THE ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL INFORMATION ELEVENTH EDITION VOLUME II NEW YORK THE ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA COMPANY 1910 Ref .E36 Copyright, in the United States of America, 1910, by The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. A. A. B. A. B. R. A. C. R. C. A. C. Sp. INITIALS USED IN VOLUME II. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS,1 WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED. ANDREW ALEXANDER BLAIR. Chief Chemist, U.S. Geological Survey and Tenth U.S. Census, 1879-1881. Assaying. ALFRED BARTON RENDLE, F.R.S., F.L.S., D.Sc. Keeper of the Department of Botany, British Museum. ALBERT CHARLES ROBINSON Carter. Editor of The Year's Art. ARTHUR COE SPENCER, PH.D. Geologist to the Geological Survey of the United States. {Angiosperms (in part); Apple. { Art Societies. {Appalachian Mountains. Charity Commissioner since 1906. Fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford, 1874-1881. Ascham. Professor of English History in University of London. Fellow of All Souls' College, Askew. { A. G. MAJOR ARTHUR GEORGE FREDERICK GRIFFITHS (d. 1908). H.M. Inspector of Prisons, 1878-1896. Author of The Chronicles of Newgate; Anthropometry. { A. T. A. W. R. B. B. R. C. Ar. C. B. C. Ch. General in the Persian Army. Author of Eastern Persian Irak. ANDREW JACKSON LAMOUREUX. Argentina: Geography. Librarian, College of Agriculture, Cornell University. Editor of the Rio News Asunción; ANDREW LANG. See the biographical article: LANG, Andrew. ALEXANDER STUart MURRAY, LL.D. ANTOINE THOMAS, D.-ÈS-L. Atacama, Desert of. {Apparitions. Astronomy: History. Aqueduct (in part). Professor in the University of Paris. Member of the Institute of France. Director Aubusson: Town. ALEXANDER WOOD RENTON, M.A., LL.B. Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of Ceylon. Editor of Encyclopaedia of the Laws LORD BALCARRES, M.P., F.S.A. Apportionment; Eldest son of the 26th Earl of Crawford. Trustee of National Portrait Gallery. Art Galleries. CHANNING ARNOLD. University College, Oxford. Barrister-at-law. Author of The American Egypt. CHARLES BÉMONT, D.-ES-L., D.LITT. (Oxon.). See the biographical article: BÉMONT, CHARLES. {Australia: Aborigines. Annals; Anselme; Arbois de Jubainville; Aulard. 'A complete list, showing all individual contributors, appears in the final volume. V C. EL C. F. A. C. H. Rd. C. Pl. C. Pl. C. W.* C. W. W. D. C. B. D. F. T. D. G. H. D. H. E. Br. SIR CHARLES NORTON EDGECUMBE ELIOT, K.C.M.G., C.B., M.A., LL.D., D.C.L. CHARLES FRANCIS ATKINSON. Formerly Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Captain, 1st City of London (Royal CHARLES HERCULES READ, LL.D. (St Andrews). Asia: History. Arms and Armour: Firearms; Keeper of British and Medieval Antiquities and Ethnography, British Museum. Archaeology. CHRISTIAN PFISTER, D.-ÈS-L. Professor at the Sorbonne, Paris. Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Author REV. CHARLES PLUMMER, M.A. { Antrustion; Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Ford's Lecturer, 1901. Author of Life Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. and Times of Alfred the Great; &c. CHARLES WALDSTEIN, M.A., D.LITT., PH.D. Slade Professor of Fine Art, Cambridge. Fellow of King's College, Cambridge. Argos: The Heraeum. SIR CHARLES WILLIAM WILSON, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., F.R.S. (1836-1897). DEMETRIUS CHARLES BOULGER. Ararat; Asia Minor. Author of England and Russia in Central Asia; History of China; Life of Gordon; Antwerp. Formerly British Vice-Consul at Barcelona. Author of Short History of the Royal Antonio, Prior of Crato; ERNEST BARKER, M.A. Fellow and Lecturer of St John's College, Oxford. Formerly Fellow and Tutor of EDWARD BURNETT TYLOR, F.R.S., D.C.L. (Oxon.). See the biographical article: TYLOR, E. B. E. B. T. E. C. B. RIGHT REV. EDWARD CUTHBERT BUTLER, O.S.B., D.LITT. (Dubl.). Aranda, Count of; Armada. Aulic Council. {Anthropology. Anthony, Saint; Augustinian Asbjornsen and Moe; Aneurysm; Appendicitis. {Aqueduct: Modern. Member of the firm of G. A. Hill & Sons, Civil Engineers, London. REV. ETHELRED LEONARD TAUNTON (d. 1907). Arthropoda. Author of The English Black Monks of St Benedict; History of the Jesuits in Aquaviva, Claudio. E. V. L. EDWARD VERRALL LUCAS. Editor of Letters of Charles and Mary Lamb. Author of Life of Charles Lamb. {Austen, Jane. |