is, by personification, treated as masculine or femininę. Objects remarkable for size, power, strength, or other qualities thought of as manly, are referred to as masculine; objects remarkable for grace, gentleness, beauty, or other qualities thought of as womanly, are referred to as feminine. Examine the following sentences:

Earth, with her thousand voices, praises God.
Spring hangs her infant blossoms on the trees.
War smoothed his wrinkled front.

The sun now rose upon the right.
Out of the sea came he.

The yacht is on the rocks; she will go to pieces.

NOTE. Certain words, like author, poet, doctor, have recently come to be considered as applicable to both men and women, so that we rarely say authoress, poetess, or doctress. Some words, like servant, helper, nurse, fish, deer, bear, may refer to either a male being or a female being. Unless the context makes evident the gender of such words, the gender is said to be undistinguished.

CASE FORMS OF PRONOUNS

NOMINATIVE AND OBJECTIVE CASES.— There are only seven English words whose nominative forms differ from their objective forms. These words are the six personal pronouns I, we, he, she, thou, and they, and the relative and interrogative pronoun who. These words are used very frequently, and the liability to use one case form for the other is therefore great. No mistakes are more common; and no

mistakes produce a more unpleasant effect upon cultivated persons. The nominative and objective forms of these words are:

NOTE.- The pronoun ye is not added to the seven pronouns given above, as it is used in solemn style only. Whoever (whomever) and whosoever (whomsoever) are compounds of who.

It is imperative that the student thoroughly grasp the following principles of syntax:

1. A pronoun used as the subject of a finite verb is put in the nominative form.

2. A pronoun used as the complement of the verb to be, or any of its forms,— am, is, was, are, were, etc., is put in the nominative form, except when the subject of the infinitive to be is in the objective

case.

3. Words in apposition are in the same case.

4. A pronoun used as the complement of a transitive verb or of a preposition is put in the objective form.

5. You and it are both nominative and objective in form.

EXERCISE VIII

TO THE TEACHER. It is important that both eye and ear should be trained to correct forms of expression. A helpful exercise to this end is to require the pupils to repeat aloud again and again such forms as: "Is it I?" "Is it she?" "Is it they?" "It is I," etc. "It is not they." "It is not we." "It is not he," etc.

Use the correct form, I or ME, in each blank, and give reason for your choice.

1. They invited Tom and ———. 2. May Clarence fetch a pail of water? 3. Wait for Esther 4. Mother knew that it was

and

and

5.

teacher required Olive and to copy the words. 9. Olive and were requested to copy the words. 10. May Marion and

were

or.

go home? 11. If you

should you yield? 12. He expects you to meet him. 13. Please let Will and go to the ball game. 14. Who is there? Only 15. Uncle bought brother and

17. Between you and

tickets for the concert. 16. The Son of God gave His life for you and I feel certain that the undertaking will fail. 18. It was — that sounded an alarm. 19. Every one is going except 20. There was no one there but 21. He said that you and

you and

you and

would

he wishes to see? 24. No,

23. The old man was supposed to be

it couldn't have been

25. He is a more fluent

speaker than

sultingly to me,

26. How can you speak so inwho am your friend?

EXERCISE IX

Insert the correct form, WE or US, in each blank, and give the reason for your choice.

1. Is it

that you criticized? 2.

girls are

invited to go driving with them. 3. Cousin wanted to go; so father took

knew it was

boys and her. 4. They

5. It was

6. He took a picture of

whom you heard. boys sitting on the

fence. 7. The Fosters, as well as

are invited.

8. Two hundred miles stretch between home and boys had to bait our sister's hook.

g.

10. One of the lambs got lost, and father sent boys to look for it. 11. He said it was ———, but it wasn't. 12. They didn't succeed any better than boys had a fine time.

14. It may

whom you saw. 15. The Chinese are

13.

have been

than by the discovery of the mine. 17. I hope

that they three will ask

five to go.

EXERCISE X

Insert the correct form, HE or HIM, in each blank,

I should desist. 3. It might have been it. 4. His father is darker than

you wish to see? 6. To Mary and

belongs the

credit. 7.. She invited them all,

among the rest.. 8. There is little difference between you and that overcometh will I make a pillar

9.

in the temple. 10. If I were seen there again. 11.

I would never be

that cometh to Me I who gives but a

will in no wise cast out. 12. cup of cold water, will Jesus reward. 13. — who gives but a cup of cold water, will be remembered by the Saviour. 14. It should make no difference to either you or 15. Few could have written the petition as well as are expected to comply gracefully. well as 18. It was Paul,

. 16. Boys like you and

sent to preach to the gentiles.

17. She did as

whom the Lord

always befriended her, she now forsook. 20. All

wore silk hats except Lloyd and

EXERCISE XI

In each of the following blanks insert SHE or HER, according to your best judgment.

1. He asked Kate if it were

no. 2. Gertrude and

ther brought

such as

was

and she said

both are wanted. 3. Faand me in the automobile. 4. It's

that mother is calling. 5. With Ruth and we had no trouble. 6. We cannot expect much from 7. I supposed the tall, stately woman 8. The farmer was afraid to let you or drive the colt. 9. Every one went except 10. Should any one be disappointed, it will not be 11. If any one is late, it will certainly be 12. Before leaving Margaret we saw

and