or a critical examination of the work of M. count Ph. Segur, by general Gourgaud. Paris: Bossange & brothers, 1825. 8vo. 15. The Metallic? history of Napoleon: London and Paris. Treuttel, 1819. 4to. 16. The four concordats, followed by considerations upon the church in general, and the church of France in particular; by M. de Pradt. Paris, 1818, 1820. 4 vols. 8vo. 17. Brief view of the disputes, which have taken place between the holy See, and Napoleon Bonaparte, by Schoel. Paris: 1819. 2 vols. 8vo. 18. Life of Napoleon Bonaparte, by Sir Walter Scott. 6 vols. London-New-York and Philadelphia. Life of Bonaparte, by a citizen of Baltimore, and many other English and American works of less importance upon the same general theme.

BONAPARTE, MARIA ANNE ELIZA, sister of Bonaparte, born Ajaccio, January 8, 1777; espoused 1797 M. Bacciocchi, of a noble family of Corsica, who owed to the alliance the sovereignty of the principality of Piombino, since that of Lucca. After the abdication of the emperor, her brother, she had fixed her residence at Bologna. But, in 1815, she was forced to accept a retreat in Germany. She first repaired to queen Caroline, her sister, who herself had taken refuge in Bohemia; and finally obtained permission to dwell at Trieste, where she died 1820..

BONAPARTE, Princess BORGHESE MARIA PAULINE, second sister of Napoleon, born Ajaccio, Oct. 20, 1780, was celebrated for her beauty, before she was known, as a sister of a sovereign. She first espoused general Leclerc, by whom she had a son; and embarked with him for St. Domingo, where her husband was called to take the command of an expedition against that island. The result is well known. The princess Pauline there lost her husband,. by whom she was tenderly beloved, and whom she reciprocally loved. On this emergency, she showed, that the beauty of her character equalled her external charms. On her return to France, after the death of general Leclerc, Pauline was married by Napoleon to prince Camille Borghese; and, a short time afterwards, she had the grief to lose her son, who died at Rome. Her taste, as well as a certain kind of antipathy, which she always preserved towards the empress Maria Louisa, before whom her proud spirit would never consent to bow, constantly kept her aloof from court. She was still in disgrace with the emperor, when, in 1814, his throne was overturned. But from that epoch, she consecrated to him all the tenderness of a sister. She dwelt at Rome, where she died, 1825.

JOSEPHINE MARIA FRANCOISE JOSEPHINE TASCHER de la Pagerie, at first wife of Victor Beauharnais, according to the French orthography, or as the English have it, Beauharnois, and after the unfortunate death of that general, wife of Napoleon Bonaparte, under the title of empress of the French, and queen of Italy; born 1761 at St. Pierre, Martinique, was early brought to Paris by her father; contracted, while still very young, her first union, from which she had two children, (Eugene and Hortense Beauharnais). She had returned to her mother at Martinique, and remained there three years with her daughter, when political troubles obliged her precipitately to abandon her natal soil, 1790. The same storm reserved for her in France dangers no less imminent, and much more alarming. After having seen her husband dragged to the scaffold, Madam Beauharnais was herself imprisoned. Tallien restored her to liberty; and this first service, for which she always retained a vivid sentiment of gratitude, be

came the source of the prodigious fortune of this woman; for whom, it is incontestable, that this bright destiny had been predicted from her infancy. It was in the society of her deliverer, with whom the graces of her person, and the admirable qualities of her heart had not failed to procure her the highest credit, that Madam Beauharnais made her debut, if we may so say, in the splendid part of sovereign, to which destiny was about to call her. In thus rendering eminent services to the wretched of all classes and of all parties, she had already conciliated the gratitude and devotion of a numerous cortege of clients; when the young Bonaparte, then a general of the interior, solicited her hand. The marriage took place under the auspices of Barras, the most influential member of the directory; and he immediately gave to Bonaparte the command of the army of Italy, 1796. Josephine shared the destiny of her spouse. Sitting with him upon a double throne, she powerfully contributed to surround him with the affection of his subjects, the first source of the power and brilliance of an empire. It appears certain, that Napoleon entertained for her an ardent affection. Her presence was necessary to him, even under his tent; and she accompanied him in the greater part of his brilliant expeditions. In the first months of 1809, Josephine foresaw some coolness on the part of her spouse. The public began to talk of an approaching divorce, on the pretext, that the throne was still without an heir. These reports soon changed to reality; and it was prince Eugene, viceroy of Italy, and adopted son of Napoleon, who was charged by him, to prepare his mother for this hard separation. It was rendered public, December 17th, 1809. The resignation of Josephine and her apparent tranquility of spirit were called to encounter this unexpected grief. Not only she lost a crown, considered the first in the world, but, tenderly attached to the prince, her son, she saw, in addition, vanishing before her, the beautiful dream of maternal affection, the hope, that her son would succeed to the throne. The interest of France, they told her, commanded these painful sacrifices. She had the courage to support them. Retired at first to the castle of Navarre, the ex-empress afterwards established herself at Malmaison, where devotion to the natural sciences aided her to sustain her regrets. It was in this residence, which she still farther enriched with magnificent collections of foreign and indigenous plants, that Josephine died May 29, 1814. She was, probably, the most completely graceful woman of her age. She had received, a few days before her death, a visit from many of the princes of the coalition; particularly of Alexander, who was presented by general Sakem. The archbishop of Tours pronounced the funeral oration of Josephine; and her children obtained permission, 1821, to erect a funeral monument to her in the church of Ruel, where her body was deposited. There was published, 1819, memoirs and the correspondencies of the empress Josephine, 2 vols. 8vo. Prince Eugene, by a letter dated from Munich, January 15, 1820, and addressed to the journalists of France, thanked the author of this work for the justice, which he had rendered to his mother, in selecting almost always, in the words, he assigned to her, or in the letters, which he attributed to her, the sentiments, with which she was always animated. But he declared, that there was not in the book a single letter, which was really from her hand. M. Barbier, in his dictionary of anonymous persons, attributed this work to Regnault Warin.

BRAHE TYCHO, son of Atto Brahe, grand bailiff of eastern Scania, a province then subject to Denmark; born 1546, of an illustrious family, originating in Sweden. An extraordinary inclination for astronomy indicated his mental temperament in his early years. He was five years in visiting all the observatories in Germany and Switzerland. The appearance of the famous new star in the constellation of Cassiopeia, 1572, and the observations, which he made upon it, fixed the eyes of his nation upon him. King Frederick charged him with the function of teaching astronomy, and assigned him the isle of Even, situated in the Sound between Elsineur and Copenhagen. This isle is a fine position for an astronomical observatory. The king added a respectable salary, and sufficient revenue to enable him to construct an observatory at the royal expense. Owing to this munificence, until then without example in Europe, there arose on this isle a superb edifice, called Uranienburg, that is to say, the palace of Urania. Besides the sums furnished by the king, Brahe is said to have expended 100,000 ecus from his own purse. A pavillion situated more to the south, bore the name of Stellburg, castle of the stars. Uranienburg was the abode of Tycho, 17 years; the metropolis of European astronomy and the admiration of Denmark. Love concurred to embellish this beautiful asylum. A peasant girl, or, according to others, the daughter of a curate, named Christina, brought down the heart of the astronomer from the stars. This beautiful girl became his wife, thanks to the interposition of the king, who suppressed the persecutions, excited by the nobility against him, for marrying beneath him. As soon as his benefactor was no more, these persecutions broke out anew. A pretended commission of learned men, charged to examine the establishment of Uranienburg, affirmed, that it was more brilliant, than useful, in an insidious report, which they published. He was obliged to transfer the seat of his labors to Copenhagen, and experienced every discomfort, which power could cause him to suffer. In 1597, he left his country, carrying his instruments and movables with him. In 1599, he went to Bohemia at the invitation of Rudolph, who cultivated astronomy; and who, besides, shared with Tycho his belief in astrological reveries, and his taste for a solitary life. The emperor gave him a pension of 3000 ducats, and his choice between three castles in the royal domain. He chose that of Benateck for its beautiful situation in the midst of the waters of the Iser. After an abode of a year there, he requested apartments in the city of Prague. Rudolph purchased a charming house for him, and allowed him to furnish it to his own taste. He enjoyed this new munificence but a short time. He died of strangury, 1691. He was interred in Prague, in the church called Tein, where his monument is still to be seen. This learned astronomer merits the name of the restorer of astronomy. We owe to him the discovery of two new inequalities in the movement of the moon, the variation and the annual equation. This last was not well explained, except by Kepler; but he proved it from the observations of his master. Tycho rectified an essential element of the theory of the moon. He determined the principal inequality of the inclination of the moon's orbit, in relation to the plane of the ecliptic; and he gave an ingenious explanation, which offered a reason, also for another inequality, which he perceived in the conjunction. He owed these discoveries to the perfection of his astrò

nomical instruments. He was the first who introduced into astronomical calculations the effect of refraction, a matter, which was only vaguely divined by the ancients. We owe to him the first theory of the elements of comets, which had been to that time considered as simple meteors. He demonstrated by a great number of observations, that the heavenly bodies are subject to regular movements; and these he declared to be in circles round the sun. He observed with no less success the great star, which appeared suddenly in 1572. This famous appearance furnished him with an occasion to combat with Ptolomy upon the precise amount of the precession of the equinoxes; and to refute Copernicus in his pretended movement of the fixed stars. His observations and reasonings upon this sub ject, as well as upon the comets and the moon, are to be found in a book, entitled Progymnasmata, printed partly at Uranienburg, 1589, two vols, quarto. This great astronomer rejected the true system of the world, res newed by Copernicus. Perhaps he feared compromitting himself with the priests, who already persecuted the partisans of the movement of the earth. He placed the earth in the centre of the universe, and supposed the sun and moon to revolve round it; while Mercury, Venus, Mars and Saturn revolved round the sun. He was the author of a book, concerning the more recent phenomena of the etherial world, quarto, 1610. He left few writings. But his innumerable observations were collected by his disciples, and published 1666.

A genealogical register of the first settlers of New England, with bio graphical notes, alphabetically arranged. By JOHN FARMER, corresponding Secretary of the New Hampshire Historical Society. Large 8vo. pp. 331.

THIS is a great and a handsome book, though to the New England people, we presume not a great evil. We are clear, that there is no other section of the United States, where such a work, as this, would either have paid the expenses of publication, or even have entered into the thoughts of the people. The New Englanders love their ancestors, I might say, venerate them. The parlors in the old colony are majestically adorned with the visages of the grim and big wigged stern old puritans, which are shown with an ancestral devotion, which is no where else seen in our country. Perhaps we might except the real Tuckahoe of old Virginia, and a few of the families of South Carolina. Here there is real knowledge of pedigree-a memory well stored with all the branches and twigs of the genealogical tree. But, that such a great book of lineage could have any where found so much acceptance in our country, as to have been published after this fashion, doubtless without loss to the publisher, struck us, as we looked into it, with astonishment. We are glad to see such a spirit. We dare answer, that the first movement of every reader will be to turn on to that letter of the alphabet, under which his family name is to be found. We say, we are glad to see it-not from any aristocratic feeling. The pride of birth, simply as such--the boast of a noble origin, and Vol. III.--No. 10.

6

all that, is too contemptible, not to be spurned by every pretender to rationality, not to say republicanism.

Besides, we are well aware that, even upon the score of real aristocratic value of pedigree, most of us had better stand resolutely for a descent directly from Adam, without spending much thought, or allowing any officious peering into the intermediate records. It is altogether too ridiculous, to hear any person among us pretend to talk about noble descent, in the sense in which the phrase is understood in Europe. Nevertheless, we in America are as much pleased to find ourselves descended from a generous and worthy stock, the breed of the high minded, uncompromising, industrious, frugal, conscientious puritans, as if we could trace a line of twelve descents in a court calendar, or could prove that the blood of Bourbon or Nassau, or of all the Howards, flowed in our veins. There is reason, says the proverb, in roasting eggs. The New Englanders are not proud of their ancestors without a good and sufficient reason. Most of them would scout at the idea of phrenology, and yet are unconscious and instinctive disciples. The ten thousand understand a great many things, they know not how, and never have dreamed of accounting for in their philosophy. This respectable class knows instinctively, that in all the other races the blood and the qualities of the parents are transmissible. Why should it ever have been doubted, that it is not only equally so in the nobler races of men, but still more so than in any other of the animal tribes! The thousand cases, that every objector can raise in opposition, are either cases, in which it is impossible to understand the elements of the calculation, and therefore to say, whether they are in point or not; or they are the exceptions to all the general rules.

It is not, therefore, because the New Englanders imagine, that the des cendants are more worthy, or honorable in consequence of the rank of their parents; but they feel instinctively conscious, that national qualities descend by blood; that the endowment and moulding and temperament and blood, that made the parents worthy, will, other circumstances being equal, make the children so. A noble lineage descends in virtue of no miserable black letter puerility of the herald's office, or daubing of the escutcheon. It has nothing to do with any thing that Cæsars or emperors, or courts can enact. Parchment, armorial bearing and emblazoning make no part. The Almighty asked no concurrence of man, when he ordained it in the original institutions, and the unchangeable ordinances of nature, that intelligence and high mindedness, and purity of moral character, the mental eye of eagle keenness, the elevated thought, and true dignity should be transmissible in the blood, still more certainly, than the propensities of the lion, and the eagle. We know, that the whole face of the species will present the aspect of an exception to ordinary observers. But we are clear, that it will do so to those, who apply true light and honest research to the study of the species, only because they understand not all the elements of the calculation.

If this be true, of which for one, we have no doubt, no one can attach too much pride and consequence to a worthy and virtuous parentage; and one of the most affecting and impressive motives, that can operate upon human nature, will be thus brought to bear upon the mind of every parent, that is worthy to be called such, that just so far, as he adds by his own