In process of time the plebeian order grew in number, strength, and consequence; and the Cassian law was passed, bestowing on the Plebeians, in fee, small tracts of this ager publicus, while the Patricians, as before, received the greater portion of it. While the Patricians continued faithfully to observe this law, no disturbances arose. But with the growth of the population on the one side and the progress of luxury on the other, it was more and more the interest of the Patricians to keep the domains in their hands, and to defraud the Plebeians; and as the latter acquired power in the state, it was more and more their interest to limit the quantity of the ager publicus, which a Patrician could hold, and of course increase the portion to be divided in fee among the Plebeians. These struggles were constantly renewed till the Licinian law was enacted, on which all the subsequent agrarian laws were modelled, and of which our author enumerates the following as among the chief provisions:

1. The public land of the Romans shall be ascertained in its limits. Portions of it, which have been encroached on by individuals, shall be restored to the state.

2. Every estate in the public land not greater than this law allows, which has not been acquired by violence or fraud, and which is not on lease, shall be good against any third person.

3. Every Roman citizen shall be competent to occupy a portion of newly acquired public land, within the limits prescribed by this law, provided this land be not divided by law among the citizens, nor granted to a colony.

4. No one shall occupy of the public land more than five hundred jugera, nor pasture on the public commons more than a hundred head of large, nor more than five hundred head of small stock.

5. Those who occupy the public land shall pay to the state the tithe of the produce of the field; the fifth of the produce of the fruit tree and the vineyard; and for every head of large stock, and every head of small stock -, yearly.

6. The public lands shall be farmed by the censors to those willing to take them on these terms. The funds hence arising to be applied to the pay of the army.'

The foregoing were the most important permanent provisions of the Licinian law; and for its immediate effect, it provided that all the public land occupied by individuals over five hundred jugera should be divided by lot in portions of seven jugera to the Plebeians.

Such is the substance of the renowned agrarian law. We need not say, that the simple statement of it dispels into thin air all the eloquent speculations, which have been made on a compulsory equality of estates at Rome, with which it had no connexion whatever. Nor will it escape the observation of practical readers, that the first use, which two thirds of the Plebeians would make of their seven acres, would be to sell them to their patrician neighbors, did the law grant them a power of alienation.

We must here take leave of this interesting subject and of Mr von Niebuhr's work. We feel how little justice we have been able to do it; and can only hope, that our remarks may draw the notice of our readers to a work destined, we are sure, to shed a broad light on the study of history, and to fill a large space in the attention of the reasoning and thinking part, not only of the European,' but of the American community.

6

Ender.

Baillie, Miss, approaches nearest the an- Dalberg, baron, patronises Schiller, 405

Etruscans, account of, by Mr Niebuhr, Humboldt, M. de, his works reviewed, 1

discussed, 32 et seq.-the substitution
of a civilized for an Indian population
not a melancholy spectacle, 36-39—
thirty Indian churches formerly at one
time near Boston, 38.

Insects, the suffering from, in South A-
merica described, 25 et seq.-form a
constant subject of conversation, 26-
inhabitants bury themselves in the sand
to avoid them, 27-passage of Dante
applied to them, 27-missionaries' and
monks' complaints of them, 28-dif-
ferent species sting at different hours,
29-some species said to present im-
portant obstacles to civilization, ib.-
destroy archives and libraries, 30.
Italian painter, anecdote of, 131.

J.

-

Johnson, Dr, his Lives of the Poets, 397.

K.

Kotzebue, 285.

L.

447

252-winter quarters, 253-Indians
not alarmed by martial music and guns,
255-extracts from winter journal of
the party at the garrison, 256 et seq.-
the Snake Indians devour ants, ib.-
torments suffered as expiations by the
Minnetarees, 259-human sacrifices
among the Pawnees, 260-language of
signs described, 262-Major Long
returns to the Council Bluff, 263-ex-
cursion to the source of the river Platte,
ib.-description of bison herds, 264-
obtains a view of the Rocky mountains,
265-the mirage seen, ib. Highest'

or 'James' Peak visited, ib.-descent
of the river Arkansa, 266-loss of their
manuscripts, 267-execution of the
work commended, ib.-
which defeated the original conception
-parsimony
of the expedition censured, 268-com-
parative resources of foreign nations
with ours, ib.

M.

La Harpe, his expression with respect to Louis XIV, the effect of his character on
the value of prose, 143.
Law Journal, reviewed, 181 et seq.-its
French and English poetry, 136.
plan and execution commended, 181-
contents given, 182-necessity for an
acquaintance with foreign jurisprudence,
183.

Lee, Ann, a leader of the sect of Shakers,
history of, 81 et seq.embarks for
America, 82-stays two years at New
York, 83-goes to Albany, and fixes
a settlement a few miles thence, ib.-
visits for two years different societies of
the sect, ib.-dies September 1784,86.
Lewis and Clarke, their expedition gave
the first correct information in regard
to the western territory, 59-full of
romantic incident, 61.
Long, Major, his account of the expedi-
tion to the Rocky mountains reviewed,
242 et seq.-
-Cumberland road des-
cribed, ib.-arrives at Louisville, 244
arrives at the mouth of the Ohio, 245-
passes the Grand Tower, ib.-the lands
in Kaskaskias unjustifiably obtained, ib.
-arrives at St Louis, 246-identity
supposed of Asiatic & American shells,
ib.-connexion of the native American
population with that of the Asiatic isles,
247-prize question relative to the sub-
ject, by the Society of Geography at
Paris, ib.-account of the dog-dance,

Materia Medica, treatise on, by Dr Bige-
low reviewed 365 et seq.-nature of
the work, 366-considered as complete,
ib.-adulteration of medicines, 367-
misapplication of medical names, 369—
Dr Bigelow's opinion on the importance
of chemical relations in drugs, 371-
uses and exhibition of medicines, 372
-reasons for preferring Dr Bigelow's
work, 373 et seq.-account of the na-
tional pharmacopoeia, 375 et seq.-
general convention of medical delegates
at Washington, 376-its imperfections,
ib.objects of the national pharma-
Macquerrie, river in New Holland, 60.
copoeia, 377- -its merits, 378.
Metcalf, see Yelverton.

Merican pyramids, 14-method of com-
Mexico, M. de Humboldt's account of
puting time, 17.
strongly recommended, 13—our most
Micale, his Italy before the Romans, 429.
important frontier, ib.
Missionary establishments to the Indians

praised, 42 et seq.-the instruction of
the Indians in the arts of life recom-
mended, ib.-school at Cornwall prais-
ed, 43-at Harmony for the Osages
relinquished, 44,