three stories high. The lower story is of brown sandstone, and the other two of pressed brick with sandstone trimmings. This edifice is beautiful in architectural design, convenient