Ar. [Lat. -aris.] A termination of adjectives derived from the Latin, and denoting of, or pertaining to.

EXERCISE. Angular, jocular, perpendicular, similar, linear, familiar, solar, secular, regular.

Ard, the termination of many English words, is taken from the Goth. hardus, A.-S. heard, Icel. & Eng. hard, and appears in proper names; as, Renard, strong in counsel; Goddard, strong in, or through, God, &c. We find it also in appellatives, usually with a bad signification.

EXERCISE. Drunkard, dotard, bastard, niggard, sluggard, dullard, coward, wizard, laggard, dastard. A-ry. [Lat. -arius.]

A ter

mination of adjectives from the Latin, denoting of, or pertaining to; and of nouns, denoting the doer of a thing.

2.

EXERCISE. Auxiliary, military, biliary, stipendiary, pecuniary, primary, plenary, ordinary, sublunary, adversary, mercenary, vocabulary, lapidary, boundary, granary. Ate. [Lat. -atus.] A termination; -1. Of verbs. Of adjectives, implying nature, likeness, quality, agreement, effect, &c. 3. Of nouns, denoting (a.) office or dignity; (b.) the possessor of an office or dignity; (c.) salts containing one degree or more of oxygen.

EXERCISE.1. Deliberate, initiate, extricate, permeate, suffocate, navigate, ventilate, fascinate, anticipate, venerate. 2. Moderate, ultimate, temperate, obdurate, fortunate, insensate, passionate, effeminate, immaculate. 3. Pontificate, elec

delegate, legate, candidate, advocate, laureate, surrogate sulphate, phosphate.

tion of adjectives derived from the Latin, or formed on the same model, and signifying capable of being, or worthy to be.

EXERCISE.-Flexible, mutable, sensible, warrantable, capable, curable, blamable, commendable, incredible, accessible, excusable.

€al. [Lat. -cus.] A termination of adjectives derived from the Latin or following the analogy of such, and signifying of or pertaining to. Anatomical,

EXERCISE. comical, magical, practical, technical, classical, analytical, botanical, practical, dogmatical, periodical.

Dom. A termination denoting jurisdiction, or property and jurisdiction. It was originally doom, judgment. Hence it is used to denote state, condition, or quality.

EXERCISE.Kingdom, sheriffdom, dukedom, earldom, Christendom, wisdom, freedom, thralldom.

E-an. [Gr. -aîos, or -eîos, Lat. -æus, -eus.] A termination of adjectives derived from Greek adjectives, or formed on the pattern of such adjectives, and denoting of or pertaining to.

EXERCISE. Cerulean, herculean, hyperborean, subterranean, epicurean, adamantean, tartarean, empyrean.

Ee. A termination of nouns, denoting one on or to whom something is done.

EXERCISE.-Appellee, donee, referee, trustee, lessee, grantee, legatce, patentee. Eer. See IER.

En.

A plural termination of nouns and of verbs formerly in use, as in housen, escapen, and retained in oxen and children. It is also still used as the termination of some verbs, as in hearken, from the Anglo-Saxon infinitive. It is also used to form from nouns adjectives expressing the material of which a thing

is made.

EXERCISE. Glisten, listen; leaden, wooden, golden, birchen, earthen, oaken, hempen, oaten, flaxen, waxen.

381

EXERCISE. Abstinence, circumference, reticence, innocence, coalescence, diffidence, providence, intelligence, prudence; agency, contingency, presidency, tendency, despondency, exigency, clemency, transparency, solvency.

Ent. [Lat. -ens, entis.] A termination of nouns from the Latin, denoting the doer of a thing; or of participial adjectives expressing quality or habit.

EXERCISE.- Dependent, recipient, student, president, agent, adherent; fervent, ardent, indolent, esculent, refulgent, incumbent, evanescent, evident, omnipotent.

Er.

A termination of many English words, and the Teutonic form of the Latin or. It denotes an agent, and was originally of the masculine gender, but is now applied to men or things indifferently. At the end of names of places, er signifies a man of the place; thus, Londoner is the same as London man.

EXERCISE. Hater, farmer, heater, grater, builder, waiter, lover, doer, maker, strainer, poker, ruler, pointer, painter,

EXERCISE.

Authoress, lioness, negress, shepherdess, actress, giantess, sorceress, tigress, huntress, countess, priestess, hostess, poetess.

Ful. [The same as full.] A termination of adjectives denoting plenitude or abundance, and generally formed from substantives.

EXERCISE.-Artful, beautiful, peaceful, grateful, careful, useful, bashful, fanciful, painful, powerful, doubtful. Fy. [Lat. facere, fieri, Fr. fier.] A termination of verbs, denoting to mak, to become.

EXERCISE. Amplify, deify, gratify, liquefy, rarefy, stupefy, pacify, qualify, signify, glorify, ratify, testify, rectify.

Hood. [A.-S. hâd, from hâd,

382

son, form, manner, Goth. haidus.] Á termination denoting state or fixedness, condition, quality, character, totality. Sometimes it is written head.

EXERCISE.-Manhood, childhood, knighthood, brotherhood, boyhood, widowhood, neighborhood; godhead.

Ie. [Gr. -kos, Lat. -icus.] A termination of adjectives denoting of, or pertaining to. EXERCISE. Authentic, concentric, magnetic, seraphic, academic, dogmatic, periodic, theoretic, botanic, cubic, prosaic, apostolic.

Ies. A termination of nouns, plural in form but singular in signification, applied to certain arts or sciences.

EXERCISE. Optics, mathematics, hydraulics, mechanics, physics, acoustics, statics, her

meneutics.

Id. [Lat. -idus.] A termination of adjectives denoting quality.

EXERCISE. Acid, liquid, rigid, sordid, arid, fervid, fluid, horrid, humid, torpid, timid, rancid, torrid, vivid.

}

Ier, [Fr. -ier, -iere.] A terEer. mination of nouns denoting men from their occupations or employment.

EXERCISE. -Brigadier, grenadier, financier, mountaineer, yolunteer, engineer, auctioneer, buccaneer.

degree of the quality. Ish annexed to proper names forms a possessive adjective. Annexed to common nouns, it forms an adjective denot ing a participation of the qualities expressed by the

noun.

EXERCISE.-Whitish, yellowish; Swedish, Danish, English, Spanish, Scottish, foolish, roguish, brutish, childish, doltish, boorish, slavish, feverish, knavish, girlish, womanish. Işm. [Gr. -topos.] A termi

nation of nouns from the Greek, or of nouns formed on the same model as these, denoting tenets, doctrines, or principles.

EXERCISE.- Atheism, catechism, heroism, mechanism, sophism, skepticism, archaism, barbarisin, heathenism, egotism, magnetism.

Ist. [Gr. -ons.] A termination of nouns denoting men from their occupations, pursuits, or principles.

EXERCISE.-Baptist, chemist, eulogist, theist, oculist, moralist, novelist, philologist, sophist, annalist, chemist.

Ite. [Lat. -itus.] A termina

tion of nouns and adjectives. It is often used to form collective or gentile names.

Ile. [Lat. -ilis.] A termina--ty. tion of adjectives from the Latin, denoting of, or pertaining to.

EXERCISE.- Agile, versatile, docile, fragile, facile, puerile, volatile, fertile, hostile, futile, mercantile.

Ine. [Lat. -inus.] A termination of adjectives from the Latin, denoting of, or pertaining to.

EXERCISE. Adamantine, feminine, pristine, aquiline, canine, clandestine, alpine, serpentine, genuine, equine. Ion. [Lat. io, genitive -ionis.]

A termination of abstract nouns derived from the Latin, or formed after the same analogy.

EXERCISE. Ambition, con

ception, probation, evasion, version, crucifixion, union, action, addition, compassion, extension, opinion, vermilion. Ish. [A.-S. -isc, Goth. -isk, N. H. Ger. -isch.] A termination of English words denot

See Tv.

Ive. [Lat. -ivus.] A termination of nouns and adjectives from the Latin, denoting ability, power, or activity.

EXERCISE. - Authoritatire, incentive, persuasive, vindictive, convulsive, delusive, negative, formative, conducive, furtive, derisive.

Ize, } [Gr. -Sev.] A termination of verbs from the Işe.) Greek, or of verbs formed on the same model, and denoting to make, to cause to be, to become.

EXERCISE. Agonize, characterize, tantalize, criticize, exercise, equalize, civilize, enfranchise, exorcise, memorize, organize, satirize.

Kin. [A.-S. cyn, cynd, kin, kind, offspring, race; allied to Lat. genus, Gr. yévos, yóvos.] A diminutive termination, denoting small, from the sense of child.

EXERCISE.-Lambkin, mani

Le. A diminutive termination.

EXERCISE. Crumble, bundle, girdle, joggle, fondle, throttle, thimble, canticle, ruffle, speckle, suckle, sparkle, stopple. Less.

A terminating syllable of many nouns and some adjectives. It is the A.-S. leás, allied to Eng. loose, from A.S. leósan, to lose. Hence, it is a privative word, denoting destitution; as, a witless man, a man destitute of wit, childless, without children.

EXERCISE.-Fatherless, faithless, penniless, lawless, boundless, needless, lifeless, nameless careless, hopeless, nerveless worthless, pitiless.

Lět.

[French dim. termina tion et, as in islet, eaglet, circlet, goblet, floweret, baronet; with inserted, as in streamlet, branchlet.] A termination of diminutives; as, hamlet, a little house; rivulet, a small stream.

EXERCISE.- Eyelet, frontlet, tablet, ringlet.

Ling. [A.-S.] A termination denoting condition, offspring, or progeny.

EXERCISE.-Hireling, earthling, worldling, foundling, darling, firstling, underling, starling, groundling, gosling, sapling, changeling, fatling, nestling.

Ly. [0. Eng. lich, being an abbreviation of A.-S. lic, Goth. leiks, Eng. like.] A termination of adjectives, as in lovely, manly, that is, lovelike, man-like. It is also a termination of adverbs [0. Eng. liche, A.-S. lice]. EXERCISE. Courtly, costly, priestly, portly, gristly, hilly, shelly, bravely, coarsely, purely, chiefly, rashly, tardily, sillily, angrily, meekly.

Měnt. A termination of nouns (formed often from verbs), denoting condition, state, or

act.

EXERCISE. Engagement, management, impediment, embarrassment, judgment, amusement, investment, arbitrament, infringement.

Mo-ny. [Lat. -monium, -monia.] A termination of nouns from the Latin, signifying action, or an active faculty, being, or a state of being, viewed abstractly.

EXERCISE. Alimony, matrimony, testimony, ceremony, parsimony, acrimony, sanctimo

Něss. [A.-S. -ness, -niss, Goth. -nassus.] A termination of abstract names, denoting state, or quality.

EXERCISE. Blindness, goodness, greatness, sweetness, godliness, weariness, stiffness, rashness, boyishness, blackness, usefulness, zealousness.

Ŏck. [A.-S. -ca or -uca.] A diminutive termination of nouns.

EXERCISE.-Bullock, hillock, mattock, paddock, pollock.

Or.

A termination of Latin nouns, denoting an agent. It is annexed to many words of English origin; as in lessor. In general, or is annexed to words of Latin, and er to those of English, origin. See ER.

EXERCISE. Actor, creditor, editor, captor, conductor, pas

EXERCISE.- Bishopric.

fr. Ship. [A.-S. scipe, scype, to scyppan, mold, form, shape.] A termination denoting state, office, dignity, profession, or art.

EXERCISE.-Lordship, friendship, chancellorship, steward ship, horsemanship, copartnership, hardship, clerkship, worship, scholarship, censorship. Sion. See ION. Some. [A.-S. sum, Goth. sama, like, the same.] A termination of certain adjectives. It indicates a considerable degree of the thing or quantity; as, mettlesome, full of mettle or spirit; glad some, very glad or joyous. EXERCISE. Blithesome, wearisome, loathsome, troublesome, wholesome, lonesome.

tor, inspector, pretor, orator, Ster. [A.-S. -estre, -istre.] A

dictator, professor.

O-ry. [Lat. -orius.] A termination of words from the Latin, denoting of, or pertaining to.

EXERCISE. Amatory, consolatory, promissory, satisfactory, compulsory, cursory, prefatory, nugatory, valedictory. Cse, [Lat. -osus, -us.] A terOŭs. mination of English adjectives (many of which are derived directly from the Latin), denoting quality or property.

EXERCISE. Dubious, conscious, atrocious, conspicuous, onerous, generous, dangerous, populous, morose, comatose, operose, verbose.

T,

termination denoting skill or occupation. It was originally applied to denote the female agent in an action. Thus, songster signified, at first, a female who sings; but the ending ster having at length, in a measure, lost its peculiar force, the feminine termination ess was appended to it; thus, songster became songsteress, or songstress, with a double ending.

EXERCISE.- Drugster, gamester, songster, spinster, youngster, punster, maltster, tapster.

Th.

[A.-S.] A termination of abstract nouns of Anglo-Saxon origin.

383

A ter

mination of abstract nouns from the Latin, signifying action or an active faculty, being, or a state of being.

EXERCISE. Amplitude, fortitude, gratitude, solitude, infinitude, turpitude, altitude, rectitude, servitude, aptitude, magnitude.

Ty. [Lat. -tas, -tatis, Fr. -té.] A termination of words denoting action or an active faculty, being, or a state of being, viewed abstractly.

EXERCISE.- Antiquity, difficulty, humility, necessity, probability, laxity, impiety, society, modesty, majesty, liberty, fatuity.

Ure. [Lat. -ura.] A termina

tion of words derived from the Latin (often through the Italian or French), and denoting action or an active faculty, being, or a state of being, viewed abstractly.

EXERCISE. Creature, fracture, legislature, nature, superstructure, lecture, fissure, flexure, exposure, tenure, juncture, verdure.

Ward, or Wards.

[A.-S. Goth.

-weard, -weardes; -vairths, allied to Lat. vertere, to turn, versus, toward.] A suffix used in the composition of a large class of words, and denoting direction, or tendency to, motion toward, and the like.

A. D. (Anno Domini.) In the year of our Lord.

Ad lib. (Ad libitum.) pleasure.

Adm. Admiral.

At

E., or Et. (Etatis.) Of age; aged.

Agt. Agent.

Al., or Ala. Alabama. Alex. Alexander.

A.

M. (Artium Magister.)
Master of Arts. (Ante
Meridiem.) Before noon.
Am. Amos; American.
Amer. American.
Amt. Amount.

An. (Anno.) In the year.
Anon. Anonymous.
Ans. Answer.

Apr. April.

Ark.

Arkansas.

Asst. Assistant.

A. U. C. (Ab Urbe Conditâ.) In the year from the building of the city, i. e., Rome. Aug. August.

Av. Avenue.

Cent.

Cal. California; — (Calendæ.) Calends.

Cant. Canticles.

Capt. Captain.

Cat. Catalogue.

Cath.

Catholic.

C. A. S. (Connecticuttensis
Academiæ Sociæ.) Fellow of
the Connecticut Academy.
C. C. P. Court of Common
Pleas.

C. E. Civil Engineer.
Cent. (Centum.) A hundred.
Cf. or cf. (Confer.) Compare.
C. H. Court-House; Custom-
House.

Ch. Church; Chapter.
Chap. Chapter.

Chr. Christopher; Christian.
Chron. Chronicles.
C. J. Chief Justice.
Cld. or cld. Cleared.
C. M. Common Meter.
Co. Company; County.
C. O. D. Cash (or Collect)

on Delivery.

Col. Colonel; Colossians. Coll. College; Collector. Comp. Compare; Comparative; Compound. Con. (Contra.) opposition.

Against; In

Con., or Cr. Contra; Credit. Conn., Con., or Ct. Connect

icut.

Const. Constable; Constitution.

Cor. Corinthians.

Cor. Mem. Corresponding
Member.
[retary.
Cor. Sec. Corresponding Sec-
Cos. Cosine.

C. P. Court of Probate;
Common Pleas .

ciety of Arts.

Feb. February.

Fec., or fec. (Fecit.) He (or

she) did it.

Flor. Florida.

Fo., or Fol. Folio.

Fr. France; French.
F. R. G. S.

Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society; Fri. Friday.

F. R. S. Fellow of the Royal
Society.

F. R. S. E. Fellow of the
Royal Society, Edinburgh.
F. R. S. L. Fellow of the
Royal Society of Literature.
F. S. A. Fellow of the So-
eiety of Arts.

Ft., or ft. Foot, feet; Fort.
Fur., or fur. Furlong.

I. H. S. (Iesus [or Jesus] Hominum Salvator.) Jesus the Savior of Men.

Ill. Illinois.

I. N. R. I. (Iesus [or Jesus] Nazarenus, Rex Iudæorum [or Judæorum].) Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews.

inst. Instant.
Io. Iowa.
I. O. O. F.
Order of Odd Fellows.
q. (idem quod.)

i.

as.

Independent

The same

Italian; Italic.

J.

Is., or Isa. Isaiah. It., or Ital.

J. Judge.

J. A. Judge Advocate.
Jan. January.

J. C. JESUS CHRIST.

J. C. D. (Juris Civilis Doctor.) Doctor of Civil Law.

J. D. (Jurum Doctor.) Doctor of Laws.

L., ., or £.

ling.

La. Louisiana.

Lam. Lamentations. Lat. Latin.

A

Lat., or lat. Latitude. Lb., lb., or b. (Libra.) pound in weight. L. c. Lower case. - (loco citato.) In the place before cited.

L. C. J. Lord Chief Justice.
Ld. Lord.

Lea., or lea. League,
Lev. Leviticus.

L. I. Long Island.
Lieut., or Lt.

Lieutenant. LL.B. (Legum Baccalaureus.) Bachelor of Laws.

The initial letter is doubled to signify the plural.

LL.D. (Legum Doctor.) Doctor of Laws.

Lon., Long.

Lou., or La. Lp., or Ldp.

Longitude. Louisiana. Lordship.

Place

L. S. (Locus Sigilli.)

of the Seal.

L. S. D., or l. s. d. (Libra, Pounds,

Solidi, Denarii.) Shillings, Pence. Lt. Lieutenant.