Army-Continued. Promotion in, X, 446; XI, 1157, 1158. Provision for support of. (See War Department.) Punishment for enlisted men in, orders establishing limits of, IX, 167, 602. Quartermaster-General of, fireproof building for records in office of, recommended, VII, 572. Quartermaster's Department, appointments in, referred to, III, 556. Rank and command in. (See officers of, ante.) Reading matter for, recommendations regarding, VII, 473, 499. Reduction in, referred to and discussed, I, 564; II, 129, 136; VI, 363, 683. Reenlistment after 10 years, repeal of law forbidding, recommended, IX, 446. Referred to, II, 62; VI, 380, 387. Regulations Compiled by Gen. Scott, II, 226. Reorganization of, X, 447. Commission to report upon- Time to report, extension of, recom- Recommended, V, 339. Report regarding, transmitted and investi gation into referred to with a view to proper action in the matter, I, 301. Repeal or amendment of act forbidding use of as posse comitatus recommended, VII, 500. Rifle for use of, IX, 727. Adoption of, recommended, IX, 196. Rules and regulations compiled by General School buildings for posts of, recommended, VII, 499. Size of, X, 445-447, 539, 835; XI, 1152. Smokeless powder recommended, IX, 196. Staff corps of, recommendations regarding, III, 389, 537; VII, 40, 148, 248, 294. Subsistence Department, appropriation for, recommended, VII, 350. Subsistence of, referred to, II, 25, 137. Sunday, observance of, by, enjoined by President Lincoln, VI, 125. Surgeon-General of. (See Surgeon-General of Army.) Transportation of, from Council Bluffs to Oregon River referred to, II, 226. Volunteers for, acceptance of, encouraged, I, 428, 441. Army Medical Department: Enlargement of, X, 843, 844; XI, 1158. Army Medical Museum, building for, recommended, VII, 620; VIII, 193, 246. Army of the Potomac. (See War between the States.) Army Officers. (See Army.) Ordnance Department. Enlargement of, X, 844. Arner, Philip, act granting pension to, vetoed, VIII, 443. Arnold, Gerrard, reward offered for murderer of, II, 377. Arnold, Samuel, implicated in murder of President Lincoln, proceedings of trial and verdict of military commission, VI, 334, 335, 336, 342, 347, 348. Arny, W. F. M., mentioned, VI, 468. Aroostook, The, claim of owners of, for compensation in searching for bodies and property lost in steamer Oneida, VII, 165. Aroostook War. - Between 1837 and 1839 th settled boundary between Maine and Neu Brunswick came near leading to active hos tilities on the Aroostook River. The gover nor of Maine sent troops to drive off the in truders and erect fortifications, and Congres authorized the President to resist the encroachments of the British. President Van Buren sent Gen. Scott to the scene, who arranged a truce, and it was agreed that the country should be occupied jointly, as before, pending adjustment of the boundary, which was definitively settled Aug. 9, 1842, by the Ashburton treaty (III, 516, 521, 530). Arsenals. Armories and arsenals were not established in the United States until the beginning of the Revolutionary War. In 1776 powder was manufactured in Virginia and brass cannon were cast in Philadelphia. An arsenal was established at Carlisle, Pa., the same year. Washington in 1777 chose Springfield, Mass., as a suitable location for an arsenal, and small arms were manufactured there in 1787. This establishment, now the chief small arms manufactory, has a capacity of 1,000 rifles per day. The arsenal at Harpers Ferry, W. Va., was begun in 1795, and from that time the number was gradually increased until 1860, when there were 23 arsenals scattered over the country. The principal ones at present in use are at Augusta, Ga.; Benicia, Cal.; Frankford, Pa.; Springfield, Mass.; Governors Island, N. Y.; Rock Island, Ill.; San Antonio, Tex.; Dover, N. J.; Watertown, Mass., and Watervliet, N. Y. Ordnance, arms, ammunition, and accouterments are manufactured at many of these places, the idea being to devote each to a special line of fabrication. Thus the establishment at Watervliet is devoted to the manufacture of heavy ordnance. Casting and assembling of guns are carried on at Rock Island and Benicia, as well as the making of leather goods. Naval guns and projectiles are made at Washington, D. C. Arsenals and Magazines (see also Arms and Ammunition; Gunpowder; Manufactory; National Foundry): Augusta, Ga., arsenal at, referred to, II, 327. Frankford, Pa., arsenal at, referred to, VIII, Sale of, not used by Government recom- Schuylkill Arsenal, appropriation for, rec- Appropriation for, II, 203. Referred to, I, 186; V, 363; VII, 194. Art. (See Science and Art.) Art Exhibition. (See International Exhibition of Fine Arts.) Arthur, Chester A. (twenty-first President Annual messages of, VIII, 37, 126, 170, 235. Bland-Allison Act discussed by, and recom- Collector of port of New York, suspension Constitutional amendment regarding ap- Death of, announced and honors to be paid Announced to, and reply of, VIII, 14. Finances discussed by, VIII, 45, 132, 176, 242. Inaugural address of, VIII, 33. Internal improvements discussed by, VIII, 59. Powers of Federal and State Governments Day of mourning in memory of President Discriminating duties on vessels from Extraordinary session of Senate, VIII, 34, Hundredth anniversary of surrender by Unauthorized occupancy of lands in Indian Unlawful combinations in Utah, VIII, 122. State of the Union discussed by, VIII, 235. Veto messages of- Chinese immigration, VIII, 112. Relief of Fitz-John Porter, VIII, 221. Articles of Confederation, I, 9. Artillery. The history of artillery begins Napoleon III made a special study of the Increase in. (See Army, increase in.) Artillery School of Practice at Fortress Mon- Artists, Foreign, tariff discriminations against, Arundel Manuscripts, copy of, placed in Li- Arve, The, seizure of by Haitian authorities, Ashburton Treaty.-A treaty concluded at Discussed, IV, 162, 194, 229. Reference to, IV, 281, 423; V, 227, 540. Ashley, Gen., attacked by Indians, II, 212. The Vessels from, duties on, suspended, VIII, 284. Assassination of American Presidents, discussed, X, 417. (See also under Lincoln, Abraham; Garfield, James G.; and McKinley, William.) Assessments, Political.-In the conduct of a political campaign considerable expense is incurred for hall-rent, printing, music, and the necessary and legitimate efforts of each party to present its claims to the voters and secure their attendance at the polls. This expense is paid out of the campaign funds of the various political parties, the money therefor being raised in part by assessments upon both candidates and officeholders, as well as by voluntary contributions. In order to properly apportion the contributions to the campaign funds, assessments are sometimes based upon the salary of the office held or asked for at the hands of the party. There is a limit to legitimate party assessments and party expenses, beyond which lies the criminal field of black-mail and bribery. The first legal knowledge of the system of levying political assessments is found in the testimony taken before the Swartwout investigating committee of the House in the Twenty-fifth Congress. A former deputy collector of the port of New York testified that he had frequently been called upon to contribute while in the custom-house. As far as can be ascertained, assessments have been pretty general since 1840. President Hayes, at the beginning of his administration, in 1877, made an unsuccessful attempt to stop the practice. The Civil Service Law in 1883 prohibited the levying of such assessments, and since its adoption the practice has been greatly lessened. The custom of soliciting "voluntary" contributions still prevails however. Assumption of State Debts.-Early in the second session of the First Congress Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, recommended that in order to restore public credit the Federal Government should fund and pay the foreign debt of the Confederation ($13,000,000), the domestic debt ($42,000,000) and also that it assume and pay the unpaid war debt of the States. Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and South Carolina favored the plan. Virginia strongly opposed the latter clause. She was sustained in her opposition by Maryland, Georgia, and New Hampshire The influence of North Carolina thrown against the measure defeated it for the time, but it was revived later, and passed Aug. 4. 1790, it was claimed, by a combination of its friends with those of the measure locating the Federal capital on the Potomac. The amount authorized to be assumed by the Government in the liquidation of the State debts was $21,500,000, but the amount actually assumed was $3,250,000 less than that Treaty with Indians concluded by, II, 321. Troops sent to suppress Indians, commanded by, II, 387, 603. Atlanta, The. Atlanta, Ga.: (Šee Weehawken,The.) Capture of, and orders regarding celebration of, VI, 238. Collection of remains of officers and soldiers around, referred to, VI, 383. Cotton Exposition'at, VIII, 44. Atlanta (Ga.), Battle of.--On the night of July 21, 1864, Gen. Hood transferred his forces before Atlanta to a point near Decatur, about 5 miles east of Atlanta. Sherman came up and, finding the works on Peach Tree Creek abandoned, proceeded to invest the city. At II a. m. of the 22d Hood surprised the left wing of Sherman's army, under McPherson, by a sudden movement from Decatur. The whole line was soon engaged. Gen. McPherson was killed in the action, and the command of the Army of the Tennessee devolved upon Gen. Logan. After hours of fighting the Confed erates retired into their main works about Atlanta, leaving their dead and wounded on the field. The total Confederate loss was estimated at about 8,000. The Federal loss was 3,722 killed, wounded, and missing. Sherman now drew his lines closely around Atlanta and prepared for a siege, but was unable to cut off Confederate supplies from Macon. Aug. 25 he gave up the idea of a direct siege. Sept. 1, however, a part of Hood's forces under Hardee having been repulsed at Jonesboro, Hood blew up his magazines and evacuated the city. Atlanta, U. S. S., mentioned, X, 584, 687. Atlantic Ocean: Canal from Great Lakes to, commission to consider construction of, IX, 747. Gulf of Mexico to, discussed, II, 429. Junction between Pacific and, referred to. IV. 275: V, 140. Atlantic Ocean-Continued. Atlantic Telegraph: Referred to, VI, 128, 181, 244. Duty to prosecute and conduct all cases in Member of board to examine quotas of States Concerning treaty of Ghent, II, 400. Regarding delivery of persons charged Compensation of, discussed, I, 197; V, 130, Necessity of a uniform fee bill for guidance Atwater, Caleb, treaty with Indians concluded Atzerodt, George A.: Implicated in murder of President Lincoln, proceedings of trial and verdict of military Augusta, Ga., arsenal at, referred to, I1, 327. Auldjo, Thomas, vice-consul to Poole, Eng. Australasia A geographical division of the Australia.-The largest island in the world, Australian Ballot. (See Ballot.) Commercial relations with, II, 551; IV, 151. Consul of United States to Viennà referred Consular convention with, VII, 69. Importation of American products to, legis- Minister of United States to be sent to, III, Relations opened with, III, 489. Treaty with, transmitted and discussed, II, Correspondence regarding, referred to, V. 26. Referred to, II, 507, 551. Troops of, departing to Mexico referred to, Vessels of, discriminating duties on, sus- Wines from, duties on. (See Wines.) Austria-Hungary-Continued. Kingdom of Hungary. Each of the two countries has its own parliament, the connecting links between them being a hereditary sovereign, common army, navy, diplomatic corps, and a controlling body known as the Delegations. The Delegations form a parliament of 120 members, one half of whom is chosen by Austria and the other half by Hungary. On matters affecting the common welfare the Delegations have a decisive vote, their resolutions requiring neither approbation nor confirmation. The Austrian and Hungarian members usually sit in separate council, but if unable to agree they must meet as one body. Their jurisdiction is limited to foreign affairs, finance, and war. The country has a circumference of about 5,350 miles, about 500 miles of which is seacoast, bordering upon the Adriatic. Three fourths of the surface is mountainous. The area is 265,189 sq. miles, containing a population of 45,085,000. The principal industries are mining, the cultivation of fruit, and wine making. The leading mineral products are coal, iron, salt, gold, and silver, though none of the useful minerals are wanting. Hungary is second only to France in the abundance and quality of the wine produced. Austria-Hungary (see also Austria; Hungary): of A. M. Kelley as, and refusal to receive, Naturalization treaty with, VII, 115, 144, 188. Trade-marks, treaty with, regarding, VII, 160. Autonomous Government for Cuba discussed, IX, 720; X, 36, 59, 83, 436. Auttose Towns, Destruction of.-The news of the massacre of whites at Fort Mimms having spread into Georgia, Brig. Gen. John Floyd, at the head of 950 State militia and 400 friendly Indians, started on an expedition of chastisement. Between midnight and dawn of Nov. 29, 1813, the attack was made on two Auttose villages. The Indians fought fiercely, but were overwhelmed, driven to the woods and caves, and shot. Floyd lost II killed and 54 wounded. Aux Canards (Canada), Battle of.-The first encounter between British and Americans in the War of 1812. Gen. William Hull, governor of the Northwest Territory, placed in command of forces in Ohio and ordered to begin the invasion of Canada, crossed the river July 12, 1812, and dispatched Col. Lewis Cass with 280 men toward Malden. Crossing the Rivière aux Canards, a tributary of the Detroit, he drove the outposts in and took 2 prisoners, from whom he learned that some of the enemy had been killed and 9 or 10 wounded. Cass did not lose a man. Auxiliary Navy in Spanish-American War, X, 88. Averysboro (N. C.), Battle of.-Mar. 16, 1865, Gen. Slocum, in the advance of the Union Army, encountered the Confederates under Gen. Hardee near Averysboro, in the narrow swampy neck between Cape Fear and South rivers. Hardee hoped to hold Sherman in check until Johnston could concentrate his army at some point in his rear. Incessant rains had made the ground so soft that men and horses sank deep in the mud. A severe fight took place amid showers of rain and gusts of wind. The whole line advanced late in the afternoon and the Confederates retreated to Smithfield, leaving 108 dead upon the field. The Federal loss was 77 killed and 477 wounded. Aves Islands. A group of small islands in the Caribbean Sea, belonging to Venezuela. Aves Islands : Claims regarding, paid, VI, 244. Convention with Venezuela regarding, V, 580, 663. Reference to, V, 668. Ayer, Ira, mentioned, IX, 307. Ayers, Edward, act granting pension to, vetoed, VIII, 419. Aztecas or Aztecs.-A branch of the Nahuatl stock of Indians, supposed to be the original inhabitants of Mexico. They appeared in the valley of Mexico about the middle of the thirteenth century, and are said to have been journeying southward for 600 years. The conquest of Mexico by Cortez in 1519 put an end to the power of the confederacy between the Aztecas, Tezcucans, and the Tecpanecans. From analogy of language it is prob able that they crossed the Pacific ocean by way of the Aleutian Islands from Asia. There are, however, various theories as to their origin. They founded Tenochtitlan on the present site of the City of Mexico in 1325, and ruled an empire of 30,000,000 people. They were well advanced in the arts and sciences, as is evidenced by the remains of their temples, roads, and waterways. Only about 2,000,000 pure-blooded Aztecas are left in the mountains of Mexico. In stature they are small and somewhat resemble the Egyptians. B Bachelder, Elvira, act granting pension to, vetoed, IX, 679. Bacon's Rebellion.-An insurrection in 1676 of the people of Virginia, led by Nathaniel Bacon. In 1673 the Crown assigned the entire Province of Virginia for 31 years to Lords Arlington and Culpeper, with power to collect for their own use all quit rents, escheats, and duties; to name sheriffs and other officers; to make new counties, and in general to exercise the authority of absolute rulers, Sir William Berkeley, the English governor of the Colony, was very unpopular on account of his opposition to free education and a free press. He seemed to think that the func tion of a governor was to get as much as possible from the colonists for himself and his masters at the least possible cost. He also proved inefficient in protecting the settlers against the ravages of the Indians. He laid heavy taxes upon the people and restricted the franchise. An Indian uprising having oc curred in the State, a force of 500 men gath ered to march against them. Berkeley ordered |