your good judgment as to the judicious use of your command, but desires to impress upon you the importance of accomplishing this object with the least possible delay. You can call to your assistance any of the insurgent forces in that vicinity, and make use of such of them as you think advisable to assist you, especially as scouts, guides, etc. You are cautioned against putting too much confidence in any persons outside of your troops. You will take every precaution against ambuscades or surprises or positions that may have been mined or are commanded by the Spanish forces. You will coöperate most earnestly with the naval forces in every way, agreeing beforehand upon a code of signals. Communicate your instructions to Admiral Sampson and Commodore Schley. On completion of this enterprize, unless you receive other orders or deem it advisable to remain in the harbor of Santiago de Cuba, reëmbark your troops and proceed to the harbor of Port de Banes, reporting by the most favorable means for further orders and future important service. This with the understanding that your command has not sustained serious loss and that the above harbor is safe for your transports and convoys. When will you sail? By command of Major-General Miles: H. C. CORBIN, Adjutant-General. 131. Use of Troops in Domestic Disturbances In 1894, on the occasion of local disorders in Chicago in connection with a strike, President Cleveland employed federal troops and issued this proclamation to the citizens of Illinois: action. Whereas, by reason of unlawful obstructions, combinations and Reasons for assemblages of persons, it has become impracticable, in the judgment of the President, to enforce, by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings, the laws of the United States within the State of Illinois, and especially in the city of Chicago within said State; and Whereas, for the purpose of enforcing the faithful execution of the laws of the United States and protecting its property and removing obstructions to the United States mails in the State and Rioters ordered to disperse. Troops will act with firmness. city aforesaid, the President has employed a part of the military forces of the United States: Now, therefore, I, Grover Cleveland, President of the United States, do hereby admonish all good citizens, and all persons who may be or may come within the City and State aforesaid, against aiding, countenancing, encouraging, or taking any part in such unlawful obstructions, combinations, and assemblages; and I hereby warn all persons engaged in or in any way connected with such unlawful obstructions, combinations and assemblages to disperse and retire peaceably to their respective abodes on or before twelve o'clock noon of the 9th day of July instant. Those who disregard this warning and persist in taking part with a riotous mob in forcibly resisting and obstructing the execution of the laws of the United States, or interfering with the functions of the Government, or destroying or attempting to destroy the property belonging to the United States or under its protection, cannot be regarded otherwise than as public enemies. Troops employed against such a riotous mob will act with all the moderation and forbearance consistent with the accomplishment of the desired end; but the stern necessities that confront them will not with certainty permit discrimination between guilty participants and those who are mingling with them from curiosity and without criminal intent. The only safe course, therefore, for those not actually participating, is to abide at their homes, or at least not to be found in the neighborhood of riotous assemblages. While there will be no vacillation in the decisive treatment of the guilty, this warning is especially intended to protect and save the inno cent. 132. Use of Troops in Domestic Disasters The Report of the War Department in 1906 thus described the way in which federal soldiers were employed on the occasion of the great earthquake in San Francisco: On April 18, the city of San Francisco was visited by a series of earthquake shocks which demolished many buildings. This tion of forces at cisco. was followed by a fire which, due to the rupturing of the principal Concentrawater mains of the city, was soon beyond control. The disaster was so far-reaching and overwhelming that it was entirely beyond San Franthe capacity of the local authorities, and the United States forces in the vicinity, both of the Army and of the Navy, rendered immediate assistance. Authority was given to concentrate at San Francisco all forces within the Pacific Division, and later this force was supplemented by troops from other divisions, resulting in a final concentration of 2 regiments of cavalry, 15 companies of coast artillery, 5 batteries of field artillery, 5 regiments of infantry, and detachments of the engineer, signal, and hospital corps, and 132 additional officers. The following summary, taken in large part from a general order published early in July by the commanding general, Pacific Division, is a succinct statement of the general situation. The work done by this force readily falls into two phases the struggle to save the city of San Francisco from complete destruction by fire, and the succoring of more than 300,000 suffering and destitute people. The work of the Army and Marine Corps in the heart of the city, supplemented by the labors of the Navy along the water front, saved the residential western addition and practically all the wharves fronting the bay. The efforts of the troops from daybreak of April 18 to midnight of April 20 taxed to the utmost the physical strength, the nervous energy, and the good temper of every officer and man. Yet in this fearful disaster, with its accompanying confusion and excitement, no life was taken by any man of the Army or Navy. Fighting fire. relief The labor of relief, recognized as beyond the law and assumed General by the division commander from a sense of obligatory public duty, services. became regular by the official call for troops. This duty necessitated the care of nearly 350,000 people, destitute in one way or another, in a city without local transportation, without food, with scant water, and without sanitary facilities, while about one-half its population had lost houses, clothing, furniture, and bedding. It likewise involved repression of theft and violence by the vicious, Commendable action of the soldiers. The burden of great standing armies. non-interference with the liberty and acts of the ordinary citizen, discrimination in the distribution of food, enforcement of suitable sanitary methods, instruction in camp life, patient consideration and courteous deportment toward the homeless and destitute. The adaptability and resourcefulness shown by officers and men when dealing with novel and unprecedented conditions, their consideration and thoughtfulness in alleviating distress, their unvarying courtesy to all, and their uncomplaining devotion to the community and its interests are most commendable, and have exemplified anew the admirable attributes of the officers and men of our Army, which insure the successful application of its moral, intellectual, and physical powers to novel and difficult duties. 133. The American Theory of National Defense * In the following speech made in the Senate against the bill authorizing the increase of the standing army to the number of 100,000, Senator Teller thus voiced what is doubtless the general theory of the American people as to the desirability of relying upon able-bodied citizens rather than a paid regular soldiery as the best resource for defending the nation. I wish to say that my opposition to this bill is not because I think a hundred thousand men can destroy the liberties of this country, nor five hundred thousand, but because it establishes a principle contrary to a republican principle, which is that the fighting force of a republic is the great body of the people, and not a paid soldiery, called "regulars." Since the birth of the world, in all history, there has never been a time when the people were so pressed down and burdened by great armies and great army expenses as they are to-day. There are bigger armies now than when Napoleon fought the world. They are not in active service, but they are a weight upon the industries and upon the productive energies of the people. Russia, a country not rich, has 850,000 men in her army, and 3,500,000 that she can bring into the army. England, with 200,000 in her regular army, has now in the neigh bourhood of 400,000 men in the field. The total expenses for the armies of Europe alone in time of peace is enough to pay our interest-bearing debt every year. and a Mr. President, I object to this bill. I object to it as calculated Patriotism to injure and to destroy the patriotic impulse of the young men of paid army. the country, who want to be educated to believe that when there is danger they are the ones to confront it the young men who should be taught to believe that a man is entitled to go into the Army when his country is assailed. He does not go into the Army for $15 a month, but he goes into it stimulated by patriotism and not by the hope of gain. You are going to say to all the young men, "You are not needed; it is folly to take an interest in military affairs, for we are going to fight our battles in the future with paid hirelings," whom we pick up frequently out of the very slums of Europe; men who are fighting machines, but are not thinking men. of the Civil War. Mr. President, we had a great army in the field, a million men at The armies one time on our side, and somewhat less on the other. Why were those two armies the best armies in the world that ever aggregated together? Simply because they were the brains and the patriotism of the country. There were, of course, some bounty jumpers and some foreigners, but the great battles were fought by the stalwart sons of American fathers and mothers, and that is where you have to go, unless you are to follow the European system and the European policy with a great standing army. battles won by We have fought our battles, not with the Regular Army, but with Glorious the volunteers. The great battles of the revolution were fought by humble men of the country who were not regulars. The war of volunteers. 1812, as will be discovered if anybody will take the pains to look, was won by volunteers, and the Mexican war was fought by volunteers and not by the regulars. The most glorious battles in the world, where the greatest heroism has been exhibited, where the greatest conflicts between men have taken place, have been fought, not by regulars, but by volunteers. It was the boys out of the shop, with the exception of the Old Guard, that fought for Napoleon on Y |